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47-708: With HATEOAS, a client interacts with a network application whose application servers provide information dynamically through hypermedia . A REST client needs little to no prior knowledge about how to interact with an application or server beyond a generic understanding of hypermedia. By contrast, clients and servers in Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) interact through a fixed interface shared through documentation or an interface description language (IDL). The restrictions imposed by HATEOAS decouple client and server. This enables server functionality to evolve independently. The term

94-479: A CNN business article reported that voice command was over a billion dollar industry and that companies like Google and Apple were trying to create speech recognition features. In the years since the article was published, the world has witnessed a variety of voice command devices. Additionally, Google has created a speech recognition engine called Pico TTS and Apple released Siri. Voice command devices are becoming more widely available, and innovative ways for using

141-480: A VUI designed for a small group of power users (including field service workers), should focus more on productivity and less on help and guidance. Such applications should streamline the call flows, minimize prompts, eliminate unnecessary iterations and allow elaborate "mixed initiative dialogs ", which enable callers to enter several pieces of information in a single utterance and in any order or combination. In short, speech applications have to be carefully crafted for

188-468: A blender typically makes: the blender will spin slowly in response to a user's low-pitched growl, and increase in speed as the user makes higher-pitched vocal sounds. Another example is VoiceDraw, a research system that enables digital drawing for individuals with limited motor abilities. VoiceDraw allows users to "paint" strokes on a digital canvas by modulating vowel sounds, which are mapped to brush directions. Modulating other paralinguistic features (e.g.

235-546: A contact, set an alarm, get directions, track your stocks, set a timer, and ask for examples of sample voice command queries. In addition, Siri works with Bluetooth and wired headphones. Apple introduced Personal Voice as an accessibility feature in iOS 17 , launched on September 18, 2023. This feature allows users to create a personalized, machine learning-generated (AI) version of their voice for use in text-to-speech applications. Designed particularly for individuals with speech impairments , Personal Voice helps preserve

282-455: A generic understanding of hypermedia. In other service-oriented architectures (SOA), clients and servers interact through a fixed interface shared through documentation or an interface description language (IDL). Voice command device A voice-user interface ( VUI ) enables spoken human interaction with computers, using speech recognition to understand spoken commands and answer questions , and typically text to speech to play

329-414: A mechanism for people who want to limit their use of the mouse and keyboard, but still want to maintain or increase their overall productivity. With Windows Vista voice control, a user may dictate documents and emails in mainstream applications, start and switch between applications, control the operating system, format documents, save documents, edit files, efficiently correct errors, and fill out forms on

376-456: A more advanced voice assistant called Siri . Voice Control can still be enabled through the Settings menu of newer devices. Siri is a user independent built-in speech recognition feature that allows a user to issue voice commands. With the assistance of Siri a user may issue commands like, send a text message, check the weather, set a reminder, find information, schedule meetings, send an email, find

423-515: A natural conversation. A VUI is the interface to any speech application. Only a short time ago, controlling a machine by simply talking to it was only possible in science fiction . Until recently, this area was considered to be artificial intelligence . However, advances in technologies like text-to-speech, speech-to-text, natural language processing , and cloud services contributed to the mass adoption of these types of interfaces. VUIs have become more commonplace, and people are taking advantage of

470-412: A novelty device that had the ability to control home appliance with voice. Now almost all the appliances are controllable with Alexa, including light bulbs and temperature. By allowing voice control, Alexa can connect to smart home technology allowing you to lock your house, control the temperature, and activate various devices. This form of A.I allows for someone to simply ask it a question, and in response

517-499: A phone call, and the following actions are possible during a phone call: press a number, turn the speaker phone on, or call someone, which puts the current call on hold. Windows 10 introduces Cortana , a voice control system that replaces the formerly used voice control on Windows phones. Apple added Voice Control to its family of iOS devices as a new feature of iPhone OS 3 . The iPhone 4S , iPad 3 , iPad Mini 1G , iPad Air , iPad Pro 1G , iPod Touch 5G and later, all come with

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564-461: A reply. A voice command device is a device controlled with a voice user interface. Voice user interfaces have been added to automobiles , home automation systems, computer operating systems , home appliances like washing machines and microwave ovens , and television remote controls . They are the primary way of interacting with virtual assistants on smartphones and smart speakers . Older automated attendants (which route phone calls to

611-435: A user to perform voice commands such as: send text messages, listen to music, get directions, call businesses, call contacts, send email, view a map, go to websites, write a note, and search Google. The speech recognition software is available for all devices since Android 2.2 "Froyo" , but the settings must be set to English. Google allows for the user to change the language, and the user is prompted when he or she first uses

658-440: A user's speech is not interpreted correctly. These errors tend to be especially prevalent when the speech content uses technical vocabulary (e.g. medical terminology) or unconventional spellings such as musical artist or song names. Effective system design to maximize conversational understanding remains an open area of research. Voice user interfaces that interpret and manage conversational state are challenging to design due to

705-417: A voice interface. Windows Phone is Microsoft 's mobile device's operating system. On Windows Phone 7.5, the speech app is user independent and can be used to: call someone from your contact list, call any phone number, redial the last number, send a text message, call your voice mail, open an application, read appointments, query phone status, and search the web. In addition, speech can also be used during

752-499: Is "software design on the scale of decades: every detail is intended to promote software longevity and independent evolution. Many of the constraints are directly opposed to short-term efficiency. Unfortunately, people are fairly good at short-term design, and usually awful at long-term design". Hypermedia Hypermedia , an extension of hypertext , is a nonlinear medium of information that includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks . This designation contrasts with

799-485: Is a classic example of hypermedia to access web content , whereas a conventional cinema presentation is an example of standard multimedia, due to its inherent linearity and lack of interactivity via hyperlinks. The first hypermedia work was, arguably, the Aspen Movie Map . Bill Atkinson 's HyperCard popularized hypermedia writing, while a variety of literary hypertext and non-fiction hypertext works, demonstrated

846-474: Is a tool specifically designed and optimized for hypermedia and hypertext management. Any HTML editor may be used to build HTML files, accessible by any web browser. CD/DVD authoring tools, such as DVD Studio Pro , may be used to hyperlink the content of DVDs for DVD players or web links when the disc is played on a personal computer connected to the internet. There have been a number of theories concerning hypermedia and learning. One important claim in

893-584: Is difficult for users to understand the scope of a system's capabilities. In order for the system to convey what is possible without a visual display, it would need to enumerate the available options, which can become tedious or infeasible. Low discoverability often results in users reporting confusion over what they are "allowed" to say, or a mismatch in expectations about the breadth of a system's understanding. While speech recognition technology has improved considerably in recent years, voice user interfaces still suffer from parsing or transcription errors in which

940-580: Is used as a medium and constraint in certain application programming interfaces . HATEOAS , Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State, is a constraint of the REST application architecture where a client interacts with the server entirely through hypermedia provided dynamically by application servers. This means that in theory no API documentation is needed, because the client needs no prior knowledge about how to interact with any particular application or server beyond

987-527: The Web . The speech recognition software learns automatically every time a user uses it, and speech recognition is available in English (U.S.), English (U.K.), German (Germany), French (France), Spanish (Spain), Japanese, Chinese (Traditional), and Chinese (Simplified). In addition, the software comes with an interactive tutorial, which can be used to train both the user and the speech recognition engine. In addition to all

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1034-506: The Alexa searches for, finds, and recites the answer back to you. As car technology improves, more features will be added to cars and these features could potentially distract a driver. Voice commands for cars, according to CNET , should allow a driver to issue commands and not be distracted. CNET stated that Nuance was suggesting that in the future they would create a software that resembled Siri, but for cars. Most speech recognition software on

1081-603: The Apple website recommends a user buy a commercial product called Dictate . If a user is not satisfied with the built in speech recognition software or a user does not have a built speech recognition software for their OS, then a user may experiment with a commercial product such as Braina Pro or DragonNaturallySpeaking for Windows PCs, and Dictate, the name of the same software for Mac OS. Any mobile device running Android OS, Microsoft Windows Phone, iOS 9 or later, or Blackberry OS provides voice command capabilities. In addition to

1128-506: The account). As an example, later, after the account has been overdrawn, there is a different set of available links, because the account is overdrawn. Now only one link is available: to deposit more money (by POSTing to deposits). In its current state , the other links are not available. Hence the term Engine of Application State . What actions are possible varies as the state of the resource varies. A client does not need to understand every media type and communication mechanism offered by

1175-409: The broader term multimedia , which may include non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. The term was first used in a 1965 article written by Ted Nelson . Hypermedia is a type of multimedia that features interactive elements, such as hypertext, buttons, or interactive images and videos, allowing users to navigate and engage with content in a non-linear manner. The World Wide Web

1222-410: The built-in speech recognition software for each mobile phone's operating system, a user may download third party voice command applications from each operating system's application store: Apple App store , Google Play , Windows Phone Marketplace (initially Windows Marketplace for Mobile ), or BlackBerry App World . Google has developed an open source operating system called Android , which allows

1269-606: The correct extension) and interactive voice response systems (which conduct more complicated transactions over the phone) can respond to the pressing of keypad buttons via DTMF tones, but those with a full voice user interface allow callers to speak requests and responses without having to press any buttons. Newer voice command devices are speaker-independent, so they can respond to multiple voices, regardless of accent or dialectal influences. They are also capable of responding to several commands at once, separating vocal messages, and providing appropriate feedback , accurately imitating

1316-529: The features provided in Windows Vista, Windows 7 provides a wizard for setting up the microphone and a tutorial on how to use the feature. All Mac OS X computers come pre-installed with the speech recognition software. The software is user-independent, and it allows for a user to, "navigate menus and enter keyboard shortcuts; speak checkbox names, radio button names, list items, and button names; and open, close, control, and switch among applications." However,

1363-552: The human voice are always being created. For example, Business Week suggests that the future remote controller is going to be the human voice. Currently Xbox Live allows such features and Jobs hinted at such a feature on the new Apple TV . Both Apple Mac and Windows PC provide built in speech recognition features for their latest operating systems . Two Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 and Windows Vista , provide speech recognition capabilities. Microsoft integrated voice commands into their operating systems to provide

1410-409: The inherent difficulty of integrating complex natural language processing tasks like coreference resolution , named-entity recognition , information retrieval , and dialog management . Most voice assistants today are capable of executing single commands very well but limited in their ability to manage dialogue beyond a narrow task or a couple turns in a conversation. Privacy concerns are raised by

1457-802: The limited scripting and hyperlinking features built in. Documentation software, such as the Microsoft Office Suite and LibreOffice , allow for hypertext links to other content within the same file, other external files, and URL links to files on external file servers . For more emphasis on graphics and page layout , hyperlinks may be added using most modern desktop publishing tools. This includes presentation programs , such as Microsoft PowerPoint and LibreOffice Impress , add-ons to print layout programs such as Quark Immedia , and tools to include hyperlinks in PDF documents such as Adobe InDesign for creating and Adobe Acrobat for editing. Hyper Publish

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1504-454: The links within a representation or by manipulating the representation in other ways afforded by its media type. In this way, RESTful interaction is driven by hypermedia, rather than out-of-band information. For example, this GET request fetches an account resource, requesting details in a JSON representation: The response is: The response contains these possible follow-up links: POST a deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or close request (to close

1551-414: The literature on hypermedia and learning is that it offers more control over the instructional environment for the reader or student. Another claim is that it levels the playing field among students of varying abilities and enhances collaborative learning. A claim from psychology includes the notion that hypermedia more closely models the structure of the brain, in comparison with printed text. Hypermedia

1598-472: The location of the nearest hotel. Currently, technology allows a driver to issue voice commands on both a portable GPS like a Garmin and a car manufacturer navigation system. List of Voice Command Systems Provided By Motor Manufacturers: While most voice user interfaces are designed to support interaction through spoken human language, there have also been recent explorations in designing interfaces take non-verbal human sounds as input. In these systems,

1645-625: The loudness of their voice) allows the user to control different features of the drawing, such as the thickness of the brush stroke. Other approaches include adopting non-verbal sounds to augment touch-based interfaces (e.g. on a mobile phone) to support new types of gestures that wouldn't be possible with finger input alone. Voice interfaces pose a substantial number of challenges for usability. In contrast to graphical user interfaces (GUIs), best practices for voice interface design are still emergent. With purely audio-based interaction, voice user interfaces tend to suffer from low discoverability : it

1692-459: The market in 2011 had only about 50 to 60 voice commands, but Ford Sync had 10,000. However, CNET suggested that even 10,000 voice commands was not sufficient given the complexity and the variety of tasks a user may want to do while driving. Voice command for cars is different from voice command for mobile phones and for computers because a driver may use the feature to look for nearby restaurants, look for gas, driving directions, road conditions, and

1739-567: The mobile and the digital signage industries using the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) specification from W3C ( World Wide Web Consortium ). Software applications, such as Ikivo Animator and Inkscape , simplify the development of hypermedia content based on SVG. Embedded devices, such as the iPhone , natively support SVG specifications and may be used to create mobile and distributed hypermedia applications. Hyperlinks may also be added to data files using most business software via

1786-461: The only option. A legal advice hotline, for example, would be very difficult to automate. On the flip side, speech is perfect for handling quick and routine transactions, like changing the status of a work order, completing a time or expense entry, or transferring funds between accounts. Early applications for VUI included voice-activated dialing of phones, either directly or through a (typically Bluetooth ) headset or vehicle audio system. In 2007,

1833-985: The promise of hyperlinks. Most modern hypermedia is delivered via electronic pages from a variety of systems including media players , web browsers , and stand-alone applications (i.e., software that does not require network access). Audio hypermedia is emerging with voice command devices and voice browsing . Hypermedia may be developed in a number of ways. Any programming tool can be used to write programs that link data from internal variables and nodes for external data files. Multimedia development software such as Adobe Flash , Adobe Director , Macromedia Authorware , and MatchWare Mediator may be used to create stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on entertainment content. Some database software, such as Visual FoxPro and FileMaker Developer , may be used to develop stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on educational and business content management. Hypermedia applications may be developed on embedded devices for

1880-495: The server. The ability to understand new media types may be acquired at run-time through " code-on-demand " provided to the client by the server. The HATEOAS constraint is an essential part of the "uniform interface" feature of REST, as defined in Roy Fielding 's doctoral dissertation. Fielding has further described the concept on his blog. The purpose of some of the strictness of this and other REST constraints, Fielding explains,

1927-399: The specific business process that is being automated. Not all business processes render themselves equally well for speech automation. In general, the more complex the inquiries and transactions are, the more challenging they will be to automate, and the more likely they will be to fail with the general public. In some scenarios, automation is simply not applicable, so live agent assistance is

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1974-527: The speech recognition feature if he or she would like their voice data to be attached to their Google account. If a user decides to opt into this service, it allows Google to train the software to the user's voice. Google introduced the Google Assistant with Android 7.0 "Nougat" . It is much more advanced than the older version. Amazon.com has the Echo that uses Amazon's custom version of Android to provide

2021-467: The tasks to be performed, as well as the target audience that will use the final system. The closer the VUI matches the user's mental model of the task, the easier it will be to use with little or no training, resulting in both higher efficiency and higher user satisfaction. A VUI designed for the general public should emphasize ease of use and provide a lot of help and guidance for first-time callers. In contrast,

2068-484: The unique sound of a user's voice. It enhances Siri and other accessibility tools by providing a more personalized and inclusive user experience . Personal Voice reflects Apple's ongoing commitment to accessibility and innovation . In 2014 Amazon introduced the Alexa smart home device . Its main purpose was just a smart speaker, that allowed the consumer to control the device with their voice. Eventually, it turned into

2115-429: The user controls the interface by emitting non-speech sounds such as humming, whistling, or blowing into a microphone. One such example of a non-verbal voice user interface is Blendie, an interactive art installation created by Kelly Dobson. The piece comprised a classic 1950s-era blender which was retrofitted to respond to microphone input. To control the blender, the user must mimic the whirring mechanical sounds that

2162-487: The value that these hands-free , eyes-free interfaces provide in many situations. VUIs need to respond to input reliably, or they will be rejected and often ridiculed by their users. Designing a good VUI requires interdisciplinary talents of computer science , linguistics and human factors psychology – all of which are skills that are expensive and hard to come by. Even with advanced development tools, constructing an effective VUI requires an in-depth understanding of both

2209-475: Was coined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. A user-agent makes an HTTP request to a REST API through an entry point URL . All subsequent requests the user-agent may make are discovered inside the response to each request. The media types used for these representations, and the link relations they may contain, are part of the API. The client transitions through application states by selecting from

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