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49-934: Though the French service has sometimes been described as a competitor or rival to Google Maps , it is different from Google 's mapping service (launched one year before in February 2005), since they have different objectives. Geoportail makes some unusual cartographic sources available, such as the renowned 18th-century Cassini maps and the Napoléonic-period Minutes État-Major, in addition to IGN road maps, administrative maps, topographic maps, cadastral and building surveys, public service utility maps, transportation maps, hydrographic maps, atmospheric and weather maps, geological maps, land use maps, maps of cultural sites, and much more. All maps and aerial photographs at Geoportail may be combined and viewed in transparent layers controlled by

98-476: A C++ program designed by two Danish brothers, Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen , and Noel Gordon and Stephen Ma, at the Sydney-based company Where 2 Technologies, which was founded in early 2003. The program was initially designed to be separately downloaded by users, but the company later pitched the idea for a purely Web-based product to Google management, changing the method of distribution. In October 2004,

147-745: A route planner , allowing users to find available directions through driving, public transportation, walking, or biking. Google has partnered globally with over 800 public transportation providers to adopt GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification), making the data available to third parties. The app can indicate users' transit route, thanks to an October 2019 update. The incognito mode, eyes-free walking navigation features were released earlier. A July 2020 update provided bike share routes. In February 2024, Google Maps started rolling out glanceable directions for its Android and iOS apps. The feature allows users to track their journey from their device's lock screen . In 2007, Google began offering traffic data as

196-577: A 1400% price raise for users on the basic plan, with only six weeks of notice. This caused a harsh reaction within the developers community. In June, Google postponed the change date to July 16, 2018. In August 2018, Google Maps designed its overall view (when zoomed out completely) into a 3D globe dropping the Mercator projection that projected the planet onto a flat surface. In January 2019, Google Maps added speed trap and speed camera alerts as reported by other users. On October 17, 2019, Google Maps

245-424: A COVID-19 Layer update for Google maps, which is designed to offer a seven-day average data of the total COVID-19-positive cases per 100,000 people in the area selected on the map. It also features a label indicating the rise and fall in the number of cases. In January 2021, Google announced that it would be launching a new feature displaying COVID-19 vaccination sites. In January 2021, Google announced updates to

294-426: A city or province). Web Mercator is a spherical Mercator projection, and so it has the same properties as a spherical Mercator: north is up everywhere, meridians are equally spaced vertical lines, angles are locally correct (assuming spherical coordinates), and areas inflate with distance from the equator such that the polar regions are grossly exaggerated. The ellipsoidal Mercator has these same properties, but models

343-789: A colored overlay on top of roads and motorways to represent the speed of vehicles on particular roads. Crowdsourcing is used to obtain the GPS-determined locations of a large number of cellphone users, from which live traffic maps are produced. Google has stated that the speed and location information it collects to calculate traffic conditions is anonymous. Options available in each phone's settings allow users not to share information about their location with Google Maps. Google stated, "Once you disable or opt out of My Location, Maps will not continue to send radio information back to Google servers to determine your handset's approximate location". On May 25, 2007, Google released Google Street View ,

392-473: A company that provided real-time traffic analysis. The launch of Google Maps was first announced on the Google Blog on February 8, 2005. In September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , Google Maps quickly updated its satellite imagery of New Orleans to allow users to view the extent of the flooding in various parts of that city. As of 2007, Google Maps was equipped with a miniature view with

441-664: A country, instead of redirecting to the Palestinian territories . In August 2013, Google Maps removed the Misplaced Pages Layer, which provided links to Misplaced Pages content about locations shown in Google Maps using Misplaced Pages geocodes . On April 12, 2014, Google Maps was updated to reflect the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia . Crimea is shown as the Republic of Crimea in Russia and as

490-491: A draggable rectangle that denotes the area shown in the main viewport, and "Info windows" for previewing details about locations on maps. As of 2024, this feature had been removed (likely several years prior). On November 28, 2007, Google Maps for Mobile 2.0 was released. It featured a beta version of a "My Location" feature, which uses the GPS / Assisted GPS location of the mobile device, if available, supplemented by determining

539-414: A feature of Google Maps providing 360° panoramic street-level views of various locations. On the date of release, the feature only included five cities in the U.S. It has since expanded to thousands of locations around the world. In July 2009, Google began mapping college campuses and surrounding paths and trails . Street View garnered much controversy after its release because of privacy concerns about

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588-467: A month ahead from historical and environmental data about both such as weather, traffic and busyness. Immersive View has been available in the following locations: Google added icons of city attractions, in a similar style to Apple Maps , on October 3, 2019. In the first stage, such icons were added to 9 cities. Web Mercator projection Web Mercator , Google Web Mercator , Spherical Mercator , WGS 84 Web Mercator or WGS 84/Pseudo-Mercator

637-684: A new policy for approving edits and avoiding vandalism. On April 29, 2015, users of the classic Google Maps were forwarded to the new Google Maps with the option to be removed from the interface. On July 14, 2015, the Chinese name for Scarborough Shoal was removed after a petition from the Philippines was posted on Change.org . On June 27, 2016, Google rolled out new satellite imagery worldwide sourced from Landsat 8 , comprising over 700 trillion pixels of new data. In September 2016, Google Maps acquired mapping analytics startup Urban Engines. In 2016,

686-639: Is a slight variant of the Mercator projection, one used primarily in Web-based mapping programs. It uses the same formulas as the standard Mercator as used for small-scale maps . However, the Web Mercator uses the spherical formulas at all scales whereas large-scale Mercator maps normally use the ellipsoidal form of the projection. The discrepancy is imperceptible at the global scale but causes maps of local areas to deviate slightly from true ellipsoidal Mercator maps at

735-444: Is a variant of the Mercator map projection and is the de facto standard for Web mapping applications. It rose to prominence when Google Maps adopted it in 2005. It is used by virtually all major online map providers, including Google Maps, CARTO , Mapbox , Bing Maps , OpenStreetMap , Mapquest , Esri , and many others. Its official EPSG identifier is EPSG:3857, although others have been used historically. Web Mercator

784-544: Is neither strictly ellipsoidal nor strictly spherical. EPSG's definition says the projection "uses spherical development of ellipsoidal coordinates". The underlying geographic coordinates are defined using the WGS84 ellipsoidal model of the Earth's surface, but are projected as if defined on a sphere. This practice is uncontroversial for small-scale maps (such as of the entire world), but has little precedent in large-scale maps (such as of

833-437: Is the longitude in radians and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is geodetic latitude in radians. Because the Mercator projects the poles at infinity, a map using the Web Mercator projection cannot show the poles. Services such as Google Maps cut off coverage at 85.051129° north and south. This is not a limitation for street maps, which is the primary purpose for such services. The value 85.051129°

882-489: Is the latitude at which the full projected map becomes a square, and is computed as φ {\displaystyle \varphi } given y = 0 : φ max = [ 2 arctan ⁡ ( e π ) − π 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varphi _{\text{max}}=\left[2\arctan(e^{\pi })-{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right]\end{aligned}}} The projection

931-735: The Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine. All other versions show a dotted disputed border. In April 2015, on a map near the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, the imagery of the Android logo urinating on the Apple logo was added via Map Maker and appeared on Google Maps. The vandalism was soon removed and Google publicly apologized. However, as a result, Google disabled user moderation on Map Maker, and on May 12, disabled editing worldwide until it could devise

980-616: The International Space Station interior spaces became available. Google Maps has incorporated 3D models of hundreds of cities in over 40 countries from Google Earth into its satellite view. The models were developed using aerial photogrammetry techniques. At the I/O 2022 event, Google announced Immersive View, a feature of Google Maps which would involve composite 3D images generated from Street View and aerial images of locations using AI, complete with synchronous information. It

1029-730: The first commercial Android device , Google announced that a Google Maps app had been released for its Android operating system. In October 2009, Google replaced Tele Atlas as their primary supplier of geospatial data in the US version of Maps and used their own data. On April 19, 2011, Map Maker was added to the American version of Google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to Google Maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real-time instead of waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates. On January 31, 2012, Google, due to offering its Maps for free,

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1078-558: The 2,000 miles of river paths in the UK." In December 2012, the Google Maps application was separately made available in the App Store, after Apple removed it from its default installation of the mobile operating system version iOS 6 in September 2012. On January 29, 2013, Google Maps was updated to include a map of North Korea . As of May 3, 2013 , Google Maps recognizes Palestine as

1127-599: The Earth. Later that year, EPSG provided an updated identifier, EPSG:3857 with the official name "WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator". The definition switched to using the WGS84 ellipsoid (EPSG:4326), rather than the sphere. Although the projection is closely associated with Google, Microsoft is listed as the "information source" in EPSG's standards. Other identifiers that have been used include ESRI:102113, ESRI:102100, and OSGEO:41001. ESRI:102113 corresponds to EPSG:3785 while ESRI:102100 corresponds to EPSG:3857. The projection covers

1176-528: The Geodesy subcommittee of the OGP's Geomatics committee (also known as EPSG) refused to provide it with one, declaring "We have reviewed the coordinate reference system used by Microsoft, Google, etc. and believe that it is technically flawed. We will not devalue the EPSG dataset by including such inappropriate geodesy and cartography." The unofficial code "EPSG:900913" (GOOGLE transliterated to numbers ) came to be used. It

1225-607: The Government of South Korea offered Google conditional access to the country's geographic database – access that already allows indigenous Korean mapping providers high-detail maps. Google declined the offer, as it was unwilling to accept restrictions on reducing the quality around locations the South Korean Government felt were sensitive (see restrictions on geographic data in South Korea ). On October 16, 2017, Google Maps

1274-451: The WGS 84 spheroid, rather than some compromise between the equatorial and polar radii . This results in a slightly larger map compared to the map's stated (nominal) scale than for most maps. Formulas for the Web Mercator are fundamentally the same as for the standard spherical Mercator, but before applying zoom, the "world coordinates" are adjusted such that the upper left corner is (0, 0) and

1323-594: The Web Mercator gains is that the spherical form is much simpler to calculate than the ellipsoidal form, and so requires only a fraction of the computing resources. Due to slow adoption by the EPSG registry , the Web Mercator is represented by several different names and spatial reference system identifiers (SRIDs), including EPSG:900913, EPSG:3785 and EPSG:3857, the latter being the official EPSG identifier since 2009. The projected coordinate reference system originally lacked an official spatial reference identifier ( SRID ), and

1372-474: The available satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis, according to a 2011 report. Google Maps previously used a variant of the Mercator projection , and therefore could not accurately show areas around the poles. In August 2018, the desktop version of Google Maps was updated to show a 3D globe. It is still possible to switch back to the 2D map in the settings. Google Maps for mobile devices were first released in 2006;

1421-479: The company announced those features would be transferred to the Google Local Guides program, although users that are not Local Guides can still contribute. Google Maps' satellite view is a "top-down" or bird's-eye view ; most of the high-resolution imagery of cities is aerial photography taken from aircraft flying at 800 to 1,500 feet (240 to 460 m), while most other imagery is from satellites. Much of

1470-605: The company was acquired by Google Inc. where it transformed into the web application Google Maps. The Rasmussen brothers, Gordon and Ma joined Google at that time. In the same month, Google acquired Keyhole , a geospatial data visualization company (with investment from the CIA ), whose marquee application suite, Earth Viewer, emerged as the Google Earth application in 2005 while other aspects of its core technology were integrated into Google Maps. In September 2004, Google acquired ZipDash,

1519-434: The earth as an ellipsoid. Unlike the ellipsoidal Mercator, however, the Web Mercator is not quite conformal. This means that angles between lines on the surface will not be drawn to the same angles in the map, although they will not deviate enough to be noticeable by eye. Lines deviate because Web Mercator specifies that coordinates be given as surveyed on the WGS 84 ellipsoidal model. By projecting coordinates surveyed against

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1568-424: The ellipsoid as if they were surveyed on a sphere, angular relationships change slightly. This is standard practice on the standard spherical Mercator projection, but unlike Web Mercator, the spherical Mercator is not normally used for maps of local areas, such as street maps, and so the accuracy of positions needed for plotting is typically less than the angular deviation caused by using spherical formulas. The benefit

1617-444: The latest versions feature GPS turn-by-turn navigation along with dedicated parking assistance features. By 2013, it was found to be the world's most popular smartphone app, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it. In 2017, the app was reported to have two billion users on Android, along with several other Google services including YouTube , Chrome , Gmail , Search , and Google Play . Google Maps first started as

1666-1231: The lower right corner is ( 2 zoom level − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1} , 2 zoom level − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{\text{zoom level}}-1} ) : x = ⌊ 1 2 π ⋅ 2 zoom level ( π + λ ) ⌋  pixels y = ⌊ 1 2 π ⋅ 2 zoom level ( π − ln ⁡ [ tan ⁡ ( π 4 + φ 2 ) ] ) ⌋  pixels {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi +\lambda \right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\\[5pt]y&=\left\lfloor {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\cdot 2^{\text{zoom level}}\left(\pi -\ln \left[\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {\varphi }{2}}\right)\right]\right)\right\rfloor {\text{ pixels}}\end{aligned}}} where λ {\displaystyle \lambda }

1715-417: The nearest wireless networks and cell sites . The software looks up the location of the cell site using a database of known wireless networks and sites. By triangulating the different signal strengths from cell transmitters and then using their location property (retrieved from the database), My Location determines the user's current location. On September 23, 2008, coinciding with the announcement of

1764-484: The route planner that would accommodate drivers of electric vehicles. Routing would take into account the type of vehicle, vehicle status including current charge, and the locations of charging stations. In June 2022, Google Maps added a layer displaying air quality for certain countries. In September 2022, Google removed the COVID-19 Layer from Google Maps due to lack of usage of the feature. Google Maps provides

1813-455: The same scale. While the Web Mercator's formulas are for the spherical form of the Mercator, geographical coordinates are required to be in the WGS 84 ellipsoidal datum. This discrepancy causes the projection to be slightly non- conformal . General lack of understanding that the Web Mercator differs from standard Mercator usage has caused considerable confusion and misuse. Mistaking Web Mercator for

1862-661: The site was first launched, connection requests were 5 times greater than expected by the project team, which led to a crash of the servers. A message was posted apologizing for this problem while a solution was found. On 1 July access to the site was restored. Google Maps Google Maps is a web mapping platform and consumer application offered by Google . It offers satellite imagery , aerial photography , street maps, 360° interactive panoramic views of streets ( Street View ), real-time traffic conditions, and route planning for traveling by foot, car, bike, air (in beta ) and public transportation . As of 2020 , Google Maps

1911-546: The standard Mercator during coordinate conversion can lead to deviations as much as 40 km on the ground. For all these reasons, the United States Department of Defense through the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency has declared this map projection to be unacceptable for any official use. Unlike most map projections for the sphere, the Web Mercator uses the equatorial radius of

1960-600: The uncensored nature of the panoramic photographs, although the views are only taken on public streets. Since then, Google has blurred faces and license plates through automated facial recognition . In late 2014, Google launched Google Underwater Street View, including 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) of the Australian Great Barrier Reef in 3D. The images are taken by special cameras which turn 360 degrees and take shots every 3 seconds. In 2017, in both Google Maps and Google Earth, Street View navigation of

2009-537: The user. The highest resolution of aerial photography, in general, is higher than what is available at Google Maps. Place names are identified and searchable for smallest villages and physical locations, beyond what is found on similar sites. Since its inception in June 2006, the French service has progressively added new data and has undergone significant updates. The latest major upgrade became available in summer 2012. The project originated for two main purposes: The project

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2058-474: Was being used by over one billion people every month around the world. Google Maps began as a C++ desktop program developed by brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen in Australia at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application. After additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a real-time traffic analyzer, Google Maps

2107-586: Was found guilty of abusing the dominant position of its Google Maps application and ordered by a court to pay a fine and damages to Bottin Cartographer, a French mapping company. This ruling was overturned on appeal. In June 2012, Google started mapping the UK's rivers and canals in partnership with the Canal and River Trust . The company has stated that "it would update the program during the year to allow users to plan trips which include locks, bridges and towpaths along

2156-698: Was launched during summer 2005 in the IGN. The goal for the opening of the Géoportail was set as summer 2007. On 6 January 2006, in Metz , the former President of the French Republic , Jacques Chirac , expressed the wish to open the Géoportail during the year. In early March 2006, the IGN launched an advertising campaign about the Géoportail. On 23 June 2006 the site was launched by Jacques Chirac and other ministers. In this first release, users could browse in 2D over: After

2205-501: Was launched in February 2005. The service's front end utilizes JavaScript , XML , and Ajax . Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allowed users to collaboratively expand and update the service's mapping worldwide but was discontinued from March 2017. However, crowdsourced contributions to Google Maps were not discontinued as

2254-524: Was originally defined by Christopher Schmidt in his Technical Ramblings blog and became codified in OpenLayers 2, which, technically, would make OpenLayers the SRID authority. In 2008, EPSG provided the official identifier EPSG:3785 with the official name "Popular Visualisation CRS / Mercator", but noted "It is not an official geodetic system". This definition used a spherical (rather than ellipsoidal) model of

2303-729: Was to be initially in five cities worldwide, with plans to add it to other cities later on. The feature was previewed in September 2022 with 250 photorealistic aerial 3D images of landmarks, and was full launched in February 2023. An expansion of Immersive View to routes was announced at Google I/O 2023, and was launched in October 2023 for 15 cities globally. The feature uses predictive modelling and neural radiance fields to scan Street View and aerial images to generate composite 3D imagery of locations, including both exteriors and interiors, and routes, including driving, walking or cycling, as well as generate synchronous information and forecasts up to

2352-489: Was updated to include incident reporting, resembling a functionality in Waze which was acquired by Google in 2013. In December 2019, Incognito mode was added, allowing users to enter destinations without saving entries to their Google accounts. In February 2020, Maps received a 15th anniversary redesign. It notably added a brand-new app icon, which now resembles the original icon in 2005. On September 23, 2020, Google announced

2401-504: Was updated with accessible imagery of several planets and moons such as Titan , Mercury , and Venus , as well as direct access to imagery of the Moon and Mars . In May 2018, Google announced major changes to the API structure starting June 11, 2018. This change consolidated the 18 different endpoints into three services and merged the basic and premium plans into one pay-as-you-go plan. This meant

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