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47-684: The source of the Rio Negro lies in Colombia, in the Department of Guainía where the river is known as the Guainía River . The young river generally flows in an east-northeasterly direction through the Puinawai National Reserve , passing several small indigenous settlements on its way, such as Cuarinuma, Brujas, Santa Rosa and Tabaquén. After roughly 400 km (250 mi) the river starts forming

94-577: A brigantine , the San Pedro , was constructed to ferry the sick and supplies. Gonzalo Pizarro ordered him to explore the Coca River and return after finding the river's end. When they arrived at the confluence with the Napo River , his men threatened to mutiny if they did not continue. On 26 December 1541, he agreed to be elected chief of the new expedition and conquer new lands in the king's name. Orellana (with

141-475: A farm some cattle, pigs, and chickens, which he salted. In the open sea, he waylaid a caravel and looted its supplies. At the end of May, he reached Tenerife and spent three months there putting his ships in order. He then sailed to the Cape Verde Islands where an epidemic killed 98 of his men and 50 or 60 deserted. With this loss, he abandoned one of his ships after salvaging what he could. He left about

188-695: A friendly way and made him an offer to go back to the Amazon under a Portuguese flag. Orellana's exploration produced an international issue. According to the Treaty of Tordesillas , the majority of the Amazon River should belong to Spain. However, the mouth should be ruled by Portugal. Orellana refused the Portuguese offer and went to Valladolid . After nine months of negotiations, Prince Philip II appointed him governor of New Andalusia on February 13, 1544. After captivating

235-776: A second expedition on the Amazon. Born in Trujillo in western Spain (various birth dates, ranging from 1490 to 1511, are still quoted by biographers), Orellana was a close friend and possibly a relative of Francisco Pizarro , the Trujillo-born conquistador of Peru (his cousin, according to some historians). He traveled to the New World (probably in 1527). Orellana served in Nicaragua until joining Pizarro's army in Peru in 1533, where he supported Pizarro in his conflict with Diego de Almagro (1538). After

282-463: Is a succession of lagoons, full of long islands and intricate channels with a lot of water wildlife. Near Carvoeiro the last major tributary of the Rio Negro, the Branco River joins the Rio Negro and the river temporarily forms the border between the state of Roraima and Amazonas State, Brazil . The river now takes a more southeastern course, becoming again very wide in many stretches before reaching

329-1487: Is the second biggest population and a municipality since 2019; it is located on the Guaviare River . The Guainía corregimientos are: [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana ( Spanish pronunciation: [fɾanˈθisko ðe oɾeˈʝana] ; 1511 – November 1546)

376-627: The curripacos (from the Arawak family ). There are a total of 24 ethnic groups in the department; many of them speak four Indigenous languages besides Spanish and Portuguese . There are two municipalities in Guainía: Inírida, its capital, and Barranco Minas . The rest of the territory is subdivided in corregimientos departamentales , a pending figure due to public disorder . This case happens only in Amazonas , Vaupés and Vichada . Barranco Minas

423-621: The Içana River joins the Rio Negro and in São Joaquim the Uaupes River , the largest tributary of the Rio Negro, also enters from the right hand side. The Rio Negro now turns markedly towards the east, forming several rapids and small islets on its way. It then passes Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira an important commercial city. After several more rapids and imposing views of the Adormecida mountain chain

470-671: The Orinoco basin; the rest is part of the Amazon basin . The Guaviare River is the main area of colonization; many colonos come from the Colombian Andean zone , most of them from Boyacá . They are followed by the llaneros , people from the Eastern plains ( Llanos ). The population is mainly composed of Amerindians, and the largest ethnic groups are the Puinaves (from the makú-puinave family) and

517-566: The South Equatorial Current to the Spanish base at Margarita Island west of Trinidad. After Orellana left the shipwreck camp, the 28 or 30 men there began building a boat from the wrecked ship, which took more than three months. The boat was ill-built and leaky. Some indigenous people guided them to "a place where the Amazon splits into three arms". Finding no sign of Orellana, they went downriver. Ten men jumped ship, preferring life with

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564-502: The aquarium trade, including the cardinal tetra . As a result of the Casiquiare canal , many aquatic species are found both in the Rio Negro and Orinoco. Because the Casiquiare includes both blackwater and clear- to whitewater sections, only relatively adaptable species are able to pass through it between the two river systems. The sixth season of Survivor , Survivor: The Amazon

611-459: The 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of smallpox and other diseases from Europe . The evidence to support this claim comes from the discovery of numerous geoglyphs dating from between 1 and 1250 AD, and terra preta resulting from indigenous activities. Some five million people may have lived in the Amazon region in 1500 in dense riverbank settlements such as that at Marajó , and inland. By 1900

658-431: The 17th century, it is likely that their populations were reduced because of new infectious diseases and warfare rather than low river productivity. Rio Negro has a very high species richness . About 700 fish species have been documented in the river basin, and it is estimated that the total is 800–900 fish species, including almost 100 endemics and several undescribed species . Among these are many that are important in

705-520: The Dominican Gaspar de Carvajal who chronicled the expedition) and 50 men set off downstream to find food. Unable to return against the current, Orellana waited for Pizarro, finally sending back three men with a message, and started constructing a second brigantine, the Victoria . Pizarro had in the meantime returned to Quito by a more northerly route, by then with only 80 men left alive. After leaving

752-665: The Rio de la Trinidad (possibly the Rio Juruá ), the Pueblo Vicioso, the Rio Negro (named by Orellana), the Pueblo del Corpus, the Pueblo de los Quemados, and the Pueblo de la Calle at about 57°W. There they entered the territory of the Pira-tapuya . The name 'Amazon' is said to arise from a battle Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as

799-478: The Spanish court with tales and alleged exaggerations of his voyage down the Amazon, Orellana obtained a commission to conquer and settle Nueva Andalucia. The charter established that he should explore and settle the Amazonian lands with 300 men and 100 horses, and found two cities, one in the mouth and another in the basin's interior, Manaus . The commission was accepted on 18 February 1544. However, preparations for

846-550: The arrival of a Portuguese spy fleet at Seville. On reaching Sanlucar he was detained again, the authorities having discovered a shortfall in his complement of men and horses, and that large numbers of his crew were not Spanish. On 11 May 1545, Orellana (in hiding on one of his vessels) surreptitiously sailed out of Sanlucar with four ships and disappeared from view. On 11 May 1545, he left Spain with four ships, supplies to build two riverboats, perhaps 300 men, at least 24 horses, and his young wife. Before leaving land, he obtained from

893-624: The biggest city on its course Manaus . The Anavilhanas National Park , a 350,018 ha (864,910 acres) conservation unit that was originally an ecological station created in 1981, protects part of the Anavilhanas river archipelago in this part of the river. Below the archipelago, it meets the Solimões River to form the Amazon River , creating a phenomenon known as the Meeting of Waters . List of

940-680: The border between Colombia and Venezuela for 260 km (160 mi) the Rio Negro reaches the Piedra del Cocuy , an igneous rock formation from the Precambrian era, belonging to the Guyana Shield . Here the Tripoint of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil is found in the middle of the river and it now completely enters Amazonas State, Brazil . After passing Cucuí , the river continues south, only temporarily turning west for several kilometers. In Missão Boa Vista

987-473: The border between Colombia's Department of Guainía and Venezuela's Amazonas State . After passing the Colombian community of Tonina and Macanal the river turns southwest. Maroa is the first Venezuelan town the river passes. 120 km (75 mi) further downstream the river receives the Casiquiare canal from the left (north), forming a unique link between the Orinoco and the Amazon river basin. Henceforth

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1034-528: The junction with the River Madeira. At about 54°W they stopped for 18 days to repair the boats, and finally reached the Atlantic Ocean on 26 August 1542, and checked the boats for seaworthiness. While coasting toward Guiana , the brigs were separated until reunited at Nueva Cadiz on Cubagua island off the coast of Venezuela. The Victoria , carrying Orellana and Carvajal, passed south around Trinidad and

1081-1112: The major tributaries of the Rio Negro (from the mouth upwards) Average discharge 30,640.8 m/s (1,082,070 cu ft/s) 3°8′19.3704″S 60°1′39.522″W  /  3.138714000°S 60.02764500°W  / -3.138714000; -60.02764500 3°4′53.2848″S 60°14′0.4812″W  /  3.081468000°S 60.233467000°W  / -3.081468000; -60.233467000 0°58′59.6964″S 62°51′32.3892″W  /  0.983249000°S 62.858997000°W  / -0.983249000; -62.858997000 0°28′57.4716″S 64°49′36.6492″W  /  0.482631000°S 64.826847000°W  / -0.482631000; -64.826847000 0°8′2.9616″S 67°5′38.2956″W  /  0.134156000°S 67.093971000°W  / -0.134156000; -67.093971000 0°22′11.8056″N 67°18′42.9948″W  /  0.369946000°N 67.311943000°W  / 0.369946000; -67.311943000 1°11′16.7316″S 66°50′23.46″W  /  1.187981000°S 66.8398500°W  / -1.187981000; -66.8398500 The river

1128-522: The middle of November. The crossing was difficult, and one of his ships became separated and was never seen again. With it went 77 men, 11 horses, and supplies to build one riverboat. He lost several anchors and had to replace them with cannons. He reached the Brazil coast, sailed a hundred leagues until he found fresh water in the sea, which he assumed came from the Amazon. He landed on 20 December 1545 with two ships, 11 thin horses, and perhaps 100 men. Since

1175-525: The movie, but he was ultimately left out. De Orellana's role in the search for El Dorado also forms part of the plot of the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008). William Ospina 's 2008 novel El país de la canela ( The Cinnamon Country ) includes a novelized version of Orellana's trip. One of the campaigns of Age of Empires II: The Forgotten is called El Dorado and

1222-425: The natives to a leaking boat. Reaching the sea, the current carried them northwest. In late November, the 18 survivors reached Margarita Island, where they met the other 25 survivors and Orellana's wife. Gaspar de Carvajal , the chaplain of the first expedition, wrote a chronicle Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande que descubrió por muy gran ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana ( Chronicle of

1269-424: The natives were friendly and there was plenty of food, his men suggested that they stop and rest and build the riverboat. Orellana overruled them and set off to find the main branch of the Amazon five days later. After sailing more than 300 miles he made camp and started building the riverboat. This took from January to March. They were forced to cannibalize the smaller of the two ships. The natives were hostile, there

1316-517: The new discovery of the famous Great river discovered by great good fortune by Captain Francisco de Orellana ) which was partly reproduced in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 's Historia general y natural de las Indias , initially published in 1526 but continually revised until the author's death in 1557, who included in addition statements by Orellana and some of his men. Carvajal's manuscript

1363-559: The population had fallen to one million, and by the early 1980s it was fewer than 200,000. A modern retelling of Orellana and his crew's epic journey, with source material primarily provided by Carvajal, is written in Buddy Levy's River of Darkness . De Orellana's voyages served as partial inspiration for the film Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972). An earlier script, penned by director Werner Herzog , also deliberately included De Orellana in

1410-457: The region. In 1968 the Rio Negro was navigated by an SRN6 hovercraft during a National Geographic expedition.This area was the filming location for Survivor:The Amazon in 2003. While the name Rio Negro means Black River , its waters are similar in colour to strong tea , which is typical of blackwater rivers . The dark color comes from humic acid due to an incomplete breakdown of phenol-containing vegetation from sandy clearings. The river

1457-467: The river is called Rio Negro . The river now continues in a southeastern direction passing the Venezuelan town of San Carlos de Río Negro , its largest settlement on the river, and Colombia's San Felipe . In this stretch the river is constantly fed with tributaries from both sides, and it quickly grows in size creating large river islands, a common feature for all rivers in the Amazon basin. After forming

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1504-597: The river leaves the Guyana shield it traversed in its upper and middle course. After the Marié River enters the Rio Negro the river continues its eastward course forming many large islands and becoming very wide at several locations. It passes local communities such as Santa Isabel do Rio Negro . During the wet season , the river floods the country far and wide here, sometimes to a width of 30 km (19 mi), for long distances. During this season, from April until October, it

1551-453: The river. During 1852-1854 Richard Spruce and Alfred Russel Wallace made numerous observations and botanical collections.During a 1924–25 expedition, Alexander H. Rice Jr. of Harvard University traveled up the Orinoco, traversed the Casiquiare canal, and descended the Rio Negro to the Amazon at Manaus. It was the first expedition to use aerial photography and shortwave radio for mapping of

1598-401: The shipwreck camp. After nearly a month, he returned to the shipwreck, reporting that he had gone 500 miles and not found the main river. Orellana was now in poor shape, both physically and mentally. He set off again with the boat. Seventeen of his men were wounded by arrows. According to his wife, he died "from illness and grief." The survivors went downriver to the sea where they were driven by

1645-565: The victory over De Almagro's men, he was appointed governor of La Culata. He re-established the town of Guayaquil, previously founded by Pizarro and repopulated by Sebastián de Belalcázar . During the civil war, he sided with the Pizarros and was Ensign General of a force sent by Francisco Pizarro from Lima to aid Hernando Pizarro . He was granted land at Puerto Viejo, on the coast of Ecuador. In 1540 Gonzalo Pizarro arrived in Quito as vice governor and

1692-639: The village on the Napo, Orellana continued downstream to the Amazon. The 49 men began to build a bigger ship for river navigation. During their navigation on Napo River, they were threatened constantly by the Omaguas . They reached the Negro River on 3 June 1542 and finally arrived on the Amazon River. At a longitude of about 69°W, Orellana and his men were involved in a skirmish with Machiparo's natives and were chased downstream. Continuing downstream, they consecutively passed

1739-412: The voyage were frustrated by unpaid debts, Portuguese spies, and internal wranglings. Sufficient funds were raised through the efforts of Cosmo de Chaves, Orellana's stepfather. However, the problems were compounded by Orellana's decision to marry a very young and poor girl, Ana de Ayala, whom he intended to take with him (along with her sisters). Orellana's creditors relented and allowed him to sail only on

1786-456: Was a Spanish explorer and conquistador . In one of the most improbably successful voyages in known history, Orellana managed to sail the length of the Amazon , arriving at the river's mouth on 24 August 1542. He and his party sailed along the Atlantic coast until reaching Cubagua Island , near the coast of Venezuela. Orellana founded the city of Guayaquil in what is now Ecuador, and died during

1833-470: Was charged by Francisco Pizarro, his older paternal half-brother, with an expedition to locate the "Land of Cinnamon" , thought to be somewhere to the east. Orellana was one of Gonzalo Pizarro 's lieutenants during his 1541 expedition east of Quito into the South American interior. In Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro collected a force of 220 Spaniards and 4000 natives. At the same time, as second in command, Orellana

1880-479: Was filmed in Rio Negro in 2003. Department of Guain%C3%ADa Guainía ( Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwajˈni.a] ; Yuri language : "Land of many waters") is a department of Eastern Colombia . It is in the east of the country, bordering Venezuela and Brazil . Its capital is Inírida . In 1963 Guainía was split off from Vaupés department . The northern part and the Inírida River are included in

1927-404: Was little food in the area, and they had to eat all their dogs and horses. Fifty-seven men died. Orellana sent the newly built boat off to find food, but it returned with no food and several men dead of hunger or wounds. He set off with the remaining ship and the riverboat. After traveling 75 miles southeast, the ship was wrecked on a riverbank. Orellana continued with the boat, leaving many men at

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1974-417: Was named because it looks black from a distance. Much has been written on the productivity of the Rio Negro and other blackwater rivers. The older idea that these are "hunger rivers" is giving way, with new research, to the recognition that the Rio Negro, for example, supports a large fishing industry and has numerous turtle beaches. If explorers did not find many Indigenous peoples along the Rio Negro during

2021-465: Was named by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana , who first came upon it in 1541. By the middle of the 17th century, Jesuits had settled along its banks in the midst of numerous tribes: Manau, Aruák, and Trumá Indians. After 1700 slaving along the river was common, and Native American populations were greatly diminished after contact with Eurasian diseases. In 1800 German scientist Alexander von Humboldt and French botanist Aimé Bonpland explored

2068-462: Was published in 1894 by the Chilean historian José Toribio Medina , preceded by a biography of Carvajal, in his book Descubrimiento del río de las Amazonas . The BBC documentary Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Carvajal's chronicle, rather than being a hugely exaggerated fantasy as previously thought, was correct in its observations that a civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in

2115-547: Was sent back to Guayaquil to gather troops and horses. Pizarro left Quito in February 1541, just before Orellana arrived with his 23 men and horses. Orellana hurried after the main expedition, eventually contacting them in March. However, by the time the expedition had left the mountains, 3000 natives and 140 Spanish had died or deserted. On reaching the Coca River (a tributary of the Napo),

2162-638: Was the custom among the tribe. Orellana described the river as "the river of the Amazons", referring to the mythical Amazons of Asia described by Herodotus (see The Histories [4.110–116]) and Diodorus in Greek legends. A skirmish with these South American warrior women reportedly took place on 24 June 1542 while Orellana was approaching the Trombetus River, in the neighborhood of the Ilha Tupinambarama at

2209-517: Was trapped in the Gulf of Paria for seven days, finally reaching Cubagua on 11 September 1542. The San Pedro sailed north of Trinidad and reached Cubagua on 9 September. From Cubagua, Orellana decided to return to Spain to obtain from the Crown the governorship over the discovered lands, which he named New Andalusia. After a difficult navigation, he touched first the shores of Portugal. The king received him in

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