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52-638: In May 1996, the International Maritime Organization organized an international conference in London, where states adopted the HNS Convention. The convention is based on the model of the 1992 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage , which covers pollution damage caused by spills of crude oil from tankers. In 2009, the convention had still not entered into force due to an insufficient number of ratification. In 2010,

104-665: A Secretary-General. The current Secretary-General is Arsenio Dominguez who took office for a four year term on 1 January 2024, having been elected in July 2023. The previous Secretary-General was Kitack Lim from South Korea elected for a four-year term at the 114th session of the IMO Council in June 2015 and at the 29th session of the IMO's Assembly in November 2015. His mandate started on 1 January 2016. At

156-402: A comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes maritime safety , environmental concerns, legal matters , technical co-operation, maritime security and the efficiency of shipping. IMO is governed by an assembly of members which meets every two years. Its finance and organization is administered by a council of 40 members elected from the assembly. The work of IMO

208-559: A high degree of authority, such as general secretary (or, following usage in the Norman language , secretary-general ), first secretary , and executive secretary . In a club or society , the secretary is also considered to be, in most cases, the third person in charge of the organization, after the president/chairman and vice president/vice chairman. In smaller organizations, the secretary typically takes meeting minutes , notifies members of meetings, contacts various persons in relation to

260-585: A large purpose-built building facing the River Thames on the Albert Embankment , in Lambeth , London. The organisation moved into its new headquarters in late 1982, with the building being officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 May 1983. The architects of the building were Douglass Marriott, Worby & Robinson. The front of the building is dominated by a seven-metre high, ten-tonne bronze sculpture of

312-634: A member of the IMO, a state ratifies a multilateral treaty known as the Convention on the International Maritime Organization. As of 2024, there are 176 member states of the IMO, which includes 175 of the UN member states plus the Cook Islands . The first state to ratify the convention was Canada in 1948. These are the current members with the year they joined: The three associate members of

364-409: A resolution targeting "dark fleet" tankers that form a risk by undertaking illegal and unsafe activities at sea. Primarily working for Iran and Russia to breach international sanctions, the tankers, many of which are elderly and unreliable, often undertake mid ocean transfers in an attempt to evade sanctions. The resolution calls upon flag states to “adhere to measures which lawfully prohibit or regulate”

416-401: A second international conference adopted a protocol to the convention, which came to be known as 2010 HNS Protocol. The protocol was designed to overcome some implementation problems that had discouraged states from ratifying the original convention. An HNS is a substance such as chemicals, which could threaten humans and marine life and interfere with legitimate uses of the sea, if spilled in

468-589: Is also a non-member. Taiwan is neither a member of the IMO nor of the UN, although it has a major shipping industry. IMO is the source of approximately 60 legal instruments that guide the regulatory development of its member states to improve safety at sea, facilitate trade among seafaring states and protect the maritime environment. The most well known is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), as well as International Convention for

520-422: Is conducted through five committees and these are supported by technical subcommittees. Other UN organisations may observe the proceedings of the IMO. Observer status is granted to qualified non-governmental organisations. IMO is supported by a permanent secretariat of employees who are representative of the organisation's members. The secretariat is composed of a Secretary-General who is periodically elected by

572-558: Is one of few industrial areas that still commonly uses non- metric units such as the nautical mile (nmi) for distance and knots (kn) for speed or velocity. In 1982, IMCO was renamed as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Throughout its existence, the IMO has continued to produce new and updated conventions across a wide range of maritime issues covering not only safety of life and marine pollution but also encompassing safe navigation, search and rescue, wreck removal, tonnage measurement, liability and compensation, ship recycling,

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624-511: Is the official title of leaders of most Communist political parties . When a Communist party is the ruling party in a Communist-led one-party state , the general secretary is typically the country's de facto leader. Examples include: General secretary is the official title of leaders of most Dravidian political parties , that are politically influential in Tamil Nadu of Southern India . Examples include: Examples include: First secretary

676-664: The Titanic disaster. Under the name of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), IMO's first task was to update the SOLAS convention; the resulting 1960 convention was subsequently recast and updated in 1974 and it is that convention that has been subsequently modified and updated to adapt to changes in safety requirements and technology. Since 1978, every last Thursday of September has been celebrated as World Maritime Day, commemorating

728-516: The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code . A free online database of hazardous and noxious substances is available to verify whether a substance is considered hazardous or noxious. The database also provides information on classification criteria. The HNS convention establishes a two-tier system for compensation in the event of accidents at sea involving hazardous and noxious substances. Tier one will be covered by

780-534: The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG). The IMO has also enacted a Port state control (PSC) authority, allowing domestic maritime authorities such as coast guards to inspect foreign-flag ships calling at ports of the many port states. Memoranda of Understanding (protocols) were signed by some countries unifying Port State Control procedures among the signatories. Conventions, Codes and Regulations: Recent initiatives at

832-522: The "appropriate international body to address greenhouse gas emissions from ships engaged in international trade". Nonetheless, there has been widespread criticism of the IMO's relative inaction since the conclusion of the Paris conference, with the initial data-gathering step of a three-stage process to reduce maritime greenhouse emissions expected to last until 2020. In 2018, the Initial IMO Strategy on

884-456: The 176th Member State of the organization. Most UN member states that are not members of IMO are landlocked countries. These include Afghanistan, Andorra, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Federated States of Micronesia , an island-nation in the Pacific Ocean,

936-633: The 31st session of the Assembly in 2019 he was re-appointed for a second term, ending on 31 December 2023. The technical work of the International Maritime Organisation is carried out by five principal Committees. These include: It is regulated in the Article 28(a) of the Convention on the IMO: ARTICLE 28 (a) The Maritime Safety Committee shall consider any matter within the scope of

988-547: The Agreement. Secretary-General Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority , power , or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word secernere , "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle ( secretum ) meaning "having been set apart", with

1040-625: The Assembly or the Council, or any duty within the scope of this Article which may be assigned to it by or under any other international instrument and accepted by the Organization. (c) Having regard to the provisions of Article 25, the Maritime Safety Committee, upon request by the Assembly or the Council or, if it deems such action useful in the interests of its own work, shall maintain such close relationship with other bodies as may further

1092-473: The Central Committee ". When a communist party is in power, the general secretary is usually the country's de facto leader (though sometimes this leader also holds state-level positions to monopolize power, such as a presidency or premiership in order to constitute de jure leadership of the state), such as China , North Korea , Vietnam , Laos and Cuba . In England, the term secretarius

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1144-547: The English Channel The Torrey Canyon grounding was the largest oil pollution incident recorded up to that time. This incident prompted a series of new conventions. IMO held an emergency session of its council to deal with the need to readdress regulations pertaining to maritime pollution. In 1969, the IMO Assembly decided to host an international gathering in 1973 dedicated to this issue. The goal at hand

1196-619: The IMO are the Faroe Islands , Hong Kong and Macau . In 1961, the territories of Sabah and Sarawak , which had been included through the participation of United Kingdom, became joint associate members. In 1963 they became part of Malaysia. The most recent members to join were Armenia and Nauru (which became IMO members in January and May 2018, respectively). Botswana , joined the IMO in October 2021. On 27 February 2024, Kyrgyzstan became

1248-809: The IMO facilitated the adoption of the International Grain Code . In December 2002, new amendments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention were enacted by the IMO. These amendments gave rise to the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code , which went into effect on 1 July 2004. The concept of the code is to provide layered and redundant defences against smuggling, terrorism, piracy, stowaways, etc. The ISPS Code required most ships and port facilities engaged in international trade to establish and maintain strict security procedures as specified in ship and port specific Ship Security Plans and Port Facility Security Plans. The IMO headquarters are located in

1300-712: The IMO have included amendments to SOLAS , which among other things, included upgraded fire protection standards on passenger ships , the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seamen(STCW) which establishes basic requirements on training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers and to the Convention on the Prevention of Maritime Pollution ( MARPOL 73/78 ), which required double hulls on all tankers . The IMO's e-Navigation system has harmonised marine navigation systems with supporting shore services, as available to seamen and shore-side traffic services called. An e-Navigation strategy

1352-532: The Organization concerned with aids to navigation, construction and equipment of vessels, manning from a safety standpoint, rules for the prevention of collisions, handling of dangerous cargoes, maritime safety procedures and requirements, hydrographic information, log-books and navigational records, marine casualty investigation, salvage and rescue, and any other matters directly affecting maritime safety. (b) The Maritime Safety Committee shall provide machinery for performing any duties assigned to it by this Convention,

1404-830: The Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Others include the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC). It also functions as a depository of yet to be ratified treaties, such as the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996 ( HNS Convention ) and Nairobi International Convention of Removal of Wrecks (2007). IMO regularly enacts regulations, which are broadly enforced by national and local maritime authorities in member countries, such as

1456-524: The United Nations responsible for regulating maritime transport . The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference held in Geneva in 1948 and the IMO came into existence ten years later, meeting for the first time on 17 March 1958. Headquartered in London, United Kingdom, the IMO, in 2024, has 176 Member States and three Associate Members. The IMO's primary purpose is to develop and maintain

1508-525: The assembly, and various divisions such as those for marine safety, environmental protection and a conference section. IMO was established in 1948 following a UN conference in Geneva to bring the regulation of the safety of shipping into an international framework. Hitherto such international conventions had been initiated piecemeal, notably the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS), first adopted in 1914 following

1560-616: The bow of a ship, with a lone seafarer maintaining a look-out. The previous headquarters of IMO were at 101 Piccadilly (now the home of the Embassy of Japan ), prior to that at 22 Berners Street in Fitzrovia and originally in Chancery Lane . The IMO consists of an Assembly, a Council and five main Committees. The organization is led by a Secretary-General. A number of Sub-Committees support

1612-407: The convention will be required to contribute to this fund. Contributions will be based on the amount of substances companies receive each year. Types of damages covered: International Maritime Organization The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ; French : Organisation maritime internationale ; Spanish : Organización Marítima Internacional ) is a specialised agency of

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1664-467: The disposal of engine room wastes. By tonnage, the aforementioned was a bigger problem than accidental pollution. The most significant development to come out of this conference was the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL). It covers not only accidental and operational oil pollution but also different types of pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution. The original MARPOL

1716-456: The establishment of the International Maritime Organisation in 1958. When IMCO began its operations in 1959 certain other pre-existing conventions were brought under its aegis, most notable the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL) 1954. In January 1959, IMO began to maintain and promote the 1954 OILPOL Convention. Under the guidance of IMO, the convention

1768-452: The eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word secret. A secretarius was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). The official title of the leader of most communist and socialist political parties is the " General Secretary of the Central Committee " or " First Secretary of

1820-401: The management of ships which will ensure that agreed operational procedures are in place and followed by the ship and shore-side staff. The MSC and MEPC are assisted in their work by a number of sub-committees which are open to all Member States. The committees are: The names of the IMO sub-committees were changed in 2013. Prior to 2013 there were nine Sub-Committees as follows: To become

1872-479: The maximum liability for the ship owner is 115 million SDR, about USD 175 million. In cases where the insurance is insufficient, a second tier of compensation will be paid from the HNS fund. The second tier of compensation will be up to a maximum of 250 million SDR, about USD 380 million. This includes any amount paid by the ship owner and his insurer. Companies that import hazardous and noxious substances in member states of

1924-557: The mid to late 20th century, including the International Convention on Load Lines in 1966 (replacing an earlier 1930 Convention), the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea in 1972 (also replacing an earlier set of rules) and the STCW Convention in 1978. In 1975, the assembly of the IMO decided that future conventions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and other IMO instruments should use SI units only. As such, sea transportation

1976-554: The purposes of the Organization The Maritime Safety Committee is the most senior of these and is the main Technical Committee; it oversees the work of its nine sub-committees and initiates new topics. One broad topic it deals with is the effect of the human element on casualties ; this work has been put to all of the sub-committees, but meanwhile, the Maritime Safety Committee has developed a code for

2028-461: The reduction of GHG emissions from ships was adopted. In 2021, The New York Times wrote that the IMO "has repeatedly delayed and watered down climate regulations". The IMO has also taken action to mitigate the global effects of ballast water and sediment discharge, through the 2004 Ballast Water Management Convention , which entered into force in September 2017. In December 2023 the IMO adopted

2080-832: The sea. HNS is considered dangerous goods . Under the convention, it does not include crude oil. Whether a substance is hazardous or noxious is determined by its inclusion in the number of conventions and codes of the International Maritime Organization developed to protect maritime safety and environment. For example, the substances listed under International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code are considered HNS. The lists and codes include several thousand substances. Many substances are covered under more than one category. The convention also distinguishes substances based on whether they are transported in bulk or in packaged form. Bulk HNS include solids and liquids, such as oils and liquefied gases. Packaged HNS include dangerous, hazardous and harmful materials and articles in packaged form, which fall under

2132-480: The ship owner's compulsory insurance. The ship owner will be able to limit his financial liability to an amount between 10 million and 100 million SDR ( Special Drawing Rights is the International Monetary Fund 's currency), which is approximately between USD 15 million to USD 150 million. The amount depends on the gross tonnage of the ship involved in the incident. If damage is caused by packaged HNS,

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2184-563: The society, administers the day-to-day activities of the organization, and creates the order of business. The secretary of a non-governmental organization or international non-governmental organization can combine the function with that of vice president/vice chairman. General secretary occurs as the title of a ministerial position of authority found in various organizations, such as trade unions , communist and socialist parties , and international non-governmental organizations . Examples include: General secretary or first secretary

2236-416: The technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). The IMO participated in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris seeking to establish itself as

2288-465: The term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify the authority associated with its use, like general secretary or financial secretary . In some countries, such as the United States, the term secretary is used to indicate the holder of a cabinet -level post. There are a number of popular variations of the title used to indicate that the secretary in question has

2340-588: The training and certification of seafarers, and piracy. More recently SOLAS has been amended to bring an increased focus on maritime security through the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code . The IMO has also increased its focus on smoke emissions from ships. In 1983, the IMO established the World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden and also facilitated the adoption of the IGC Code . In 1991,

2392-419: The transfer of cargoes at sea, known as ship-to-ship transfers. The IMO Cape Town Agreement is an international International Maritime Organization legal instrument established in 2012, that sets out minimum safety requirements for fishing vessels of 24 metres in length and over or equivalent in gross tons. As of 2022, the Agreement is not yet in force but the IMO is encouraging more member States to ratify

2444-456: The work of the main technical committees. The governing body of the International Maritime Organization is the Assembly which meets every two years. In between Assembly sessions a Council, consisting of 40 Member States elected by the Assembly, acts as the governing body. The technical work of the International Maritime Organization is carried out by a series of Committees. The Secretariat consists of some 300 international civil servants headed by

2496-415: Was amended in 1962, 1969, and 1971. The first meetings of the newly formed IMCO were held in London in 1959. As oil trade and industry developed, many people in the industry began to recognise a need for further improvements in regards to oil pollution prevention at sea. This became increasingly apparent in 1967, when the tanker Torrey Canyon spilled 120,000 tons of crude oil when it ran aground entering

2548-582: Was ratified in 2005, and an implementation plan was developed through three IMO sub-committees. The plan was completed by 2014 and implemented in November of that year. IMO has also served as a key partner and enabler of US international and interagency efforts to establish maritime domain awareness . The IMO has a role in tackling international climate change . The First Intersessional Meeting of IMO's Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships took place in Oslo, Norway (23–27 June 2008), tasked with developing

2600-514: Was signed on 17 February 1973, but did not come into force due to lack of ratifications. The current convention is a combination of 1973 Convention and the 1978 Protocol. It entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of January 2018, 156 states, representing 99.42 per cent of the world's shipping tonnage, are signatories to the MARPOL convention. As well as updates to MARPOL and SOLAS, the IMO facilitated several updated international maritime conventions in

2652-399: Was to develop an international agreement for controlling general environmental contamination by ships when out at sea. During the next few years IMO brought to the forefront a series of measures designed to prevent large ship accidents and to minimise their effects. It also detailed how to deal with the environmental threat caused by routine ship duties such as the cleaning of oil cargo tanks or

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2704-499: Was used "from the beginning of the thirteenth century in the varying meanings of a confidential clerk, an ambassador, or a member of the king's council". In the fourteenth century, the title became strongly associated with the keeper of the king's signet . From the Renaissance to the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful assumed the title of secretary. With time, like many titles,

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