56-491: The Gun-Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) is an act of the U.S. Congress prohibiting any unauthorized individual from knowingly possessing a loaded or unsecured firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(26) . The law applies to public, private, and parochial elementary schools and high schools, and to non-private property within 1,000 feet (300 m) of them. It provides that
112-462: A "Gun Free School Zone unless they meet one of the other criteria defined in Section 'B'." The large number of K-12 schools in developed areas makes it difficult for an individual to travel any distance without entering a Gun Free School Zone. Although the federal GFSZA does provide an exception for an individual licensed to carry a firearm, this exception only applies in the state that physically issued
168-518: A 2005 Appellate case, United States v. Dorsey , the minor changes of the revised law were specifically challenged. In Dorsey , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that the minor changes were indeed sufficient to correct the issues that had caused the original 1990 law to be struck down in Lopez , and they upheld Dorsey's conviction under the revised version of the law. A 2000 ruling made by
224-407: A candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices. (b) Any person who violates this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (c) Subsection (a) does not apply to an alien if— (1) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); (2)
280-407: A candidate for any one or more of such Federal offices. (b) Any person who violates this section shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (c) Subsection (a) does not apply to an alien if— (1) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); (2)
336-533: A firearm on public property within a school zone. Legal exceptions are made for on-duty law enforcement and contracted school security. In June 1995, following restrictions which were placed on the original law in the United States v. Lopez Supreme Court ruling, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1995 was introduced. The new bill would have restored much of the language of the original law, but also add
392-406: A firearm that has moved in or that otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone. 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(3)(A) states: Except as provided in subparagraph (B), it shall be unlawful for any person, knowingly or with reckless disregard for the safety of another, to discharge or attempt to discharge
448-401: A firearm that has moved in or that otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce at a place that the person knows is a school zone. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(2)(B) : [ 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(2)(A) ] does not apply to the possession of a firearm— Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(3)(B) : [ 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(3)(A) ] does not apply to
504-553: A new provision which requires prosecutors to prove during each prosecution that the gun moved in or affected interstate or foreign commerce. On May 22, 2007, June 24, 2009, and July 21, 2011, US Representative Ron Paul introduced similar bills H.R. 2424 , H.R. 3021 , and H.R. 2613 that would repeal the Federal Gun Free School Zones Act. No form of those bills has ever passed committee. In February 2018, US Representative Thomas Massie introduced
560-467: A reciprocating state without violating the Federal GFSZA. The Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act (LEOSA), intended to allow qualified law enforcement officers the ability to carry guns nationwide, does not provide any exceptions to Federal Law per 18 U.S.C. § 926B . GFSZA does not make any exception for an off-duty qualified officer. GFSZA generally prohibits anyone from discharging
616-731: A similar bill, H.R. 34 titled the "Safe Students Act", that would repeal the Federal Gun Free School Zones Act. Title 18 of the United States Code Title 18 of the United States Code is the main criminal code of the federal government of the United States . The Title deals with federal crimes and criminal procedure . In its coverage, Title 18 is similar to most U.S. state criminal codes, which typically are referred to by names such as Penal Code, Criminal Code, or Crimes Code. Typical of state criminal codes
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#1732848757954672-400: A town forest, which fell within 1,000 feet of a local school. Most states allow some form of unlicensed carry by persons who are not prohibited by statute from owning or possessing firearms. This may be open-carry, vehicle-carry, or concealed carry without the need for a permit. The Federal GFSZA prohibits unlicensed carry by making it a federal crime for an unlicensed individual to travel into
728-642: Is the California Penal Code . Many U.S. state criminal codes, unlike the federal Title 18, are based on the Model Penal Code promulgated by the American Law Institute . Title 18 consists of five parts. Four of these, Parts I through IV, concern crimes, criminal procedure, prisons and prisoners, and juvenile delinquency, respectively, and were included in the original title when it was enacted in 1948. The fifth part, concerning witness immunity,
784-457: Is the California Penal Code . Many U.S. state criminal codes, unlike the federal Title 18, are based on the Model Penal Code promulgated by the American Law Institute . Title 18 consists of five parts. Four of these, Parts I through IV, concern crimes, criminal procedure, prisons and prisoners, and juvenile delinquency, respectively, and were included in the original title when it was enacted in 1948. The fifth part, concerning witness immunity,
840-640: The Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 (1995). This was the first time in over half a century that the Supreme Court limited Congressional authority to legislate under the Commerce Clause. Although the amended GFSZA has yet to be challenged in the U.S. Supreme Court, it has been reviewed and upheld by several federal Circuit Courts. In
896-611: The Crime Control Act of 1990 . It added 18 U.S.C. § 922(q) ; 18 U.S.C. § 922 itself was added by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 . The Supreme Court of the United States subsequently held that the Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congressional authority under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 (1995). This
952-544: The states and their political subdivisions may issue licenses that exempt the licensed individuals from the prohibition. It was first introduced in the U.S. Senate in February 1990 as S. 2070 by Senator Herb Kohl of Wisconsin and then was incorporated into the Crime Control Act of 1990 that was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush . The Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was originally passed as section 1702 of
1008-713: The Attorney General § 847. Rules and regulations § 848. Effect on State law § 871. Threats against President and successors to the Presidency § 872. Extortion by officers or employees of the United States § 873. Blackmail § 874. Kickbacks from public works employees § 875. Interstate communications § 876. Mailing threatening communications § 877. Mailing threatening communications from foreign country § 878. Threats and extortion against foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 879. Threats against former Presidents and certain other persons § 880. Receiving
1064-601: The Attorney General § 847. Rules and regulations § 848. Effect on State law § 871. Threats against President and successors to the Presidency § 872. Extortion by officers or employees of the United States § 873. Blackmail § 874. Kickbacks from public works employees § 875. Interstate communications § 876. Mailing threatening communications § 877. Mailing threatening communications from foreign country § 878. Threats and extortion against foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 879. Threats against former Presidents and certain other persons § 880. Receiving
1120-609: The Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Tait overturned a conviction for firearm possession in a school zone because the defendant was licensed to do so by the state in which the school zone is located. Convictions upheld post-Lopez under the revised Gun Free School Zones Act include: Convictions overturned post- Lopez under the revised Gun Free School Zones Act include: 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(2)(A) states: It shall be unlawful for any individual knowingly to possess
1176-809: The Indian country § 1163. Embezzlement and theft from Indian tribal organizations § 1164. Destroying boundary and warning signs § 1165. Hunting, trapping, or fishing on Indian land § 1166. Gambling in Indian country § 1167. Theft from gaming establishments on Indian lands § 1168. Theft by officers or employees of gaming establishments on Indian lands § 1169. Reporting of child abuse § 1170. Illegal trafficking in Native American human remains and cultural items § 1201. Kidnapping § 1202. Ransom money § 1203. Hostage taking § 1204. International parental kidnapping § 1231. Transportation of strikebreakers [§ 1232. Repealed. Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 53, 70A Stat. 641] Title 18 of
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#17328487579541232-405: The United States Code Title 18 of the United States Code is the main criminal code of the federal government of the United States . The Title deals with federal crimes and criminal procedure . In its coverage, Title 18 is similar to most U.S. state criminal codes, which typically are referred to by names such as Penal Code, Criminal Code, or Crimes Code. Typical of state criminal codes
1288-575: The United States [§§ 833 to 835. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–129, title II, § 216(b), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1015] § 836. Transportation of fireworks into State prohibiting sale or use [§ 837. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title XI, § 1106(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 960] This chapter, added in 1970 by 84 Stat. 952 deals with importing, manufacturing, distributing, and storage of explosive materials. § 841. Definitions § 842. Unlawful acts § 843. Licenses and user permits § 844. Penalties § 845. Exceptions; relief from disabilities § 846. Additional powers of
1344-575: The United States [§§ 833 to 835. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–129, title II, § 216(b), Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1015] § 836. Transportation of fireworks into State prohibiting sale or use [§ 837. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title XI, § 1106(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 960] This chapter, added in 1970 by 84 Stat. 952 deals with importing, manufacturing, distributing, and storage of explosive materials. § 841. Definitions § 842. Unlawful acts § 843. Licenses and user permits § 844. Penalties § 845. Exceptions; relief from disabilities § 846. Additional powers of
1400-435: The United States § 1115. Misconduct or neglect of ship officers § 1116. Murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 1117. Conspiracy to murder § 1118. Murder by a Federal prisoner § 1119. Foreign murder of United States nationals § 1120. Murder by escaped prisoners § 1121. Killing persons aiding Federal investigations or State correctional officers § 1122. Protection against
1456-435: The United States § 1115. Misconduct or neglect of ship officers § 1116. Murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally protected persons § 1117. Conspiracy to murder § 1118. Murder by a Federal prisoner § 1119. Foreign murder of United States nationals § 1120. Murder by escaped prisoners § 1121. Killing persons aiding Federal investigations or State correctional officers § 1122. Protection against
1512-537: The United States § 546. Smuggling goods into foreign countries § 547. Depositing goods in buildings on boundaries § 548. Removing or repacking goods in warehouses § 549. Removing goods from customs custody; breaking seals § 550. False claim for refund of duties § 551. Concealing or destroying invoices or other papers § 552. Officers aiding importation of obscene or treasonous books and articles § 553. Importation or exportation of stolen motor vehicles, off-highway mobile equipment, vessels, or aircraft § 554. Smuggling goods from
1568-537: The United States § 546. Smuggling goods into foreign countries § 547. Depositing goods in buildings on boundaries § 548. Removing or repacking goods in warehouses § 549. Removing goods from customs custody; breaking seals § 550. False claim for refund of duties § 551. Concealing or destroying invoices or other papers § 552. Officers aiding importation of obscene or treasonous books and articles § 553. Importation or exportation of stolen motor vehicles, off-highway mobile equipment, vessels, or aircraft § 554. Smuggling goods from
1624-560: The United States § 555. Border tunnels and passages §611. Voting by aliens (a) It shall be unlawful for any alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, unless— (1)
1680-412: The United States § 555. Border tunnels and passages §611. Voting by aliens (a) It shall be unlawful for any alien to vote in any election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing a candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Member of the Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegate from the District of Columbia, or Resident Commissioner, unless— (1)
1736-419: The United States § 912. Officer or employee of the United States § 913. Impersonator making arrest or search § 914. Creditors of the United States § 915. Foreign diplomats, consuls or officers § 916. 4–H Club members or agents § 917. Red Cross members or agents This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 226 , deals with firearms. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100 Stat. 3207-35 , concerns
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1792-419: The United States § 912. Officer or employee of the United States § 913. Impersonator making arrest or search § 914. Creditors of the United States § 915. Foreign diplomats, consuls or officers § 916. 4–H Club members or agents § 917. Red Cross members or agents This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 226 , deals with firearms. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100 Stat. 3207-35 , concerns
1848-1075: The alien permanently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16; and (3) the alien reasonably believed at the time of voting in violation of such subsection that he or she was a citizen of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, §216(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–572; amended Pub. L. 106–395, title II, §201(d)(1), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1635.) (TBD) § 705. Badge or medal of veterans' organizations § 706. Red Cross § 706a. Geneva distinctive emblems [§ 707. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 708. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(4), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 709. False advertising or misuse of names to indicate Federal agency § 710. Cremation urns for military use [§ 711. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(5), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 711a. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(6), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 712. Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insignia § 713. Use of likenesses of
1904-1075: The alien permanently resided in the United States prior to attaining the age of 16; and (3) the alien reasonably believed at the time of voting in violation of such subsection that he or she was a citizen of the United States. (Added Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, §216(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–572; amended Pub. L. 106–395, title II, §201(d)(1), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1635.) (TBD) § 705. Badge or medal of veterans' organizations § 706. Red Cross § 706a. Geneva distinctive emblems [§ 707. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 708. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(4), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 709. False advertising or misuse of names to indicate Federal agency § 710. Cremation urns for military use [§ 711. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(5), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] [§ 711a. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(6), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 712. Misuse of names, words, emblems, or insignia § 713. Use of likenesses of
1960-970: The civil and criminal seizure of property and assets used in crimes. § 981. Civil forfeiture § 982. Criminal forfeiture § 983. General rules for civil forfeiture proceedings § 984. Civil forfeiture of fungible property § 985. Civil forfeiture of real property § 986. Subpoenas for bank records § 987. Anti-terrorist forfeiture protection § 1071. Concealing person from arrest § 1072. Concealing escaped prisoner § 1073. Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony § 1074. Flight to avoid prosecution for damaging or destroying any building or other real or personal property Added in 1949. § 1081. Definitions § 1082. Gambling ships § 1083. Transportation between shore and ship; penalties § 1084. Transmission of wagering information; penalties Added in 1988. § 1091. Genocide § 1092. Exclusive remedies § 1093. Definitions § 1111. Murder § 1112. Manslaughter § 1113. Attempt to commit murder or manslaughter § 1114. Protection of officers and employees of
2016-970: The civil and criminal seizure of property and assets used in crimes. § 981. Civil forfeiture § 982. Criminal forfeiture § 983. General rules for civil forfeiture proceedings § 984. Civil forfeiture of fungible property § 985. Civil forfeiture of real property § 986. Subpoenas for bank records § 987. Anti-terrorist forfeiture protection § 1071. Concealing person from arrest § 1072. Concealing escaped prisoner § 1073. Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony § 1074. Flight to avoid prosecution for damaging or destroying any building or other real or personal property Added in 1949. § 1081. Definitions § 1082. Gambling ships § 1083. Transportation between shore and ship; penalties § 1084. Transmission of wagering information; penalties Added in 1988. § 1091. Genocide § 1092. Exclusive remedies § 1093. Definitions § 1111. Murder § 1112. Manslaughter § 1113. Attempt to commit murder or manslaughter § 1114. Protection of officers and employees of
2072-521: The discharge of a firearm— Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(25) : The term "school zone" means— Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(26) the term "school" means a school which provides elementary or secondary education, as determined under state law. 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(4) establishes the penalty for violating GFSZA: Whoever violates the Act shall be fined not more than $ 5,000, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
2128-407: The election is held partly for some other purpose; (2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other purpose under a State constitution or statute or a local ordinance; and (3) voting for such other purpose is conducted independently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for
2184-407: The election is held partly for some other purpose; (2) aliens are authorized to vote for such other purpose under a State constitution or statute or a local ordinance; and (3) voting for such other purpose is conducted independently of voting for a candidate for such Federal offices, in such a manner that an alien has the opportunity to vote for such other purpose, but not an opportunity to vote for
2240-401: The firearm in question "has moved in or otherwise affects interstate commerce." As nearly all firearms have moved in interstate commerce at some point in their existence, critics assert this was merely a legislative tactic to circumvent the Supreme Court's ruling. The Supreme Court of the United States held that the original Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congressional authority under
2296-1203: The great seal of the United States, the seals of the President and Vice President, the seal of the United States Senate, the seal of the United States House of Representatives, and the seal of the United States Congress [§ 714. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–258, § 2(d)(1)(B), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1058] [§ 715. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(7), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 716. Public employee insignia and uniform § 751. Prisoners in custody of institution or officer § 752. Instigating or assisting escape § 753. Rescue to prevent execution [§ 754. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330004(5), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141] § 755. Officer permitting escape § 756. Internee of belligerent nation § 757. Prisoners of war or enemy aliens § 758. High speed flight from immigration checkpoint § 831. Prohibited transactions involving nuclear materials § 832. Participation in nuclear and weapons of mass destruction threats to
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2352-961: The great seal of the United States, the seals of the President and Vice President, the seal of the United States Senate, the seal of the United States House of Representatives, and the seal of the United States Congress [§ 714. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–258, § 2(d)(1)(B), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1058] [§ 715. Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, § 1002(7), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155] § 716. Public employee insignia and uniform § 751. Prisoners in custody of institution or officer § 752. Instigating or assisting escape § 753. Rescue to prevent execution [§ 754. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330004(5), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141] § 755. Officer permitting escape § 756. Internee of belligerent nation § 757. Prisoners of war or enemy aliens § 758. High speed flight from immigration checkpoint § 831. Prohibited transactions involving nuclear materials § 832. Participation in nuclear and weapons of mass destruction threats to
2408-626: The human immunodeficiency virus § 1151. Indian country defined § 1152. Laws governing § 1153. Offenses committed within Indian country § 1154. Intoxicants dispensed in Indian country § 1155. Intoxicants dispensed on school site § 1156. Intoxicants possessed unlawfully [§ 1157. Repealed. Pub. L. 85–86, July 10, 1957, 71 Stat. 277] § 1158. Counterfeiting Indian Arts and Crafts Board trade mark § 1159. Misrepresentation of Indian produced goods and products § 1160. Property damaged in committing offense § 1161. Application of Indian liquor laws § 1162. State jurisdiction over offenses committed by or against Indians in
2464-626: The human immunodeficiency virus § 1151. Indian country defined § 1152. Laws governing § 1153. Offenses committed within Indian country § 1154. Intoxicants dispensed in Indian country § 1155. Intoxicants dispensed on school site § 1156. Intoxicants possessed unlawfully [§ 1157. Repealed. Pub. L. 85–86, July 10, 1957, 71 Stat. 277] § 1158. Counterfeiting Indian Arts and Crafts Board trade mark § 1159. Misrepresentation of Indian produced goods and products § 1160. Property damaged in committing offense § 1161. Application of Indian liquor laws § 1162. State jurisdiction over offenses committed by or against Indians in
2520-416: The law's legal restrictions. The First Circuit Court of Appeals sustained a GFSZA conviction in the 2007 case of United States v Nieves-Castaño for a firearm kept in a woman's apartment, which was part of a public housing project within 1,000 feet of a school. In 2012, ATF informed the town of Stratham, New Hampshire, that hunters would be violating GFSZA by hunting on locally approved public hunting land,
2576-428: The permit. Nearly all 50 states have provisions to issue concealed carry permits to citizens. Most of these states also enter into reciprocity agreements with other states where each state agrees to recognize the other's concealed carry permits. Because the Federal GFSZA requires the permit be issued by the state which the school zone is in, it is difficult for a permit holder to travel outside their state of issuance to
2632-470: The proceeds of extortion This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 159 , deals with extortionate credit transactions. § 891. Definitions and rules of construction § 892. Making extortionate extensions of credit § 893. Financing extortionate extensions of credit § 894. Collection of extensions of credit by extortionate means [§ 895. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 223(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929] § 896. Effect on State laws § 911. Citizen of
2688-470: The proceeds of extortion This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 159 , deals with extortionate credit transactions. § 891. Definitions and rules of construction § 892. Making extortionate extensions of credit § 893. Financing extortionate extensions of credit § 894. Collection of extensions of credit by extortionate means [§ 895. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title II, § 223(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929] § 896. Effect on State laws § 911. Citizen of
2744-687: The term of imprisonment imposed under this paragraph shall not run concurrently with any other term of imprisonment imposed under any other provision of law. A conviction under the GFSZA will cause an individual to become a "prohibited person" under the Gun Control Act of 1968 . It is unlawful for a "prohibited person" to own, purchase, or possess "firearms" as defined by US federal law. A US presidential pardon may remove this civil disability. Individuals traveling on public sidewalks, roads, and highways within 1,000 feet (300 m) of defined schools are subject to
2800-1138: Was added to Title 18 in July 1956 with the enactment of law 70 Stat. 538 . Chapter 10 was added to Title 18 in May 1990 with the enactment of law 104 Stat. 201 . This chapter deals with offenses using or against aircraft and motor vehicles. This chapter deals with offenses against wildlife. This chapter deals with arson . It has only one section, which was last amended in 2001. This chapter deals with assault . This chapter deals with bankruptcy offenses committed by debtors. This chapter deals with biological weapons. This chapter deals with bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest. This chapter, added in 1994 by 102 Stat. 521 deals with child support . It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1998 by 112 Stat. 2681-866 , related to offenses involving chemical weapons . This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 90 , related to offenses involving civil disorder. This chapter deals with offenses involving civil rights . Chapter 14
2856-1045: Was added to Title 18 in July 1956 with the enactment of law 70 Stat. 538 . Chapter 10 was added to Title 18 in May 1990 with the enactment of law 104 Stat. 201 . This chapter deals with offenses using or against aircraft and motor vehicles. This chapter deals with offenses against wildlife. This chapter deals with arson . It has only one section, which was last amended in 2001. This chapter deals with assault . This chapter deals with bankruptcy offenses committed by debtors. This chapter deals with biological weapons. This chapter deals with bribery, graft, and conflicts of interest. This chapter, added in 1994 by 102 Stat. 521 deals with child support . It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1998 by 112 Stat. 2681-866 , related to offenses involving chemical weapons . This chapter, added in 1968 by 82 Stat. 90 , related to offenses involving civil disorder. This chapter deals with offenses involving civil rights . Chapter 14
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#17328487579542912-414: Was not included in the original title but was added in 1970. The odd-numbered chapters (i.e. chapters 1 through 117) were all included in the original Title 18. The other chapters were added at various times - see below for the complete date and citations for each chapter. Chapters 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 were all included in the original title as it was enacted by statute 62 Stat. 683 . Chapter 2
2968-414: Was not included in the original title but was added in 1970. The odd-numbered chapters (i.e. chapters 1 through 117) were all included in the original Title 18. The other chapters were added at various times - see below for the complete date and citations for each chapter. Chapters 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 were all included in the original title as it was enacted by statute 62 Stat. 683 . Chapter 2
3024-780: Was repealed in 2002. It related to the former (Panama) Canal Zone . This chapter deals with offenses involving coins and currency. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100 Stat. 3207-59 , deals with operating a "common carrier" under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This chapter, added in 1971 by 84 Stat. 1891 , deals with Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault. It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1994 by 108 Stat. 2034 , deals with criminal street gangs. It has only one section. § 541. Entry of goods falsely classified § 542. Entry of goods by means of false statements § 543. Entry of goods for less than legal duty § 544. Relanding of goods § 545. Smuggling goods into
3080-780: Was repealed in 2002. It related to the former (Panama) Canal Zone . This chapter deals with offenses involving coins and currency. This chapter, added in 1986 by 100 Stat. 3207-59 , deals with operating a "common carrier" under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This chapter, added in 1971 by 84 Stat. 1891 , deals with Congressional, Cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnapping, and assault. It has only one section. This chapter, added in 1994 by 108 Stat. 2034 , deals with criminal street gangs. It has only one section. § 541. Entry of goods falsely classified § 542. Entry of goods by means of false statements § 543. Entry of goods for less than legal duty § 544. Relanding of goods § 545. Smuggling goods into
3136-564: Was the first time in over half a century that the Supreme Court limited Congressional authority to legislate under the Commerce Clause. Following the Lopez decision, U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno proposed changes to 18 U.S.C. § 922(q) that were adopted in section 657 of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997, Pub. L. 104–208 (text) (PDF) , 110 Stat. 3009 , enacted September 30, 1996 . These changes required that
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