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54-834: Robert Asa Packer, son of Asa Packer , was a business magnate and president of the Northern Division of the Lehigh Valley Railroad . After his death in 1883, his mansion (built 1879–80) sat empty and was inherited by his sister, Mary Packer Cummings. She was approached by Rev. W. B. Morrow, the rector of the Church of the Redeemer, with plans for a hospital and she donated the home to the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company on February 14, 1885 to be used for that purpose. She also offered to pay for any required alterations. In turn,

108-476: A H. pylori infection. Intra-operative techniques can then be used for treatment of certain disorders like banding esophageal varices or dilating esophageal strictures. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 4 hours prior to the procedure. Sedation is usually required for patient comfort. This procedure usually lasts around thirty minutes followed by a one to two hour observation period. Side effects include bloating , nausea, and

162-478: A long thin tube with a camera that is passed through the anus to visualize the rectum and the entire length of the colon. The procedure is performed either to look for colon polyps and/or colon cancer in somebody without symptoms, referred to as screening , or to further evaluate symptoms including rectal bleeding , dark tarry stools , change in bowel habits or stool consistency (diarrhea, pencil-thin stool), abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss. Before

216-847: A "fourth-year" (although this is often their seventh year of graduate medical education) in transplant hepatology , advanced interventional endoscopy , inflammatory bowel disease , motility , or other topics. Advanced endoscopy, sometimes called interventional or surgical endoscopy, is a sub-specialty of gastroenterology that focuses on advanced endoscopic techniques for the treatment of pancreatic , hepatobiliary , and gastrointestinal disease . Interventional gastroenterologists typically undergo an additional year of rigorous training in advanced endoscopic techniques including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnostic and interventional procedures, and advanced resection techniques including endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection . Additionally,

270-430: A Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives beginning in 1853. George Washington Woodward at the 1868 Democratic National Convention entered Packer's name as a candidate for President as a Favorite son despite himself not being present or actively campaigning. Packer earned a nearly consistent 26 delegates through the 14th round of the ballot and due to him being little known outside of Pennsylvania, with

324-523: A Packer - Blair ticket, however, Francis Preston Blair Jr. was instead named Seymour's running-mate. Packer made an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic Party's Presidential nomination in 1868. He got the party's nod for the 1869 Pennsylvania Governor's race, but lost the campaign to John W. Geary by 4,596 votes, one of the closest statewide races in Pennsylvania history. Packer endeavored to found

378-679: A carpenter in New York City and later in Springville Township, Pennsylvania , where he met his wife Sarah Minerva Blakslee. Packer and his wife settled on a farm. In the winter months, he went to Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna River and used his skill in carpentry to build and repair canal boats. This continued for 11 years. In 1833, Packer settled in Mauch Chunk in present-day Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania , where he became

432-434: A colonoscopy using a long thin tube with a camera (scope) passed through the anus but only intended to visualize the rectum and the last part of the colon closest to the rectum. All aspects of the procedure are the same as for a colonoscopy with the exception that this procedure only lasts ten to twenty minutes and is done without sedation. This usually allows for the patient to return to normal activities immediately after

486-401: A corporation formed for the care of "injured and sick persons without distinction on account of creed, race, or nationality," and a charter was granted for the hospital one month later on March 16. Robert Packer Hospital was dedicated on July 13, 1885, the house surgeon being Dr. Franklin M. Stephens, with the first patient, Alonzo House, arriving two weeks later. The majority of the patients in

540-515: A diploma program. Instead, it partnered with Mansfield University in offering the Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. As of July 2021, the hospital has physician residencies in emergency medicine , family medicine , internal medicine , general surgery , orthopedic surgery , anesthesiology , and fellowships in cardiology , gastroenterology , and pulmonology and critical care . Additionally,

594-435: A family history of this disorder, belly fat , and a history of smoking. Protective factors include H. pylori infection , frequent use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , and diets high in fruits and vegetables. Diagnosis can be made by looking into the esophagus with a scope and possibly taking a biopsy of the lining of the esophagus. Treatment includes managing GERD, destroying abnormal parts of

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648-582: A large portrait by Charles A. Boutelle and an annual celebration of Founder's Day. A life-sized bronze by Karel Mikolas, donated by the Lehigh University Class of 2003 and dedicated in 2008, stands outside Lehigh University's Alumni Memorial Building. Lehigh Valley Railroad named a passenger train after him, the Asa Packer which ran to and from New York City to Pittston, Pennsylvania until 1959. Gastroenterology Gastroenterology (from

702-536: A museum, opened for tours in 1956, and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1985. Packer was a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania and contributed large amounts of money to this Gothic Revival Church. St. Mark's was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. There is an elementary school in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania named after Packer. Lehigh University continues to honor him with

756-411: A one to two hour observation period. Complications include bloating, cramping, a reaction to anesthesia, bleeding, and a hole through the wall of the colon that may require repeat colonoscopy or surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include severe pain in the abdomen, fever, bleeding that does not improve, dizziness, and weakness. A procedure similar to

810-476: A real time view, via fluoroscopy , allowing the physician to locate and relieve the blockage. This is done through multiple techniques including cutting the opening and creating a bigger hole for drainage, removing gallstones and other debris, dilating narrow parts of the ducts, or placing a stent which keeps the ducts open. The physician can also take a biopsy of the ducts to evaluate for cancer, infection, or inflammation. Side effects include bloating, nausea, or

864-417: A result of gallstones , infection, inflammation, pancreatic pseudocysts , and tumors of the bile ducts or pancreas. As a result, one may experience back pain, yellowing of the skin , and an abnormal lab test showing an elevated bilirubin level which could necessitate this procedure. However, the procedure is not recommended if the patient has acute pancreatitis unless the level of bilirubin remains high or

918-400: A sore throat for 1 to 2 days. Complications are rare but include reaction to the anesthesia, bleeding, and a hole through the wall of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine which could require surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include chest pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, throat pain that gets worse, vomiting with blood or

972-532: A sore throat for one to two days. Complications include pancreatitis , infection of the bile ducts or gallbladder , bleeding, reaction to the anesthesia, and perforation of any structures that the scope or its instruments pass but particularly the duodenum, bile duct, and pancreatic duct. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include bloody or black tarry stool , chest pain, fever, worsening abdominal pain, worsening throat pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, vomit that

1026-583: A university in the Lehigh Valley , an industrial region located in eastern Pennsylvania . The university was located on South Mountain in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania , which then was a Moravian religious community that later became the global manufacturing and corporate headquarters of Bethlehem Steel , the second-largest steel manufacturing company in the world for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1865, Packer gave $ 500,000 and 60 acres (243,000 m²), later increased to 115 acres (465,000 m²), for

1080-706: Is a subspecialty of internal medicine and therefore requires three years of internal medicine residency training followed by three additional years in a dedicated gastroenterology fellowship . This training is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM) and must be completed at a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Other national societies that oversee training include

1134-429: Is also performed for further testing following a lab test that shows low hemoglobin levels without a known cause or an abnormal barium swallow . The procedure can be used to diagnose many disorders through direct visualization or tissue biopsy including esophageal varices , esophageal strictures , gastroesophageal reflux disease , Barrett's esophagus , cancer, celiac disease , gastritis , peptic ulcer disease , and

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1188-405: Is bloody or looks like coffee-grounds . Most of the time complications from this procedure require hospitalization for treatment. A condition that is a result of stomach contents consistently coming back up into the esophagus causing troublesome symptoms or complications. Symptoms are considered troublesome based on how disruptive they are to a patient's daily life and well-being. This definition

1242-447: Is increasing which could suggest the blockage is still present. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 8 hours prior to the procedure. After the patient is sedated, the physician will pass the scope through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and into the duodenum to locate the opening where the ducts drain into the small intestine . The physician can then inject dye into these ducts and take X-rays which show

1296-451: Is stool remaining in the colon due to an incomplete bowel prep because the physician can not adequately visualize the colon. During the procedure, the patient is sedated and the scope is used to examine the entire length of the colon looking for polyps, bleeding, or abnormal tissue. A biopsy or polyp removal can then be performed and the tissue sent to the lab for evaluation. The procedure usually takes thirty minutes to an hour followed by

1350-479: Is usually based on symptoms and medical history, with further testing only after treatment has been ineffective. Further diagnosis can be achieved by measuring how much acid enters the esophagus or looking into the esophagus with a scope . Treatment and management options include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery if there is no improvement with other interventions. Lifestyle modifications include not lying down for three hours after eating, lying down on

1404-787: The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Gastroenterologists see patients both in the clinic and the hospital setting. They can order diagnostic tests, prescribe medications, and perform a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including colonoscopy , esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and liver biopsy . Some gastroenterology trainees will complete

1458-666: The University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine , and was in general surgery. Five years later, a residency in medicine was added. The hospital employed its first Director of Medical Education in 1967, also breaking ground for the Carl V. S. Patterson Education Building. The same year, the School of Nursing was accredited by the National League for Nursing . In 1987, nursing education changed at Robert Packer Hospital and it no longer offered

1512-457: The pancreas , gallbladder , and liver . The digestive system functions to move material through the GI tract via peristalsis , break down that material via digestion , absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via defecation . Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes GI doctors . Some of

1566-491: The Greek gastḗr- "belly", -énteron "intestine", and -logía "study of") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract , sometimes referred to as the GI tract, which includes the esophagus , stomach , small intestine and large intestine as well as the accessory organs of digestion which include

1620-451: The appearance of " coffee-grounds ", worsening abdominal pain, bloody or black tarry stool, and fever. A procedure using a long thin tube with a camera passed through the mouth into the first part of the small intestine to locate, diagnose, and treat disorders related to the bile and pancreatic ducts . These ducts carry fluids that help with digesting food from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas and can become narrowed or blocked as

1674-468: The country. In September, 1916, Ornan H. Waltz noted in Modern Hospital, "Sayre, Pa., a city of only eight thousand people, can boast of one of the most serviceable institutions in the country". A major portion of the hospital burned down in a fire on May 3, 1933, forcing the hospital administration to successfully raise funds for a larger updated building for which they had been planning since 1929. At

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1728-408: The esophagus that may cause bleeding or ulcer formation, narrowing of the esophagus leading to swallowing issues, a change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the chances of developing cancer ( Barrett's esophagus ), chronic cough, asthma, inflammation of the larynx leading to hoarseness, and wearing away of tooth enamel leading to dental issues. A condition in which the lining of

1782-403: The esophagus changes to look more like the lining of the intestine and increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer . There are no specific symptoms although symptoms of GERD may be present for years prior as it is associated with a 10–15% risk of Barrett's esophagus. Risk factors include chronic GERD for more than 5 years, being age 50 or older, being non-Hispanic white, being male, having

1836-436: The esophagus, removing abnormal tissue in the esophagus, and removing part of the esophagus as performed by a general surgeon. Further management could include periodic surveillance with repeat scopes at certain intervals determined by the physician, likely not more frequently than every three to five years. Complications from this disorder can result in a type of cancer called esophageal adenocarcinoma . Gastroenterology

1890-475: The establishment of a technical trade school for engineers. In 1866, the year following the end of the American Civil War , the school, named Lehigh University , was chartered and began instruction. The first main building, Packer Hall, was completed in 1869. With Packer's generosity, Lehigh was able to offer education tuition free for its first 20 years from 1871–1891. Economic troubles in the 1890s forced

1944-717: The extension of the line into the Susquehanna Valley and thence into New York state to connect at Waverly with the Erie Railroad . Among his clerks and associates during this period was future businessman and soldier George Washington Helme . Packer also took an active part in politics. In 1842–1843, he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . In 1843–1844, he was county judge in Carbon County under Governor David R. Porter . He served two terms as

1998-513: The first years were injured while working for the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Sayre Locomotive Shops. The hospital was known for its use of aseptic techniques, only resorting to amputation for infection once in the first five years. Despite the fact that patients generally feared hospitals, in 1893 and 1894 that the hospital often went over capacity and had to turn away admissions. Some patients would wait weeks for admission. Early on, money

2052-532: The formation of the Guthrie Medical Center, a new corporation and restructuring of the existing Guthrie Clinic. In 1986, the hospital switched its focus to taking care of trauma patients, adding an $ 85,000 heliport, establishing trauma-related hospital procedures, and bringing in appropriate staffing. Robert Packer Hospital had its first intern in 1887, at a time when most physicians did not do internships. Its first residency began in 1923 in partnership with

2106-531: The hospital has a nursing residency, pharmacy residency , and is the Guthrie Campus of the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine . Of historical note, it used to have residencies in neurosurgery, pathology, pediatrics, radiology, and urology. Asa Packer Asa Packer (December 29, 1805 – May 17, 1879) was an American businessman who pioneered railroad construction,

2160-458: The hospital to model it after the Mayo Clinic , where he had completed his residency. In 1912, Mary Packer Cummings died and willed funds to build a children's ward. By 1920, Dr. Guthrie had added 11 more physicians to the group. Only eight years later, the four story Guthrie Clinic building opened with 27 physicians. The hospital and its buildings were considered to be some of the most advanced in

2214-441: The left side, elevating head while laying by elevating head of the bed or using extra pillows, losing weight, stopping smoking, and avoiding coffee, mint, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods. Medications include antacids , proton pump inhibitors , H2 receptor blockers . Surgery is usually a Nissen fundoplication and is performed by a surgeon. Complications of longstanding GERD can include inflammation of

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2268-694: The major stockholder of the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad Company, which became the Lehigh Valley Railroad in January 1853, and they built a railway line from Mauch Chunk to Easton between November 1852 and September 1855. Construction commenced on the Mauch Chunk-Easton line just as Packer's five year charter was to expire. He built railways connecting the main line with coal mines in Luzerne and Schuylkill counties, and he planned and built

2322-564: The most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include gastroesophageal reflux disease , gastrointestinal bleeding , irritable bowel syndrome , inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis , peptic ulcer disease , gallbladder and biliary tract disease, hepatitis , pancreatitis , colitis , colon polyps and cancer , nutritional problems, and many more. Citing from Egyptian papyri , John F. Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during

2376-472: The owner of a canal boat, which transported anthracite coal from Pennsylvania's Coal Region to Philadelphia . He then established A. & R. W. Packer, a firm that built canal boats and locks for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company . Packer urged the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company to adopt a steam railway as a coal carrier, but the project was not then considered feasible. In 1851, he became

2430-580: The periods of the pharaohs . Irynakhty , of the tenth dynasty, c. 2125 B.C., was a court physician specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and proctology . Among ancient Greeks , Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction . Galen 's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century. 1. International Classification of Disease ( ICD 2007)/WHO classification : 2. MeSH subject Heading : 3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue (NLM classification 2006) : A procedure using

2484-536: The procedure is finished. A procedure using a long thin tube with a camera that is passed through the mouth to view the esophagus ("esophago-"), stomach ("gastro-"), and the duodenum ("duodeno-"). It is also referred to as upper endoscopy or just endoscopy. The procedure is performed for further evaluation of symptoms including persistent heartburn , indigestion , vomiting blood , dark tarry stools , persistent nausea and vomiting, pain, difficulty swallowing , painful swallowing , and unexplained weight loss. It

2538-451: The procedure, the physician might ask the patient to stop taking certain medications including blood thinners, aspirin, diabetes medications, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . A bowel prep is usually taken the night before and into the morning of the procedure which consists of an enema or laxatives , either pills or powder dissolved in liquid, that will cause diarrhea. The procedure might need to be stopped and rescheduled if there

2592-469: The statement from one delegate; "Who in the hell is Packer?" being used as the headline for many New York journalists, who started to see Packer as an unoffensive moderate candidate that could increase the Democratic party's electability. However, the convention instead went with Horatio Seymour , for largely the same reason but also due to Seymour's name recognition. Interestingly, Woodward attempted to forge

2646-414: The time, some of the patients were moved to Tioga County General Hospital. The hospital received a Public Works Administration loan in the amount of $ 420,000 to complete the new building meant to house 285 beds, which was opened on December 6, 1934. Multiple changes have taken place since then, including addition of new buildings, operating suites, educational buildings, and an emergency department. 1981 saw

2700-399: The university to then reverse this policy. After the initial gift of one half million dollars, Packer continued to support the university and took an active role in its management. His will bequeathed $ 1,500,000 as an endowment for the university, $ 500,000 to the university library, and granted the university an interest of nearly one third in his estate upon its final distribution. Packer

2754-782: Was active in Pennsylvania politics, and founded Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . He was a conservative and religious man who reflected the image of the typical Connecticut Yankee. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1857. Packer was born in Mystic, Connecticut in 1805 and moved to Pennsylvania , where he became a carpenter's apprentice to his cousin Edward Packer in Brooklyn Township, Pennsylvania . He also worked seasonally as

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2808-535: Was married to Sarah Minerva Blakslee (1807–1882), daughter to Zophar and Clarinda Whitmer Blakslee. The Packers had seven children: Lucy Packer Linderman (1832–1873), Catherine Packer (1836–1837), Mary Packer Cummings (1839–1912), Malvina Fitzrandolph Packer (1841–1841), Robert Asa Packer (1842–1883), Gertrude Packer (1846–1848), and Harry Eldred Packer (1850–1884). Packer died on May 17, 1879 in Philadelphia , at age 73. Packer's residence, Asa Packer Mansion , became

2862-480: Was set aside for repairs to the old building and construction of a new ward, but it turned out not to be enough. Despite rarely having vacant beds, the hospital still went further into debt, largely due to not charging patients for their care. January 10, 1910, Dr. Donald Guthrie succeeded the surgeon-in-chief Dr. Ott, who had died the year prior. He founded the Guthrie Medical Group and expanded services in

2916-473: Was standardized by the Montreal Consensus in 2006. Symptoms include a painful feeling in the middle of the chest and feeling stomach contents coming back up into the mouth. Other symptoms include chest pain, nausea, difficulty swallowing , painful swallowing , coughing, and hoarseness. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia , certain medications, and certain foods. Diagnosis

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