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67-414: An earlier wooden bridge was built in 1285. It was replaced by the current stone and brick bridge in 1580. It was restored in 1641 and 1677, and was totally rebuilt in 1823 at which time spires were added. Further restoration took place in 1987 with the addition of metal handrails, stone steps, and access for the disabled. The spires lie at each end of the bridge. A carved balustrade runs on either side of

134-518: A broach at the spire's base, or else free spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles . The former solution is known as a broach spire . Small or short spires are known as spikes , spirelets , or flèches . This sense of the word spire is attested in English since the 1590s, spir having been used in Middle Low German since the 14th century, a form related to

201-572: A spirelet or spike on the rooftop of a building. In particular, the spirelets often built atop the crossings of major churches in mediaeval French Gothic architecture are called flèches. On the ridge of the roof on top of the crossing (the intersection of the nave and the transepts ) of a church, flèches were typically light, delicate, timber-framed constructions with a metallic sheath of lead or copper. They are often richly decorated with architectural and sculptural embellishments: tracery , crockets , and miniature buttresses serve to adorn

268-405: A donation of £1,000 (equivalent to £660,000 in 2023) from Alfred Shuttleworth, an engineer and later chairman of Clayton & Shuttleworth . This, together with other private gifts and a public subscription, allowed work to progress. On St Hugh's Day , 17 November 1898, the organ was inaugurated at a service attended by 4,700 people. Willis had intended that the organ be electrically-powered,

335-448: A fully exposed structure of arches not unlike the arches of a medieval European crown . The spire itself is supported by buttress structures. A needle-spire is a particularly tall and narrow spire emerging from a tower surrounded by a parapet . In general, the term applies to considerably larger and more refined spires than the name Hertfordshire spike. A Hertfordshire spike is a type of short spire, needle-spire, or flèche ringed with

402-556: A parapet and found on church-towers in the British Isles . The roofs of splay-foot spires open out and flatten off at their base, creating eaves above the tower supporting the spire. A flèche ( French : flèche , lit.   'arrow' ) is a name given to spires in Gothic architecture : in French the word is applied to any spire, but in English it has the technical meaning of

469-412: A roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically made of stonework or brickwork , or else of timber structures with metal cladding , ceramic tiling , roof shingles , or slates on the exterior. Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires are either built above a pyramidal transition section called

536-595: A spear point, the power and strength of religion. Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln Cathedral , also called Lincoln Minster , and formally the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , is a Church of England cathedral in Lincoln , England. It is the seat of the bishop of Lincoln and is the mother church of the diocese of Lincoln . The cathedral is governed by its dean and chapter , and

603-614: Is 1.5 seconds. The hour hammer is 224 pounds (102 kg), striking upon the Great Tom bell. The striking trains require winding daily, when done manually it took 20 minutes. The going train required winding twice per week. The clock mechanism contains the inscription Quod bene vortat Deus Opt. Max., Consiliis Edmundi Beckett, Baronetti, LL.D., Opera Gul. Potts et Filiorum, civium Leodiensium, Sumptibus Decani et Capituli, Novum in Turri positum est Horologium, A.D. MDCCCLXXX . The South West tower of

670-537: Is a grade I listed building. The earliest parts of the current building date to 1072, when bishop Remigius de Fécamp moved his seat from Dorchester on Thames to Lincoln. The building was completed in 1092, but severely damaged in an earthquake in 1185 . It was rebuilt over the following centuries in different phases of the Gothic style , with significant surviving parts of the cathedral in Early English , Decorated and Perpendicular . The cathedral holds one of

737-566: Is held on the National Pipe Organ Register . In Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poetical illustration Lincoln Cathedral to a painting by Thomas Allom , she remarks on the derivation of Gothic tracery from "the arches of the old oak trees". This was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. The cathedral was used for the filming of The Da Vinci Code (based on the book of the same name ). Filming took place mainly within

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804-578: Is one of the few English cathedrals built from the rock on which it stands. It is mostly built from Lincolnshire Limestone . The cathedral has owned the existing quarry, on Riseholme Road, Lincoln, since 1876. As of 2016, the quarry was expected to run out of stone in 2021. The cathedral's stonemasons use more than 100 tonnes of stone per year for maintenance and repairs. The choir is currently formed of adult singers (who are either lay vicars or choral scholars), and teams of about 20 girls and 20 boys. The cathedral accepted female choristers in 1995. Lincoln

871-512: Is one of the largest examples of curvilinear tracery seen in medieval architecture. Curvilinear tracery is a form of tracery where the patterns are continuous curves. This form was often done within pointed arches and squared windows because those are the easiest shapes, so the circular space of the window was a unique challenge to the designers. A solution was created that called for the circle to be divided into smaller shapes that would make it simpler to design and create. Curves were drawn within

938-515: Is probable that he, being a Norman , employed Norman masons to superintend the building ... though he could not complete the whole before his death." Before that, writes B Winkles, "It is well known that Remigius appropriated the parish church of St Mary Magdalene in Lincoln , although it is not known what use he made of it." When Lincoln Cathedral was first built, William the Conqueror granted

1005-587: The British Geological Survey as occurring 15 April 1185). The earthquake was one of the largest felt in the UK: it has an estimated magnitude of over 5 . The damage to the cathedral is thought to have been very extensive: the cathedral is described as having "split from top to bottom"; in the current building, only the lower part of the west end and its two attached towers remain of the pre-earthquake cathedral. Some (Kidson, 1986; Woo, 1991) have suggested that

1072-510: The British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral . In August 1255 the body of an eight-year-old boy was found in a well in Lincoln. He had been missing for nearly a month. This incident became the source of a blood libel in the city, with Jews accused of his abduction, torture, and murder. Many Jews were arrested and eighteen were hanged . The boy became known as Little Saint Hugh, to distinguish him from Saint Hugh of Lincoln , but he

1139-518: The Old English word spir , meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass. The Gothic church spire originated in the 12th century as a simple, four-sided pyramidal structure on top of a church tower. The spire could be constructed of masonry, as at Salisbury Cathedral , or of wood covered with lead, as at Notre-Dame de Paris . Gradually, spires became taller, slimmer, and more complex in form. Triangular sections of masonry, called broaches were added to

1206-471: The Renaissance composers William Byrd and John Reading and the biographer of Mendelssohn , William Thomas Freemantle . One of the best examples of the work of "Father" Henry Willis , and the last he designed before his death, the cathedral organ dates from 1898. Willis had completed the design by 1885 but a shortfall in funding delayed construction and installation. This was made possible in 1898, after

1273-564: The parish of Welton to Remigius in order to endow six prebends which provided income to support six canons attached to the cathedral. These were subsequently confirmed by William II and Henry I . Until then St Mary's Church in Stow was considered to be the "mother church" of Lincolnshire (although it was not a cathedral, because the seat of the diocese was at Dorchester Abbey in Dorchester-on-Thames , Oxfordshire). However, Lincoln

1340-498: The 13th century involved evisceration , Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln cathedral and Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster Abbey tomb there. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and replaced with a 19th-century copy. On the outside of Lincoln Cathedral are two prominent statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor, but these images were heavily restored in

1407-561: The 19th century and they were probably not originally intended to depict the couple. Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height of 271 feet (83 m). The western towers and front of the cathedral were also improved and heightened. At this time, a tall lead-encased wooden spire topped the central tower but was blown down in a storm in 1548. Around 1380, the western towers were raised to their current height. They were capped with wooden spires covered with lead in 1420, but by 1807 they were dismantled. With its spire

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1474-431: The 2019 Notre-Dame de Paris fire . It will be rebuilt in the same form. A pinnacle is a miniature spire that was used both as a decorative and functional element. In early Gothic, as at Notre-Dame de Paris, stone pinnacles were placed atop flying buttresses , to give them additional weight and stability, and to counterbalance the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. As an ornament, they were used to break up

1541-658: The Angel Choir is known as the Lincoln Imp, and since the late nineteenth century it has become the symbol of the city. The carving dates from the 13th century but received little attention until the late 19th century, when it figured in Arnold Frost's poem, "The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil and Lincoln Minster". The Wren Library houses a rare collection of over 277 manuscripts, including

1608-520: The Angel Choir were built in the Perpendicular style , with an emphasis on strong vertical lines, which survive today in the window tracery and wall panelling. Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln, was one of the signatories to Magna Carta and for hundreds of years the cathedral held one of the four remaining copies of the original, now securely displayed in Lincoln Castle . The Lincoln Magna Carta

1675-570: The Second World War. During the war, "priceless British treasures" were placed in a chamber sixty feet beneath the cathedral for safekeeping. This did not include the cathedral's copy of Magna Carta as it was on loan in the United States . A major renovation of the West Front was undertaken in 2000. It was discovered that the flying buttresses on the east end were no longer connected to

1742-471: The South Chapel has vaults that stem from one central support column. The use of sexpartite vaults allowed for more natural light to enter the cathedral through the clerestory windows, which were placed inside of each bay. Saint Hugh's Choir exhibits a series of asymmetrical vaults that appear to almost be a diagonal line created by two ribs on one side translating into only a single rib on the other side of

1809-565: The adjoining stonework , and repairs were made to prevent collapse. Additionally, the stonework of the Dean's Eye window in the transept was crumbling, meaning that a complete reconstruction of the window has had to be carried out according to the conservation criteria set out by the International Council on Monuments and Sites . There was a period of great anxiety when it emerged that the stonework needed to shift only 5 mm (0.20 in) for

1876-467: The architect Christopher Wren designed reinforcing beams which halted the deformation of the structure. Openwork spires were a notable architectural innovation, beginning with the spire at Freiburg Minster , in which the pierced stonework was held together by iron cramps. The openwork spire, represented a radical but logical extension of the Gothic tendency toward a skeletal structure. Crown spires have

1943-677: The cancellation of the Lincoln Christmas Market that year. The cathedral website states: "Everyone is free to enter and gaze at the glory of the nave; you can sit in the peace of the Morning Chapel or visit the shop. If you want to explore further, we do ask you to pay." The cathedral offers tours of the cathedral, the tower and the roof. The peak of its season is the Lincoln Christmas Market, accompanied by an annual production of Handel's Messiah . Lincoln Cathedral

2010-529: The cathedral are said to be both original and experimental. They demonstrate the experimental aspect seen at Lincoln. The vaults differ between the nave, aisles, choir, and chapels. Along the North Aisle there is a continuous ridge rib with a regular arcade that ignores the bays. In the South Aisle there is a discontinuous ridge rib that puts an emphasis on each bay. The North West Chapel has quadripartite vaults and

2077-467: The cathedral contains a fine ring of 13 bells, all cast by John Taylor & Co in Loughborough. The back 8 bells were cast in 1913, with 4 new trebles being added in 1927. In 1948 a flat 6th was added to allow for ringing on the middle 8 bells. The treble bell weighs 5cwt 0qr 2lb (281 kg), with the tenor weighing 23cwt 3qr 23lb (1,217 kg) and striking the note D (nominal 600.0 Hz). The bells are rung from

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2144-460: The cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have." The first Bishop of Lincoln Remigius de Fécamp moved the episcopal seat ( cathedra ) there "some time between 1072 and 1092". About this, James Essex writes that "Remigius ... laid the foundations of his Cathedral in 1072" and "it

2211-616: The cathedral school and chancellor, Lincoln briefly became one of the leading educational centres in England, producing writers such as Samuel Presbiter and Richard of Wetheringsett , though it declined in importance after William's death in 1213. Rebuilding began with the choir (St Hugh's Choir) and the eastern transepts between 1192 and 1210. The central nave was then built in the Early English Gothic architectural style. Lincoln Cathedral soon followed other architectural advances of

2278-425: The cathedral's face is on watch for the candelabra of Heaven and the darkness of Lethe (oblivion). After the additions of the Dean's eye and other major Gothic additions it is believed some mistakes in the support of the tower occurred, for in 1237 the main tower collapsed. A new tower was soon started and in 1255 the cathedral petitioned Henry III to allow them to take down part of the town wall to enlarge and expand

2345-497: The cathedral, including the rebuilding of the central tower and spire. They replaced the small rounded chapels (built at the time of St Hugh) with a larger east end to the cathedral. This was to handle the increasing number of pilgrims to the cathedral, who came to worship at the shrine of Hugh of Lincoln. In 1290 Eleanor of Castile died and King Edward I of England decided to honour her, his Queen Consort, with an elegant funeral procession. After her body had been embalmed, which in

2412-510: The choir of boys and men; the Cathedral Organist and assistant director of music is Jeffrey Makinson, who conducts the choir of girls and men. The organist emeritus is Colin Walsh, previously organist and master of the choristers and then organist laureate. The records of cathedral organists at Lincoln are continuous from 1439 when John Ingleton was the incumbent. Notable organists have included

2479-457: The cloisters, and chapter house, of the cathedral, and remained a closed set. The cathedral took on the role of Westminster Abbey , as the abbey had refused to permit filming. Although there was protest at the filming, the filming was completed by the end of August 2005. To make the Lincoln chapter house appear similar to the Westminster chapter house, murals were painted on a special layer over

2546-408: The damage to Lincoln Cathedral was probably exacerbated by poor construction or design, with the actual collapse most probably caused by a vault failure. After the earthquake, a new bishop was appointed. He was Hugh de Burgundy of Avalon, France , who became known as St Hugh of Lincoln . He began a massive rebuilding and expansion programme. With his appointment of William de Montibus as master of

2613-449: The designers cut back on the amount of iconography within the window. Most cathedral windows during this time displayed many colourful images of the Bible; however, at Lincoln there are very few images. Some of those images that can be seen within the window include saints Paul, Andrew, and James. One major architectural features of Lincoln Cathedral are the vaults . The varying vaults within

2680-500: The early 19th century. The two large stained glass rose windows , the matching Dean's Eye and the Bishop's Eye were added to the cathedral during the late Middle Ages. The former, the Dean's Eye in the north transept dates from the 1192 rebuild begun by St Hugh, completed in 1235. The latter, the Bishop's Eye, in the south transept was reconstructed a hundred years later in 1330. A contemporary record, "The Metrical Life of St Hugh", refers to

2747-523: The entire window to collapse. Specialist engineers removed the window's tracery before installing a strengthened, more stable replacement. In addition to this the original stained glass was cleaned and set behind a new clear isothermal glass which offers better protection from the elements. By April 2006 the renovation project was completed at a cost of £2 million. It was announced in January 2020 that since 2016, archaeologists had found over 50 burials during

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2814-517: The fifteenth-century "Thornton Romances" found in the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript . Lincoln Cathedral features two major rose windows , which are a highly uncommon feature among medieval architecture in England. On the north side of the cathedral is the "Dean's Eye" which survives from the original structure of the building and on the south side is the "Bishop's Eye" which was most likely rebuilt c.  1325 –1350. This south window

2881-595: The first organ in an English cathedral to be powered in this way. As the Brayford Wharf Power Station had not yet been completed, manual power was instead provided by infantrymen from the Lincolnshire Regiment . The organ has been restored twice, in 1960 and in 1998. On both occasions the work was undertaken by Harrison & Harrison . It is one of only two Willis organs in English cathedrals with its original tonal scheme. The organ specification

2948-576: The flèche. The most famous flèche was the Neo-Gothic 19th-century design by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc for the Notre-Dame de Paris , 100 feet (30 meters) tall and richly decorated with sculpture. The original flèche of Notre-Dame was built in the 13th century, and removed in 1786, shortly before the French Revolution . The famous replacement by Viollet-le-Duc with an abundance of sculpture was destroyed in

3015-516: The four remaining copies of the original Magna Carta , which is now displayed in Lincoln Castle . It is the fourth largest cathedral in the UK by floor area, at approximately 5,000 m (50,000 sq ft), after Liverpool Cathedral , St Paul's Cathedral , and York Minster . It is highly regarded by architectural scholars; the Victorian writer John Ruskin declared: "I have always held ... that

3082-441: The horizontal lines, such as parapets and the roofs of towers. In later Gothic, they were sometimes often clustered together into forests of vertical ornament. In Gothic architecture , where the spire is most commonly used, and particularly in Gothic cathedrals and churches it symbolised the heavenly aspirations of churches' builders, as well as offering a visual spectacle of extreme height. It also suggested, by its similarity to

3149-453: The illusion of a passageway along the wall. However the illusion does not work, as the stonemason, copying techniques from France, did not make the arches the correct length needed for the illusion to be effective. In 1398 John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford founded a chantry in the cathedral to pray for the welfare of their souls. In the 15th century the building of the cathedral turned to chantry or memorial chapels. The chapels next to

3216-415: The instruction of Edmund Beckett QC . Cambridge Chimes were a feature of the new clock. The machinery, featuring a double three-legged gravity escapement to Beckett's designs, weighs about 4 long tons (4.5 short tons), with the driving weights being 1.5 long tons (1.7 short tons), suspended by steel-wire ropes 270 feet (82 m) long, and the pendulum weight of 2 long hundredweight (100 kg). The beat

3283-462: The meaning of these two windows (one on the dark, north, side and the other on the light, south, side of the building): For north represents the devil, and south the Holy Spirit and it is in these directions that the two eyes look. The bishop faces the south in order to invite in and the dean the north in order to shun; the one takes care to be saved, the other takes care not to perish. With these Eyes

3350-657: The point where the Cannaregio Canal flows into the Grand Canal , just inside the bend that leads to the Rialto Bridge . This article about a bridge in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples . A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan , with

3417-531: The renovations, including a priest buried with a chalice and paten. Among the artifacts recovered was a coin depicting Edward the Confessor , who was king from 1042 to 1066. During the dig, sections of some extensively decorated Roman buildings and related artifacts were also discovered. Some of the Roman, medieval and Saxon objects were to be displayed at the visitor centre which was expected to open later in 2020. In 2022

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3484-516: The scaffolding of the Lincoln Cathedral was removed from its west front after 36 years. Maintaining the cathedral costs £5.86 million a year (as at 2016). Between 2006 and 2009, 200,000 to 208,000 people visited Lincoln Cathedral annually. In 2010 the figure dropped to 150,000, making it the 16th-most visited attraction in the East Midlands. The fall in visitor numbers was attributed to

3551-584: The section of the tower just above The Great West Front, with the ringing chamber having three windows on all but one side. The bells themselves are hung below the louvres to minimise tower movement as much as possible. Sometime during the later stages of the Second World War, the accomplished RAF pilot and future Black British civil rights leader, Billy Strachan , almost crashed his aircraft into Lincoln Cathedral. Strachan credited this experience with ending his piloting career, as he found it psychologically impossible to continue flying combat missions. Lincolnshire

3618-418: The sides, at an angle to the faces of the tower, as at St Columba, Cologne . In the 12th and 13th centuries, more ornament was added to the faces of the spires, particularly gabled dormers over the centres of the faces of the towers, as in the southwest tower of Chartres Cathedral . Additional vertical ornament, in the form of slender pinnacles in pyramid shapes, were often placed around the spires, to express

3685-410: The time – pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting were added to the cathedral. This allowed support for incorporating larger windows. There are thirteen bells in the south-west tower, two in the north-west tower, and five in the central tower (including Great Tom). Accompanying the cathedral's large bell , Great Tom of Lincoln, is a quarter-hour striking clock which was installed in

3752-428: The tower reputedly reached a height of 525 feet (160 m), which would have made it the world's tallest structure , however it is doubtful that is was so tall. Other additions to the cathedral at this time included its elaborate carved screen and the 14th-century misericords , as was the Angel Choir. For a large part of the length of the cathedral, the walls have arches in relief with a second layer in front to give

3819-526: The transition between the square base and the octagonal spire. The spires of the late 13th century achieved great height; one example was Fribourg Cathedral in Switzerland, where the gabled lantern and spire reached a height of 385 feet (117 meters). In England, a tall needle spire was sometimes constructed at the edge of tower, with pinnacles at the other corners. The western spires of Lichfield Cathedral are an example. Spires were particularly fragile in

3886-463: The vault. This pattern divides the space of the vaults and bays, placing the emphasis on the bays. The chapter house is a decagonal building with a single, central column from which twenty ribs rise producing unusual vaulting. Each area of Lincoln can be identified solely by the different vaults of the space. Each vault, or each variation of the vault, is unique. The vaults are attributed to French-Normand master mason Geoffrey de Noiers . de Noiers

3953-622: The walkway, and gargoyles decorate its arch . It is the only bridge in Venice adorned with spires from whence it takes its name ("Bridge of Spires"). For those arriving on foot from Piazzale Roma or the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station, the bridge leads into the area of the Venetian Ghetto and the Strada Nova that leads to Piazza San Marco . The bridge itself is located just before

4020-418: The wind, and a number of English Gothic spires collapsed; notably that of Malmesbury Abbey (1180–1500); Lincoln Cathedral (which had been the tallest in the world) 1349–1549; and Chichester Cathedral (1402–1861). The spire of Salisbury Cathedral , completed in 1320 and 404 feet (123 meters) tall, without the tower, required the addition of buttresses, arches and tie irons to keep it intact. Finally, in 1668

4087-405: The window which created four distinct areas of the circle. This made the spaces within the circle where the tracery would go much smaller, and easier to work with. This window is also unique in that the focus of the tracery was shifted away from the centre of the circle and instead placed in other sections. The glazing of the window was difficult as the tracery for many of the same reasons; therefore,

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4154-530: Was home to many Bomber Command airfields during the Second World War, giving rise to the nickname of "Bomber County". The station badge for the nearby RAF Waddington depicts Lincoln Cathedral rising through the clouds. Until the opening of the RAF Bomber Command Memorial in 2012, the cathedral had the only memorial in the United Kingdom dedicated to Bomber Command's large losses of aircrew in

4221-548: Was more central to a diocese that stretched from the Thames to the Humber . Remigius built the first Lincoln Cathedral on the present site, finishing it in 1092 and then dying on 7 May of that year, two days before it was consecrated . In 1124, the timber roofing was destroyed in a fire. Alexander (bishop, 1123–48) rebuilt and expanded the cathedral, but it was mostly destroyed by an earthquake about forty years later, in 1185 (dated by

4288-489: Was never canonised . The cathedral benefited from these events because Hugh was seen as a martyr, and many devotees came to the city and cathedral to venerate him. Geoffrey Chaucer mentions the case in " The Prioress's Tale " and a ballad was written about it in 1783. In 1955 a plaque was placed near "the remains of the shrine of 'Little St Hugh ' " in the cathedral, that decries the "Trumped up stories of 'ritual murders' of Christian boys by Jewish communities." A carving in

4355-958: Was on display at the British Pavilion during the 1939 New York World's Fair . In March 1941, the Foreign Office proposed that the Lincoln Magna Carta be gifted to the United States, citing the "many thousands of Americans who waited in long queues to view it" and the US passage of the Lend-Lease Act, among other reasons. In 2009 the Lincoln Magna Carta was lent to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California . There are three other surviving copies: two at

4422-529: Was succeeded by Alexander the Mason , who developed the nave's more elaborate, but symmetrical tierceron vaulting , the crossing vaulting, Galilee Porch and western facade screen. A clock by John Thwaite was installed in the north west tower in 1775. This was later improved by Benjamin Vulliamy and moved to the broad tower around 1835. It was replaced in 1880 by a new clock built by Potts and Sons of Leeds , under

4489-458: Was the second cathedral in the country to adopt a separate girls' choir (after Salisbury Cathedral ) and remains one of few which provides the same musical opportunities and equal weekly singing duties to both girls and boys. The choristers can now attend any school and are currently drawn from over ten local schools. The Master of the Choristers ( director of music ) is Aric Prentice, who conducts

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