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58-510: The name comes from the Tupi language , and means "Eaters", "big-bellied people"; a reference to the original indigenous inhabitants of the area. It ranks eighth by GDP among Brazilian cities; second in São Paulo state. (source:IBGE, Brazil's national institute of statistics. GDP by cities report, published in 2005 with data from 2002). It is the tenth largest suburb in the world. The per capita income for

116-501: A decennial national census ; questionnaires account for information such as age, household income , literacy , education , occupation and hygiene levels. IBGE is a public institute created in 1936 under the name National Institute of Statistics . Its founder and chief proponent was statistician Mário Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. The current name dates from 1938. Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro , and its current president

174-526: A distinct similarity with the voiced stop [ɡʷ] (possibly via [ɣʷ] , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written gu . As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese often have j for Î and gu for Û. It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian Nhengatu and

232-442: A few others use -s- instead. Some examples: To express something happening in the future, the clitic -ne is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions. Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods. All nouns in old Tupi end in

290-607: A sentence in Old Tupi. Used to negate verbs in the indicative mood. Before a vowel, na just becomes n . The same rule applies for adjectives: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( Portuguese : Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ; IBGE ) is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical , geographic , cartographic , geodetic and environmental information in Brazil . IBGE performs

348-462: A spoken language (used by Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still. When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke very closely related dialects . The Portuguese (and particularly

406-399: A vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix -a is added, if it does not already end in a vowel. The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way: Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are future , past and a time called "unreal", which is similar to

464-533: A well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a chrestomathy published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the Old Tupi Dictionary (2013), by the Brazilian scholar Eduardo de Almeida Navarro . In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of Theodoro Sampaio . An individual who dedicates themselves to

522-749: Is Marcio Pochmann , replacing Eduardo Rios Neto. It was made a federal agency by Decree-Law No. 161 on February 13, 1967, and is linked to the Ministry of the Economy , inside the Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management. IBGE has a network of national research and dissemination components, comprising: Also in Rio are five boards and a school: Executive Directors (ED), Directorate of Research (DPE), Department of Geosciences (DGC), Department of Informatics (DI), Center for Documentation and Information Dissemination (CDDI) and

580-427: Is pitanga ) (from ybytyra , mountain) In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal numbers, mokõî pykasu code: tpw is deprecated and pykasu mokõî code: tpw

638-455: Is a classical Tupian language which was spoken by the indigenous Tupi people of Brazil , mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil . In the words of Brazilian tupinologist Eduardo Navarro , "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country". Old Tupi belongs to

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696-585: Is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the Tupian language family , in the same sense that English , Romanian , and Sanskrit belong to the Indo-European language family . One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal fricative /h/ in Guarani. The first accounts of

754-517: Is conducted solely by the IBGE, as enshrined in law. Comprehensive demographic data is collected on the population (including age, income, sex, etc.), as well as housing stock. Unlike approaches taken in other countries (e.g., the United States ), the questionnaire asks respondents to self-identify by skin color , phrasing the question as " Color or Race ". The most recent census was conducted in 2010;

812-566: Is deprecated are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals, ta'yr-ypy code: tpw is deprecated means "first son (of a man)" and 'ara mosapyra code: tpw is deprecated means "third day". They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately. Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions: There are many ways to negate

870-423: Is done by adding the particle -ne to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.) Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic. Objects of transitive verbs in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to

928-505: Is quite different from Indo-European languages in phonology , morphology , and grammar , but it was adopted by many Luso-Brazilians born in Brazil as a lingua franca . It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of

986-564: Is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese ). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as língua brasílica "Brazilian language". The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its typology and other distinguishing features. Old Tupi was first spoken by the Tupinambá people , who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in Europe . It

1044-687: Is responsible for documentation and dissemination of information produced by the institute as well as coordinating the 27 CDDIs in the country, and the National School of Statistical Sciences, besides being responsible for training the institute's employees, is a federal institution of higher learning that offers the following courses: BA in statistics; specialization in Environmental Analysis and Management Planning, and Masters in Population Studies and Social Research. The IBGE also maintains

1102-459: Is responsible for estimating populations annually for every municipality in the country, and these population counts enhance the quality of estimates. The first population count was conducted in 1996, not only to update population data, but also to get municipality level data after the emergence and redefinition of new municipalities after the census of 1991. The most recent count was done in 2007, delayed from 2005 because of budgetary concerns, and

1160-598: Is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce ẽ , ĩ , ũ , ŷ and ỹ ). Its key features are: Tupi features clusivity , i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses. First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of

1218-464: Is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken. In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all colonists coming to Brazil would learn the tupinambá variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the Indigenous people and with other early colonists who had adopted the language. The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak tupinambá , but also encouraged

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1276-457: Is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin ( Pindamonhangaba , Ubatuba , Botucatu , Jacareí ). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays. The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for the language in English and by modern scholars (it

1334-478: The Jesuit priests who accompanied them) set out to proselytise the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests. The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced: Latin , which they had studied in the seminary . In fact, the first grammar of Tupi —written by

1392-628: The National School of Statistical Sciences  [ pt ] , a degree-granting institution. The Directorate of Research is responsible for planning and coordinating the research of nature and processing of statistical data collected by the state units; the Department of Geosciences is responsible for basic cartography , the national geodetic system, with a survey of natural resources and environment and by survey and geographical studies. The Center for Documentation and Information Dissemination

1450-545: The Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of gold , diamonds , and gems in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as

1508-578: The Roncador Ecological Reserve , situated 35 km south of Brasília. Gives an overview of the economy and describes the phenomena of economic life: production, consumption and wealth accumulation, providing a comprehensive and simplified representation of these data. The System of National Accounts IBGE follows the most recent UN recommendations expressed in the Handbook of National Accounts (System of National Accounts 1993 , SNA), including

1566-544: The Tamoios , a tribe of Indigenous people that lived in that region. In the sixteenth century, Guarulhos was a strategic location: it bordered the future São Paulo's Capital and was surrounded by the Tietê (south), and Cabuçu de Cima (west) rivers. On that same period, was established, for similar purposes, São Miguel Village, called nowadays São Miguel Paulista District in São Paulo. In 1880, Guarulhos emancipated from São Paulo and

1624-527: The Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the Nheengatu language . As the most important native language of Brazil, it

1682-487: The future perfect , of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives -ram, -pûer and -rambûer . These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix -a , as explained above. The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations: (Child

1740-410: The stop consonants shifted easily to nasal stops , which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like umbu ( umu , ubu , umbu , upu , umpu ) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects. According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight [ʑ] , and Û had

1798-777: The 1930s, the city witnessed the actions of the Federal Intervention and the Constitutional Movement (Reflections of the Revolution that marked the end of the "Old Republic" during the 1930s in Brazil). In 1940 the Monteiro Lobato Municipal Library was founded, in 1941, the first Health Center of the city, and ten years after that, the Holy House of Mercy of Guarulhos was established. On that decade arrive in

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1856-435: The 2016 count was completely cancelled for similar reasons. The agricultural census collects information on agricultural establishments, forests and/or aquaculture of all municipalities of the country. The goal of this research is to update previous census data and to provide information about economic, social, and environmental farming. Since 1996, the census has occurred roughly every 10 years. The 1996 agricultural census

1914-537: The 2020 census was delayed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . A simpler population count (contagem de população) is theoretically made in the interval between two censuses, starting in 1996. These aim to update the data on the number of inhabitants, of great importance to Brazil's cities, because annual grants from the Municipalities Participation Fund are determined mainly by population. The IBGE

1972-537: The 292,000 hectares (720,000 acres) Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area , created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river. Guarulhos was founded on December 8, 1560, by the Jesuit priest Manuel de Paiva and entitled Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Its origin is linked to five other small villages that were in charge of defending the boundaries of São Paulo de Piratininga Village against

2030-544: The Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina , and the Río de la Plata basin . Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of Maranhão , Pará , Amapá , Amazonas , Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , Goiás , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , Rio Grande do Sul , Rio de Janeiro , and Espírito Santo ), as well as in French Guiana , Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , Paraguay , and Argentina . It

2088-456: The Jesuit priest José de Anchieta and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in

2146-447: The Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when Jesuits André Thévet and José de Anchieta began to translate Catholic prayers and biblical stories into the language. Another foreigner, Jean de Lery , wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work

2204-431: The basis of the previous year and chained with reference to 1990 (1990 = 100). The series is seasonally adjusted using X-12-ARIMA , enabling calculation of the rates of change over the previous quarter. The IBGE survey was started in 1988 and restructured after 1998, when their results were integrated into the current System of National Accounts. The annual weights are derived from this new system accounts. IBGE maintains

2262-561: The calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Input-output matrix . Displays the current value and volume indices (1991 = 100) every quarter for the Gross Domestic Product at market prices, taxes on products, value added at basic prices, personal consumption, government consumption, Gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, exports and imports of goods and services. Two series of index numbers are calculated:

2320-415: The close Guarani correlates ( Mbyá , Nhandéva , Kaiowá and Paraguayan Guarani ) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language. Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary. The writing system employed by Anchieta

2378-464: The expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock. Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by Antônio Gonçalves Dias ,

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2436-470: The field of tupinology is a tupinologist. The phonology of tupinambá has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant /l/ or the multiple vibrant rhotic consonant /r/ . It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12). This led to a Brazilian pun about this language, that native Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei (have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as

2494-483: The first class (those that are conjugated). For example: ixé a-karukatu : I ate well. Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé : who's the cacique ? - I (am). Second series pronouns are used in many different cases: Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular,

2552-897: The first line of the São Paulo Metro to serve Guarulhos, Line 19–Sky Blue . São Paulo Air Force Base - BASP , a base of the Brazilian Air Force , is located in Guarulhos. In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). [REDACTED] Media related to Guarulhos at Wikimedia Commons Tupi language Old Tupi , Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi ( Portuguese pronunciation: [tuˈpi] )

2610-446: The following archives (non-exhaustive list): The legislation, according to Federal Decree No. 73,177 of November 20, 1973 and Law No. 5534 of November 14, 1968, modified by Law No. 5878 of May 11, 1978, deals with the obligation and confidentiality of information collected by IBGE, which is intended exclusively for statistical purposes and has no legal value, not being usable as evidence or proof. Failure to provide information within

2668-561: The municipality Industries from different sectors: electricity; metallurgy; plastics; food; rubber; footwear; vehicles; clocks, and leather. In 1945 the São Paulo's Air Force Base (BASP) was transferred from Campo de Marte , a small airport in São Paulo, to the Cumbica neighborhood in Guarulhos. In 1958 the Rotary Club established a branch in the city. The Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos

2726-474: The municipality is R$ 12,793. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), one of the main Brazilian airports, is located there. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guarulhos . The municipality contains part of the 7,917 hectares (19,560 acres) Cantareira State Park , created in 1962, which protects a large part of the metropolitan São Paulo water supply. It also contains part of

2784-431: The natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in tupinambá (which he called lingua Brasilica ) and the first Tupi grammar . Luís Figueira was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published circa 1628. In

2842-608: The nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had at least seven known dialects. According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler: This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G ( /ɣ/ ), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG ( /ŋ/ and /ⁿɡ/ ), probably because it does not regard MB ( /ⁿb/ ), ND ( /ⁿd/ ) and NG ( /ⁿɡ/ ) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization. Santos Gomes also remarks that

2900-517: The population grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 101,000 in 1960, from 237,000 in 1970 to 532,726 in 1980. Most of these citizens devoted themselves to Industrial activities in Guarulhos (that hosts around 2,000 establishments), and São Paulo. In 1985 the Cumbica Airport was opened. Today it is called " International Airport of São Paulo–Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro " (Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo–Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro),

2958-462: The second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father João Filipe Bettendorff wrote a new and more complete catechism . By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the de facto national language of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the Roman Catholic Church held a near monopoly of literacy. When

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3016-533: The second-biggest airport in Latin America. Between 2000 and 2006, its population grew three times as much as São Paulo State. According to IBGE , Guarulhos is the second most populous city in the State after São Paulo's capital. Most of its population is economically active and evenly distributed in terms of gender. Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout

3074-478: The specified deadlines, or providing false information is a crime subject to a fine, initially, of up to 10 times the highest minimum wage in the country, and up to twice this limit on later occasions. The best known census is the population census ( Brazilian Portuguese : censo demográfico ). First conducted in its modern form in 1872 , it is now conducted every ten years, usually in years ending in zero. No census took place in 1880, 1910 or 1930 . The census

3132-459: The verb: either before, after or incorporated into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers ( a -, ere -, o -, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation: When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a pleonastic third-person pronoun -i- , even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use -îo- (or also -nho- close to nasals) instead of -i- , and

3190-426: The words fé (faith), lei (law) and rei (king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say pé , re'i and re'i ). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries. The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing [m] or [n] . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through

3248-575: The year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfa " (Humid Subtropical Climate). The main highway to serve Guarulhos is the Rodovia Presidente Dutra , from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro . In 2018, the Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos commuter rail system's Line 13–Jade was opened, connecting São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport with Engenheiro Goulart . In 2021, construction will begin on

3306-534: Was founded in 1961. In 1963 the Commercial & Industrial Association of Guarulhos was founded, nowadays, the institution is called Commerce & Business Association of Guarulhos (Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Guarulhos – ACE). With the big boom of the Industrial sector, a large number of manpower was drawn. This new population settled in an urban area on a continuous process of land occupation. At this rate

3364-475: Was named Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos. Its current name, Guarulhos, was adopted later, after the enactment of the law #1.021, on November 6, 1906. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city was remarked by the settlement of a railroad and the power electricity system ( Light & Power C.O. ), by numerous requests for the implantation of a telephone system, industrial building permits, by commercial activities, and public transportation. During

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