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Gulbenkian Park

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The Gulbenkian Park also known as Gulbenkian Garden is located in Lisbon , Portugal. It was created in 1969 and is part of the cultural center where the headquarters of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation , Gulbenkian Museum and the José de Azeredo Perdigão Modern Art Centre are situated enriching the cultural importance of the garden.

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50-566: The park is spread over an area of 7.5 hectares (19 acres) and has one large and another small lake within it. The park was inaugurated in 1969. It was the parkland of the former Palacio Azambuja or dos Meninos de Palhavã in 1918 and the Spanish Embassy used to be located here. The park was sold in 1957. The park was designed by the landscape architects Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles and António Facco Vianna Barreto in close collaboration with Alberto Pessoa, Pedro Cid and Ruy Athouguia who were architects of

100-620: A large oil reserve at Baba Gurgur provided the impetus to conclude negotiations and in July 1928 an agreement, called the " Red Line Agreement ", was signed which determined which oil companies could invest in TPC and reserved 5% of the shares for Gulbenkian. The name of the company was changed to the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929. The Pasha had actually given Gulbenkian the entire Iraqi oil concession. Gulbenkian, however, saw advantage in divesting

150-740: A short story about Gulbenkian in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody . There are rooms and buildings at the University of Oxford named after Gulbenkian, including the Gulbenkian Reading Room in St Antony's College, Oxford 's old library and the Gulbenkian Lecture Theater in the St Cross Building on Manor Road. Biography For detailed background concerning Gulbenkian and

200-700: Is also a habitat for water birds. The garden also has an open-air amphitheater to seat 1,000 people which has the lake as its backdrop. The amphitheater is the venue for holding many programmes on dance, drama, and music. Jazz music programme is held in the gardens every year during first two weeks of August. The park is also enlivened with statues and sculptures made by national and international artists which are fixed strategically at many places. Calouste Gulbenkian Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian ( / k æ ˈ l uː s t ɡ ʊ l ˈ b ɛ ŋ k i ə n / , Western Armenian : Գալուստ Կիւլպէնկեան ; 23 March 1869 – 20 July 1955), nicknamed " Mr Five Per Cent ",

250-420: Is also rose garden within the park. Of the two lakes built in the garden, the larger lake, located in the centre of the park, is the habitat for water birds such as mallard , moorhen , ring-necked parakeet , white wagtail , wren , blackbird , blackcap , house sparrow , serin , and greenfinch . In view of thick bushes around the lake, the park is a preferred location for moorhens to breed. The small lake

300-771: The Catholicos of All Armenians . In 1929, he was the chief benefactor to the establishment of an extensive library at the St. James Cathedral , the principal church of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem . The library is called the Gulbenkian Library and contains more than 100,000 books. Among many of his significant donations was to the Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital located in Istanbul. A large property called

350-511: The House of Osman alongside the Ottoman Empire; the name " Osman " was altered to "Ottoman" when it was transliterated into some European languages over time. The Ottoman principality, expanding from Söğüt , gradually began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians into their realm. By the 1350s, they had begun crossing into Europe and eventually came to dominate

400-724: The Mediterranean Sea . In 1453, the fall of Constantinople , which had served as the capital city of the Byzantine Empire , enabled the Ottoman Turks to control all major land routes between Asia and Europe. This development forced Western Europeans to find other ways to trade with Asians. Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , the Ottoman Turkish identity ceased to exist; the Ottoman Turkish language , which

450-677: The Order of the British Empire . In this same year his wife Nevarte died in Paris. They had two children, a son Nubar and a daughter Rita, who would become the wife of Iranian diplomat of Armenian descent Kevork Loris Essayan. His ashes were buried at St Sarkis Armenian Church in London. At the time of his death, Gulbenkian's fortune was estimated at between US$ 280 million and US$ 840 million. Undisclosed sums were willed in trust to his descendants;

500-581: The Ottoman Empire , in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day Turkish people , who comprise the majority of the population in the Republic of Turkey , which was established shortly after the end of World War I . Reliable information about the early history of the Ottoman Turks remains scarce, but they take their Turkish name Osmanlı from Osman I , who founded

550-548: The Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the significantly more favorable Treaty of Lausanne (1923) , assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed Misak-ı Milli (National Pact). Not all Ottoman Empire citizens were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were Turks , but starting from 1924, every citizen of the newly found Turkish Republic became considered as "Turk". Article 88 of 1924 Constitution , which

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600-691: The Selamet Han was donated to the Surp Pırgiç foundation in 1954. The property was confiscated by the state in 1974, but returned to the foundation in 2011. He also helped establish a nurses' home at the hospital after selling his wife's jewellery. He was president of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) from 1930 to 1932, resigning as a result of a smear campaign by Soviet Armenia , an Armenian newspaper based in Armenia SSR . He

650-543: The " Partex Oil and Gas (Holdings) Corporation", a subsidiary of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation headquartered in Lisbon until 2019. Gulbenkian amassed a huge fortune and an art collection which he kept in a private museum at his Paris house. An art expert said in a 1950 issue of Life magazine that "Never in modern history has one man owned so much." His four-story, three-basement house on Avenue d'Iéna

700-594: The 20th century. Some of the works in the collection were bought during the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings . While Gulbenkian's art collection may be found in many museums across the world, most of his art is exhibited at the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian in Lisbon, Portugal. The museum was founded according to his will, to accommodate and display his collection, now belonging to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation . Of

750-667: The French protected his interest. During the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire after the war, most of Ottoman Syria came under the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and most of Ottoman Iraq came under British mandate . Heated and prolonged negotiations ensued regarding which companies could invest in the Turkish Petroleum Company. The TPC was granted exclusive oil exploration rights to Mesopotamia in 1925. The discovery of

800-515: The Great . His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms. By the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events. By

850-658: The Iraq Petroleum Company should be of Armenian descent. He established and built the St Sarkis Armenian church in Kensington , central London, England, built in 1922–23 as a memorial to his parents, to the design of the architect Arthur Davis . Gulbenkian wanted to provide "spiritual comfort" to the Armenian community and a place of gathering for "dispersed Armenians," according to a message written by Gulbenkian to

900-526: The Ottomans was created by Mustafa Râkim (1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the sülüs script as well as the Nesih script. Ottoman poetry included epic-length verse but is better known for shorter forms such as the gazel . For example, the epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his Alexander

950-529: The Red Line Agreement controlling Middle East Oil see For general background concerning the development of the petroleum industry in the Middle East see For Gulbenkian as a collector see Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks ( Turkish : Osmanlı Türkleri ) were a Turkic ethnic group native to Anatolia . Originally from Central Asia , they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded

1000-924: The Sultan's oil reserves, and to establish the Ottoman oil industry in Mesopotamia. By 1895, he started his oil operation business. He had to return to the Ottoman Empire, but in 1896, Gulbenkian and his family fled the empire due to the Hamidian massacres of Armenians. They ended up in Egypt, where Gulbenkian met Alexander Mantashev , a prominent Armenian oil magnate and philanthropist. Mantashev introduced Gulbenkian to influential contacts in Cairo. These new acquaintances included Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer . Still in his twenties, Gulbenkian moved to London in 1897 where he arranged deals in

1050-527: The UK, temporarily declared an enemy alien by the British Government, and his UK oil assets sequestered, though returned with compensation at the end of the war. He left France in late 1942 for Lisbon and lived there until his death, in a suite at the luxurious Aviz Hotel, on 20 July 1955, aged 86. In 1952 he refused being appointed as Knight Commander , and therefore the possibility of being styled as Sir , to

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1100-474: The age of 15 to perfect his French at a high school there. Immediately afterwards his father sent him to be educated at King's College London , where he studied petroleum engineering . He was a brilliant student and graduated in 1887 at the age of 18 with a first-class degree in engineering and applied sciences. A year later, he went to Baku to examine the Russian oil industry and to further his knowledge of

1150-508: The basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the Nesih version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see Islamic calligraphy ). The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of Hâfiz Osman (1642–1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favour with an empire at its peak of territorial extent and governmental burdens. The late calligraphic style of

1200-577: The buildings of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation erected in the park; Armenian oil tycoon and art collector Calouste Gulbenkian played an important role in the post-war cultural life of Lisbon. Its gardens are pleasant and the art center is contemporary. The lawns have been tended to fit the natural landscape right up to the central lake. The stream inlets in the park are crossed by small bridges, and paths are well laid out to stroll around. Irises and waterside marginals are planted along

1250-616: The course of several centuries, with an advanced army and navy . The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the Allies and partitioned . Following the successful Turkish War of Independence that ended with the Turkish national movement retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement abolished the Ottoman sultanate on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed

1300-460: The course of the streams. The land area has been modified to build not only the structures but also create a lake environment. The floral collection planted in the park has been done very selectively with well laid footpaths to stroll through the gardens. The natural vegetation chosen consists of feathery pampas grass , Brazilian pepper ( Schinus terebinthifolia ) tree with small leaves, ribbon gum , Turkey oak , eucalyptus and poplars . There

1350-580: The creation of the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC)—a consortium of the largest European oil companies aimed at cooperatively procuring oil exploration and development rights in the Ottoman territory of Mesopotamia, while excluding other interests. The German interests would be limited to a 25% share, with a 35% share for the British, and the remaining for Gulbenkian to choose. So, he gave Royal Dutch Shell 25% and kept 15% for himself as "the conceiver,

1400-511: The establishment of schools, hospitals, and churches. The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation , a private foundation based in Portugal , was created in 1956 by his bequest and continues to promote arts, charity, education, and science throughout the world. It is now among the largest foundations in Europe. By the end of his life he had become one of the world's wealthiest people and his art acquisitions one of

1450-643: The foundation established its headquarters and the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum ( Museu Calouste Gulbenkian ) to display his art collection. Funding was provided for an Oakley-class lifeboat for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution . It was christened Calouste Gulbenkian by his daughter at Weston-super-Mare Lifeboat Station on 17 March 1962 where it served until 1969. It was withdrawn from New Quay Lifeboat Station in 1991 and sold for preservation. William Saroyan wrote

1500-611: The founder, and the artisan of the Turkish Petroleum combine." A promise of these rights was made to the TPC, but the onset of World War I interrupted their efforts. At first, the British Foreign Office supported the d'Arcy group to gain a share and replace Calouste's share, but Gulbenkian worked closely with French concerns, arranged for the French to receive the German's share as part of the spoils of victory, and, in return,

1550-706: The greatest private collections. Gulbenkian's family are believed to be descendants of the Rshtunis , an Armenian noble family centred on the Lake Van region in the 4th century AD. In the 11th century, the Rshtunis settled in Caesarea (now Kayseri ), taking the name Vart Badrik, a Byzantine title. With the arrival of the Ottoman Turks , the Turkish equivalent of the name, Gülbenk,

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1600-631: The lucrative collection of taxes for the Privy Purse of Mesopotamia . Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian was born on 23 March 1869 in Scutari ( Üsküdar ), in the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (now Istanbul ). He received his early education at Aramyan-Uncuyan, a local Armenian school. He then attended the Lycée Saint-Joseph French school and continued his studies at Robert College . These studies were cut short in 1884, when he moved to Marseilles at

1650-529: The nomadic Kayı tribe , first established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking Nicaea (present-day İznik) and crossed the Dardanelles in 1362. All coins unearthed in Söğüt during

1700-418: The oil business. He became a naturalised British citizen in 1902. In 1907, he helped arrange the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company with "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd. Gulbenkian emerged as a major shareholder of the newly formed company, Royal Dutch Shell . His policy of retaining five per cent of the shares of the oil companies he developed earned him the nickname "Mr Five Per Cent". After

1750-519: The oil industry. Gulbenkian later wrote an article entitled La Transcaucasie et la péninsule d'Apchéron; souvenirs de voyage (" Transcaucasia and the Absheron Peninsula – Memoirs of a Journey") which appeared in the Revue des deux Mondes , a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine. The article described his travels to Baku and the state of the oil industry in the region . It

1800-696: The remainder of his fortune and art collection were willed to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation ( Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian ), with US$ 400,000 to be reserved to restore the Etchmiadzin Cathedral , Armenia's mother church, when relations with the Soviet Union permitted. The foundation was to act for charitable, educational, artistic, and scientific purposes, and the named trustees were his long-time friend Baron Radcliffe of Werneth , Lisbon attorney José de Azeredo Perdigão (1896–1993), and Gulbenkian's son-in-law, Kevork Loris Essayan (1897–1981). In Lisbon

1850-451: The roughly 6,000 items in the museum's collections, a selection of around 1000 is on permanent display. Throughout his life, Gulbenkian donated large sums of money to churches, scholarships, schools, and hospitals. Many of his donations were to Armenian foundations and establishments. He required that proceeds from his 5% share of profits from oil should go to Armenian families. He also demanded that 5% of his workers in his oil production for

1900-462: The royalist countercoup of 1909 , Gulbenkian became a financial and economic adviser to the Turkish embassies in London and Paris, and later, chief financial adviser to the Turkish government. He was a member of a British technical team to Turkey and, later, a director of the National Bank of Turkey , which was established to support British designs. In 1912 Gulbenkian was the driving force behind

1950-469: The standard of opulence. Because Islam is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the Quran and Islamic culture has historically tended towards discouraging or prohibiting figurative art , calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts. The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by Şeyh Hamdullah (1429–1520), which became

2000-714: The two centuries before Orhan bear the names of Illkhanate rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Illkhanates and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the reduced Byzantine Empire 's well-defended capital, Constantinople in 1453. The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the Balkans , the Caucasus , the Middle East (excluding Iran), and North Africa over

2050-422: The vast majority of his concession so that corporations would be able to develop the whole. Gulbenkian grew wealthy on the remainder. He reputedly said, "Better a small piece of a big pie, than a big piece of a small one." In 1938, before the beginning of World War II , Gulbenkian incorporated a Panamanian company to hold his assets in the oil industry. From this "Participations and Explorations Corporation" came

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2100-529: Was "the cornerstone of your work, because it is the most alive, the most intimate and sensitive, the best guarded secret for your dreams." By the onset of the Second World War, having acquired diplomatic immunity as the economic adviser of the Persian legation in Paris, he followed the French government when it fled to Vichy , where he became the minister for Iran. In consequence, he was, despite his links to

2150-437: Was a British-Armenian businessman and philanthropist. He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development and is credited with being the first person to exploit Iraqi oil. Gulbenkian travelled extensively and lived in a number of cities including Istanbul , London, Paris, and Lisbon . Throughout his life, Gulbenkian was involved with many philanthropic activities including

2200-406: Was adopted. The family had established themselves in the town of Talas and lived in the region until the mid-1800s, when they ultimately moved to Constantinople (present day Istanbul). Their property in Talas was ultimately confiscated and is currently owned by the Turkish Government. Gulbenkian's family established close relations with the House of Osman. By 1860, his father Sarkis Gulbenkian

2250-427: Was also a major benefactor of Nubarashen and Nor Kesaria , which were newly founded settlements consisting of refugees from the Armenian genocide . In 1937, Gulbenkian purchased a property near Deauville and called it Les Enclos . It was a place of repose for him. Nobel prize-winning writer and friend Saint-John Perse nicknamed him the Sage of Les Enclos and remarked in a letter to Gulbenkian that Les Enclos

2300-453: Was an Armenian oil importer and exporter already heavily involved in the oil industry. Sarkis was an owner of several oil fields in the Caucasus , mainly in Baku , and was a representative of Alexander Mantashev 's oil company. Sarkis Gulbenkian also provided oil to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire . During Hagop Pasha's Directorship, and, subsequently, Ministry of the Privy Treasury under Sultan Abdulhamid II in 1879, Sarkis acquired

2350-542: Was based on the 1921 Constitution , states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion. The conquest of Constantinople began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became

2400-489: Was eventually published as a book in 1891 in Paris. After Hagop Pasha's appointment as the Ottoman Minister of Finance in 1887, he had Calouste prepare an oil survey of Mesopotamia. To develop the oil survey, Calouste merely read travel books and interviewed railroad engineers that were surveying and building the Baghdad Railway . Gulbenkian's oil survey led Hagop Pasha to believe that vast oil deposits lay in Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq), to acquire tracts of land for

2450-409: Was said to be crammed with art, a situation ameliorated in 1936 when he lent thirty paintings to the National Gallery , London and his Egyptian sculpture to the British Museum . Throughout his lifetime, Gulbenkian managed to collect over 6,400 pieces of art. From René Lalique alone, Gulbenkian commissioned more than 140 works over nearly 30 years. The collection includes objects from antiquity to

2500-421: Was written using the Perso-Arabic script , developed into the modern Latinized Turkish language. The Ottomans first became known to the West in the 13th century, when they migrated from their homeland in Central Asia westward to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia . The Ottoman Turks established a beylik in Western Anatolia under Ertugrul , the capital of which was Söğüt . Ertugrul, leader of

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