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35-498: Gurez , or Gurais ( Guráai in the local Shina language ), is a valley located in the high Himalayas , about 86 kilometres (53 mi) from Bandipore and 123 kilometres (76 mi) from Srinagar , to the north of the Kashmir valley . At about 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea level, the valley is surrounded by snow-capped mountains. The fauna include the Himalayan brown bear and

70-427: A small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel. Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters alif , waaw or ye . Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word. Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone ˧ . Below table shows long vowels at

105-485: A long flat tone ˧ , a long rising tone [ ˨˦ ] , or a long falling tone ( /˥˩/ . All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and diacritics . Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letters waw and buṛi ye . A unique diacritic,

140-457: A population of 37,992 people with 22,978 males and 15,014 females. The number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes numbered 104 and 31,094 respectively. Most of the people in Gurez speak Kashmiri and Shina . According to the 2011 Census, Gurez has a linguistic landscape where Kashmiri is the most widely spoken language, with 17,865 speakers, representing about 47.06% of the population. Shina

175-448: A rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be. Below table shows Shina consonants. There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a tonal language . Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone ˥ . Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e.

210-499: Is Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport in Srinagar , located 150 kilometres from Dawar. A helicopter service was started in the region by the state government in 2017. Using this service people can reach Gurez from the Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport in 20 minutes cutting down the travel time by a huge margin. There is no railway connectivity to Gurez Valley. The nearest railway station

245-715: Is Sopore railway station located 115 kilometres from Dawar. The tehsil is connected to other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the Bandipora–Gurez Road. Road connectivity has been a major issue for the population due to their being heavy snowfall during the winter months. In 2015 the Border Roads Organisation had submitted a proposal to the Indian Central Government for the construction of an 18-km long tunnel that would ensure yearlong connectivity of

280-536: Is Habba Khatoon, around which legends abound and at one time, even a film starring Dimple Kapadia was planned. This pyramid shaped peak was named after the Kashmiri poet Habba Khatoon. She was a beautiful and intelligent woman from Saffron village Chandhara, and originally known as "Zoon" (which means Moon in English). She was the daughter of a peasant Abuddi Rather, who married her to an illiterate peasant boy named Habba. Zoon

315-432: Is dry and mild, excellent English vegetables can be grown, and the wild raspberries and currants are delicious." "The valley is extremely picturesque, as the river comes dashing along through a rich meadow, partly covered with lindens, walnut and willow trees, while the mountains on either side present nothing but a succession of most abrupt precipices, and Alpine lodges, covered with fir trees." Gurez's most formidable peak

350-632: Is located in the Gurez Valley . Other archaeological sites in the valley include Kanzalwan. Franklin Delano Roosevelt visited before he was the US president. During the colonial period, Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi visited the area in the 1940s. While describing the Kishenganga Valley (Gurez), Walter R. Lawrence writes in his book The Valley of Kashmir , "Perhaps Pahalgam ,

385-574: Is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, with Nun Ghunna ( ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں ). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters alif , waw , buṛi ye , and ye ( ا، و، یـ، ی، ے ), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics inverted damma ◌ٗ (U+0657) and superscript alef ◌ٰ (U+0670) represent

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420-676: Is spoken by 12,705 individuals, accounting for approximately 33.48%. Hindi has 4,938 speakers, making up approximately 13.00%. Additionally, various other languages are spoken in the region, contributing to the overall linguistic demographics of Gurez. Gurez is majority muslims . Before the arrival of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani , the region was predominantly Hindu . Hamadani visited the Kashmir valley three times, accompanied by about seven hundred preachers, known as "Sadaats". Of these seven hundred people, seven settled in Gurez and included Baba Abdur Razaq Shah and Baba Dervaish whose shrines are located near

455-412: Is the central township in the area. The population of the area is estimated to be about 30,000, and is scattered among fifteen villages. Due to heavy snowfall (around 2 metres (7 ft)) and closure of Razdan Pass in winter, the valley remains cut off for six months of the year. Gurez is 143 km from Srinagar. Historically, Gurez was part of ancient Dardistan , stretching between Sharada Peeth in

490-456: Is unknown. He is said to have fasted for months without taking any food or water. On occasion, he came down to Kanzalwan and asked for food in Farsi with an Urdu accent. He never refused mutton offered by local Muslims. He was hard of hearing, spoke very little and was popularly known as "Nanga Baba". In Feb 1940, he came down from Durmat to Rajdhan during a heavy snowstorm and subsequently died. When

525-744: The snow leopard . The Kishanganga River flows through the valley. The valley lies near the Line of Control , which separates it from the Astore and Neelum districts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It is very close to the Burzil Pass , which leads into Astore, and the inhabitants are ethnic Dards / Shins . They speak the Shina language and have the same styles of dress and culture as their kinsmen in Pakistani-administered Gilgit-Baltistan. Dawar

560-548: The Dard-Shin tribe. Hajji Abdul Aziz Samoon(KPS) was also Chairman of Jammu and Kashmir Dard-Shina Development Organization (JKDSDO), a body representing Dard community in the state JKDSDO There is no central electricity in Gurez, although, as of 2009, a hydro-electric plant was constructed by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation . It is unclear if any of the generated energy will be available to

595-585: The Dilawar Malik, one of the big landlords of Kashmir saw Peer Baba dead in a dream at the same spot, who was his devotee sent his men who tried to bring the Baba's body to Bandipur for burial, they were attacked by a large number of honeybees, and he was instead buried close to Razdaan Pass. There is a helipad in the tehsil headquarters Dawar . There is another helipad in Badoab, 43 kilometres from Dawar. The nearest airport

630-935: The Gurez to the rest of the Kashmir Valley. However the project has not moved past the DPR stage. Shina language Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, and there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina language. Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers do not write their language. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Shina like other languages of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. It has close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Standard Punjabi , Western Punjabi , Sindhi, and

665-665: The Kishenganga towards Wular Lake in Bandipora district via a 20 kilometre concrete tunnel, and generates 330 Mega Watts electricity for the Indian States. Although construction of the dam has temporarily bring work and money into the area, the Dard Shin have expressed concern that around 130 families were forced to leave their homes and to relocate in the different districts of Jammu and Kashmir, and more than 300 hectares (740 acres) of land in

700-401: The contrast are found. /æ/ is heard from loanwords. In Shina there are the following diphthongs: In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final OIA consonant clusters , while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not. Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows

735-557: The dialects of Western Pahari. There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and Kohistani Shina in Pakistan according to Ethnologue (2018), a majority of them in the province of Khyber-Pakhtunkwa and Gilgit-Baltistan . A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in Neelam valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir . A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in India in

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770-547: The far north of Kargil district bordering Gilgit-Baltistan . Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to 2011 census . The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Shina variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan. The Shina principal vowel sounds: All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with

805-498: The hamlet of Fakirpora. The names of the other saints are unknown, although they also have shrines, located at Chorwan, Bagtore, Dangital Tulail across the Kishan Ganga River, and at Kamri across the border near Dood-Gagi village in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir . The Peer Baba came from Multan (Pakistan) in 1933 and established himself in a cave at Durmat, north of Kanzalwan. He was about 35 years old, and his religion

840-620: The letter ڦ in Kohistani dialect of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use سً instead of ݜ for [ ʂ ] , or use sukun ◌ْ ( U+0652 ) instead of small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters " س / ث / ص ", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve

875-455: The original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of Persian and Urdu . Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of Kurdish and Uyghur . Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization

910-520: The other in Indian-controlled area of Dras , Ladakh . Below alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani, and it has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including Gilgit dialect and Kohistani dialect , which There are minor differences, such as the existence of

945-473: The peak that now bears her name to look for her lover. After her husband's death, she wandered the banks of river Jhelum in mourning. She died twenty years later by drowning into the Jhelum and now her tomb is at Athwajan. Habba Khatoon Drama club was founded in 1976 by the poet Late Hajji Abdul Aziz Samoon (Retired Police Officer; SSP). The club played a pivotal role in safeguarding the cultural ethos and traditions of

980-407: The three tones: "The" ( تھےࣿ ) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!" When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thée ( تھےٰ ) means "Will you do?" When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Theé ( تھےٗ ) means "after having done". Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition. However, it

1015-418: The valley is submerged. Because of the lack of electricity, there is no significant industrial activity in the valley. The only electricity which is available comes from a few diesel generators which provide power to some parts of the area in summer for an hour at a time. The Indian government's relocation plans are unclear, and it has not yet committed to providing hydroelectricity to those who will remain in

1050-474: The valley itself. India had initially planned to construct a 100-metre-high dam on the Kishenganga, which would have flooded the majority of the Gurez Valley and forced nearly all of its residents to relocate. But due to resistance by the Dard Shin and by Pakistan Government, which is constructing a dam downstream, the dam's height was reduced to 37 metres. Set for completion in 2016, the dam now diverts water from

1085-462: The valley. Kishenganga River, with a length of 150 kilometres (93 mi), supports world-class trout with an average weight of 11 kilograms (24 lb). As of 2006, there were plans to develop the fishery potential of the area, making it a resource for the surrounding region. Fish in the river include: Religion in Gurez Tehsil (2011) According to the 2011 census of India , Gurez Tehsil had

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1120-553: The village of the shepherds that stands at the head of the Liddar valley with its healthy forest of pines, and Gurez, which lies at a distance of thirty-five miles from Bandipora, the port of the Wular Lake , will before long rival in popularity the other margs. Gurez is a lovely valley five miles in length lying at an elevation of about 8000 feet above the sea. The Kishenganga river flows through it, and on either side are mountains. The climate

1155-502: The west, Minimarg in the north, Drass in the east, and Bagtore in the south. The valley falls along the ancient Silk Route , which connected the Kashmir Valley with Gilgit , before continuing further to Kashgar . Archaeological surveys in valleys north of Gurez have uncovered hundreds of carved inscriptions in Kharoshthi , Brahmi , and Tibetan . The ancient capital of the Dards , Dawar,

1190-841: Was an unwritten language until a few decades ago. Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of Gilgit-Baltistan have been published. Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on how to write several retroflex sound not present in Urdu and whether vowel length and tone should be represented. There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Kohistan , and

1225-429: Was ill-treated by her mother-in-law and husband, because she spent most of her time in poetry and singing. Dejected by her plight, she changed her name to Habba Khatoon. The emperor of Kashmir, Yousuf Shah Chak, was enthralled by her beauty, intelligence and poetry. He arranged her divorce from Habba and married her. According to the story, Shah Chak was imprisoned by his rival King Akbar, Habba Khatoon used to wander near

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