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73-688: The Guadarrama flows from north to south for 131.80 kilometres (81.90 mi) through the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha and the Province of Toledo , where it empties into the Tagus. Its middle course is a protected area within the Regional Park of the Middle Course of the Guadarrama River and Its Surroundings ( Spanish : Parque Regional del curso medio del río Guadarrama y su entorno ), which

146-409: A Mediterranean climate with a marked character of a continental climate . The continentalized Mediterranean climate is similar to a typical Mediterranean climate , but with more extreme temperatures typical of a continental climate. Lack of a marine influence leads to much more extreme temperatures: hotter summers and quite cold winters, with a daily oscillation of 18.5 °C (33.3 °F). Summer

219-772: A carnivorous plant that does not grow further south in Western Europe. Centaurea pinnata is an endangered species of plant present in the Sierra de Vicort and Sierra de Santa Cruz mountain ranges. The Sistema Ibérico comprises several mountain ranges and massifs: The main peaks of the system are: Moncayo (2,313 m), Monte San Lorenzo (2,262 m), Pico de Urbión (2,228 m), Pico San Millán (2,131 m), Peña Cebollera (2,129 m), Javalambre (2,020 m) and Peñarroya (2,019 m). Other locally important summits are Cerro Calderón (1,837 m), Mont Caro (1,441 m), Tossal d'Orenga (1,144 m) and Montegordo (837 m), The Sistema Ibérico

292-598: A 47.5% after 1980. ... Castilla–La Mancha is divided into 5 provinces named after their capital cities. The following category includes: According to the official data of the INE , Castilla–La Mancha consists of 919 municipalities, which amount to 11.3 percent of all the municipalities in Spain. 496 of these have less than 500 inhabitants, 231 have between 501 and 2,000 inhabitants, 157 between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and only 35 have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The municipalities in

365-756: A demographic decline. In contrast, besides the provincial capitals, two specific areas bordering the Madrid region associated to the Madrid metropolitan area have experienced a population growth well above the national average: La Sagra (around the A-42 highway) and the Henares Corridor (around the A-2 ). Overall, as of 2016, the NUTS-2 region of Castilla–La Mancha featured an average index of demographic vulnerability of 30, similar to those of

438-512: A flag were proposed during the era of the "pre-autonomous" region. The selected design was that of heraldist Ramón José Maldonado. This was made official in Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy: The coat of arms of Castilla–La Mancha is based on the flag of the region, and not the other way around, as is more typical in heraldry. Article 1 of the law 1/1983 describes it as follows: Some institutions of

511-400: A homogeneous system. It is composed of a haphazard and motley series of mountain ranges , massifs , plateaus and depressions without a definite common petrologic composition and overall structure. Nummulite limestone , marble and sandstone are common throughout the area. Some of the parts of the system stand geologically isolated, interrupting the continuity of the whole, linked to

584-481: A region together with the Province of Madrid , "New Castile". The justice administration stood in between the national and provincial levels of government (also unaligned with the purported regional classification insofar Albacete is concerned), with the audiencia of Albacete managing the provinces of Albacete, Cuenca and Ciudad Real, and the audiencia of Madrid managing the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara (and that of Madrid). The aforementioned modifications to

657-438: A river in Spain is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Castilla-La Mancha Castilla–La Mancha ( UK : / k æ ˌ s t iː j ə l æ ˈ m æ n tʃ ə / , US : /- l ɑː ˈ m ɑː n tʃ ə / ; Spanish: [kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa] ) is an autonomous community of Spain . Comprising the provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , it

730-526: A typical Mediterranean climate. Precipitation presents a notable gradient from the center of the region, where it does not surpass 400 millimetres (16 in) per year, to the mountains where it can exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year, on the slopes of the Sierra de Gredos and the Serranía de Cuenca . The greater part of the region has less than 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain annually. The driest part of

803-660: Is at the level of each province , with provinces being assigned the following number of deputies as of 2023: Albacete, 7; Ciudad Real, 7; Cuenca, 5; Guadalajara, 5; and Toledo, 9. Article 10 of the Statute of Autonomy states that elections will be convoked by the President of the Junta of Communities, following the General Electoral Regime ( Régimen Electoral General ), on the fourth Sunday in May every four years. This stands in contrast to

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876-570: Is divided into five principal watersheds . The Tagus , Guadiana , and Guadalquivir drain into the Atlantic Ocean and the Júcar and Segura into the Mediterranean Sea . The Tagus provides water for some 587,000 inhabitants in a watershed of 26,699 square kilometres (10,309 sq mi). It includes the entire province of Guadalajara and the greater part of the province of Toledo, including

949-510: Is in the Iberian System. Wolves and eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos , Hieraaetus fasciatus , Hieraaetus pennatus , Circaetus gallicus ) are also relatively common in the lonely heights. Among the mammals, the Spanish ibex , roe deer , wild boar , European badgers , common genets , among others, have their habitat in many of these desolate mountain ranges. The most common reptiles in

1022-692: Is located in the middle of the Iberian peninsula , occupying the greater part of the Submeseta Sur, the vast plain composing the southern part of the Meseta Central . The Submeseta Sur (and the autonomous community) is separated from the Submeseta Norte (and the community of Castilla y León ) by the mountain range known as the Sistema Central . Despite this, the region has no shortage of mountain landscapes:

1095-672: Is one of the major systems of mountain ranges in Spain . It consists of a vast and complex area of mostly relatively high and rugged mountain chains and massifs located in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula , but reaching almost the Mediterranean coast in the Valencian Community in the east. The system is hydrographically important, as it separates the watersheds of most of the major rivers in Spain and Portugal , including

1168-541: Is one of the three regional parks within the Community of Madrid. The basin area is about 1,708 square kilometres (659 sq mi) Its main tributary is the Aulencia River , which flows entirely within the Community of Madrid and supplies water to the reservoir of Valmayor. 39°52′55″N 4°10′09″W  /  39.882052°N 4.169262°W  / 39.882052; -4.169262 This article related to

1241-408: Is polycentric, with no dominant central city. Insofar the largest municipality (Albacete) is located in the peripheral southeast, Madrid (outside the region), exerts influence over the extension of the so-called Corredor del Henares  [ es ] into the province of Guadalajara (including the provincial capital) as well as the north of the province of Toledo. The rest of urban centres lie on

1314-571: Is rarely found in the mountainous areas. Aquatic invertebrates, including the Austropotamobius pallipes crayfish, and certain fishes, such as Salaria fluviatilis and Cobitis paludica are common in the upper course of the Sistema Ibérico rivers. Some mountain streams have been stocked with trout . Traditional cattle rearing activities, formerly so important in central Iberia, still survive on dry grasslands in certain villages around

1387-429: Is the driest season, with temperatures often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes reaching and exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). In winter, temperatures often drop below 0 °C (32 °F), producing frosts on clear nights, and occasional snow on cloudy nights. Castilla–La Mancha is part of what has traditionally been called España Seca ("Dry Spain"). It receives relatively scarce precipitation , much as in

1460-645: Is the ridge of the Sierra Morena, the southern border of the Meseta Central and the region's border with Andalusia . Within the Sierra Morena, distinction can be made between the Sierra Madrona , Sierra de Alcudia and Sierra de San Andrés . At the other southern extreme of Castilla–La Mancha, the Sierra de Alcaraz and Sierra del Segura form part of the Sistema Bético . The territory of Castilla–La Mancha

1533-622: The desamortizaciones , particularly those of Mendizábal and Madoz. From 1836 to 1924 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) of land were auctioned (1,100,000 hectares of municipal properties and the rest church's property). They were purchased by the political and economic elites of the country. Seeking to curb immigration to the Spanish capital, the so-called Madrid Decongestion Plan of 1959 created planned industrial estates in Alcázar de San Juan, Manzanares, Guadalajara, and Toledo. The plan did not yield

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1606-464: The 4.2 kiloyear event . A number of these Bronze Age settlements, the motillas , were built over Chalcolithic settlements. During the Iron Age II (La Tène culture) , the territory occupied by the current provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete had a larger influence from Punic - Phoenician and Greek colonists, while the territory occupied by the current provinces of Toledo, Guadalajara and Cuenca

1679-665: The Alberche and the Tagus, rising up to its maximum heights at the summits of Cruces (1373 m), Pelados (1331 m) and San Vicente (1321 m). On the northwest is the Sistema Ibérico , where there is important fluvial and especially karstic activity, which has given rise to such landscapes as the Ciudad Encantada , the Callejones de Las Majadas and the Hoces del Cabriel . In the southeast

1752-508: The Early Neolithic . The natural region of La Mancha presents a number of archaeological sites related to the so-called Culture of Las Motillas of the Bronze Age , tentatively considered as the earliest reported case of human culture in Western Europe able to implement a system of underground water collection, whose installment is possibly connected to the surface water crisis caused by

1825-492: The Ebro basin to the east from the basins of the Douro , Tagus , Guadiana ( Záncara - Gigüela ), Júcar and Turia to the west and south. There are important mining areas in some of the ranges such as Sierra Menera , Sierra de Arcos and Sierra de San Just , making the system one of the chief mining regions in Spain since ancient times. One of the comarcas of Aragon located in

1898-673: The Kura of Santover  [ es ] ) had an important role in the Muslim settlement of parts of the Middle March. The city of Toledo stood distinctly unruly towards the Cordobese authorities, and remained a major city of al-Andalus, preserving quite of its former importance and hosting a leading cultural centre that lasted even after the Christian conquest. As consequence of the fitna of al-Andalus in

1971-663: The La Bureba corridor in Burgos Province close to the Cordillera Cantábrica to the Mediterranean sea close to Valencia in the south and close to Tortosa and the Ebro Delta in the east. The bulk of the Sistema Ibérico is located in the southern half of Aragon . The Prebaetic System rises south of the southernmost end of the Iberian System. The geology of the Iberian System is complex, for it can hardly be defined as

2044-500: The Montes de Toledo until its progressive quelling, already effective by the late 13th century. By that time, rural beekeepers self-organised to repel the predatory practices in the monte  [ es ] by the golfines, whose presence in the Montes de Toledo was further obliterated by the creation of the so-called hermandades viejas by councils at Toledo, Talavera or Villa Real in

2117-546: The Real Fábrica de Paños  [ es ] in Brihuega . The current provincial configuration roughly dates from the 1833 division by Javier de Burgos , establishing the outline of the modern provinces of Albacete , Ciudad Real , Cuenca , Guadalajara and Toledo , bar relatively minor later adjustments. Albacete was part, together with Murcia of a wider region, whereas Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo formed

2190-720: The Segura catchment area . The Upper Acheulean sites are mostly located within the limits of the current-day province of Ciudad Real, substantially increasing in number and territorial spread across the region for the ensuing Middle Paleolithic . The Upper Paleolithic in the region presents instances of the art of the Upper Paleolithic in the Serranía del Alto Tajo and the Upper Júcar . There are instances of Cardium pottery in Caudete from

2263-453: The Sistema Central , among which can be distinguished the mountain ranges Pela, Ayllón , Somosierra, Barahona and Ministra, with the headwaters of the rivers Jarama , Cañamares and Henares . The Sistema Central also penetrates the northwest of the province of Toledo: a southwest to northeast sub-range known as the Sierra de San Vicente , bordered on the north by the Tiétar and on the south by

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2336-606: The commercial balance with the exterior carrying out an economic policy that tried to foster industrial capacity through economic interventionism . The State shall either stimulate the capacity of private capital or simply provide the capital itself. Examples of royal manufactures created in the 18th century included the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara, the Real Fábrica de Sedas  [ es ] in Talavera de la Reina, or

2409-468: The (southern) Guadiana drainage basins. The most outstanding peaks of this modest mountain range include La Villuerca (1,601 meters (5,253 ft)) and Rocigalgo (1,447 meters (4,747 ft)). In contrast, a more mountainous zone surrounds the Meseta and serves as the region's natural border. In the north of the Province of Guadalajara , bordering Madrid and Segovia , is a mountain range forming part of

2482-468: The 1833 division include the party of Villena (lost by Albacete to Alicante in 1836), Requena (lost by Cuenca to Valencia in 1851), Villarrobledo (lost by Ciudad Real to Albacete c.  1846 ) or Valdeavero (lost by Guadalajara to Madrid in 1850). The provincial government institution was the provincial deputation . The agrarian capitalism favoured by the bourgeoisie in the 19th century enshrined an economy based on cereal commodities and

2555-575: The Castillian-Manchegan territory and 36.6 percent of total of the Júcar watershed. It includes the eastern parts of the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete, including their respective capitals. Finally, the 34 municipalities of southeastern Albacete fall in the Segura watershed, with an extent of 4,713 square kilometres (1,820 sq mi). Castilla–La Mancha has a continentalized Mediterranean climate :

2628-651: The European regions of Upper Palatinate (Germany), Styria (Austria), Catalonia (Spain), Overijssel (Netherlands) and Campania (Italy). According to the official 11 January 2008 data of the INE Castilla–La Mancha has 2,043,100 inhabitants in its five provinces. Despite being the third largest of Spains communities by surface area (after Castilla y León and Andalusia), it is only the ninth most populous. Castilla–La Mancha has just 4.4 percent of Spain's population. Sistema Ib%C3%A9rico The Iberian System

2701-520: The Iberian System are Lacerta lepida , Psammodromus algirus , Psammodromus hispanicus , Podarcis muralis and Podarcis hispanicus . Chalcides chalcides , Chalcides bedriagai and Anguis fragilis , are relatively rarer. The snakes present in these mountains are Natrix maura , Natrix natrix , Malpolon monspessulanus , Elaphe scalaris , Coronella girondica , Coronella austriaca and Vipera latastei . Some amphibians are abundant in or near ponds and rivulets throughout

2774-470: The Iberian System was given the name of Cuencas Mineras , lit. 'Mining Basins', since mining is the main activity in the comarca. The Sistema Ibérico mountain range borders the Meseta Central on its eastern end and separates the Meseta Central from the Ebro valley and from the Mediterranean coast. This system runs northwest-southeast between the Ebro plain and the Meseta Central for over 500 km, from

2847-627: The Iberian form of settlement was the oppidum . From the 7th century BC onward, the Celtiberian settlements were characterised instead by the somewhat smaller castros . In the 2nd century BC, by the time of the advent of the Roman conquest wars, the first actual cities had begun to grow in the inner plateau. The Roman conquest brought substantial transformations to the Carpetani urban settlements, including

2920-549: The Junta are the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha , the President of the Junta and the Council of Government. The Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha represent the popular will through 33 deputies elected by universal adult suffrage through the secret ballot . They are elected for a term of four years under a proportional system intended to guarantee representation to the various territorial zones of Castilla–La Mancha. The electoral constituency

2993-535: The Sower") from the zarzuela La rosa del azafrán by Jacinto Guerrero , the "Canto a la Mancha" ("Song of La Mancha") by Tomás Barrera, and many others, such as one presented by a group of citizens from Villarrobledo with the title "Patria sin fin" ("Fatherland without end"). Article 8 of the Statute of Autonomy states that the powers of the region are exercised through the Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha ( Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha ). Organs of

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3066-607: The area. The 15th century also brought a growing importance of the political elites belonging to towns of the southern meseta in the affairs of the Crown of Castile relative to the prior uncontested preponderance of those elites from towns north of the Sistema Central. Throughout the 18th century, following the War of Spanish Succession , the Spanish Bourbon monarchs sought to equilibrate

3139-519: The autonomous communities of the Basque Country , Catalonia , Galicia , Andalusia and the Valencian Community where the president has the power to convoke elections at any time. Since the Spanish regional elections of 2023 , the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha has consisted of 17 deputies from social democratic PSOE , 12 from conservative People's Party and 4 from far right Vox . The Cortes sits in

3212-472: The central plains (with for example, the presence of intermediate agro-cities in La Mancha), contrasting with the sparsedly populated mountains and other peripheral areas. The Meseta is the dominant landscape unit of a great part of the territory of Castilla–La Mancha: a vast, uniform plain with little relief. The west-to-east Montes de Toledo range cuts across the meseta separating the (northern) Tagus and

3285-453: The dawn of the 14th century. Despite a poorly representative degree of permeability, urban oligarchies in the current-day region during the Late Middle Ages were largely perpetuated by means of lineage, through inheritance and marriage. Following the ascension of the Trastámaras , the territory of the current-day province of Toledo underwent a process of seigneuralization, and a number of non-religious lordships were progressively created in

3358-400: The early 11th century, an independent polity with its center in Toledo (the Taifa of Toledo ), emerged, roughly occupying the territory of the current-day provinces of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Guadalajara and Cuenca (as well as that of Madrid), Following the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, the ensuing unsuccessful attempts by North-African Almoravids and Almohads to take the city turned

3431-426: The ensuing emiral and caliphal period of Al-Andalus. During this era, the Middle March had eminently a military nature, both shielding the core of Al-Andalus from the raids of the Northern Christian polities as well as serving as staging ground for Muslim offensive campaigns against the former. Berber clans such as the Masmuda Banu-Salim (linked to the founders of Guadalajara ) or the Hawwara Banu Zennun (based in

3504-413: The expected results as Madrid kept growing and the industrial zones eventually stagnated. Under the auspices of the 1978 Constitution , a decree-law was issued on 15 November 1978, establishing the conditions of the "pre-autonomous regime" of the "Castilian-Manchegan region". A joint assembly of legislators and provincial deputies of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Toledo

3577-417: The first regional legislature in May 1983 and the ensuing investiture of José Bono as regional president. By December 1983 still less than half of citizens actually knew the autonomous community they belonged to. Since its opening in 1979 the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer has caused a severe social-economic impact on the region, with the water resources available in the Tagus headwaters decreasing by about

3650-421: The former Franciscan convent in Toledo, the Edificio de San Gil ("San Gil building"). The Council of Government is the collegial executive organ of the region. It directs regional political and administrative action, exercises an executive function and regulatory powers under the Spanish Constitution of 1978 , the Statute of Autonomy, and the laws of the nation and region. The Council of Government consists of

3723-399: The founding of the city of Reccopolis by Visigoths in the late 6th century was a singular development in the context of the European Early Middle Ages . Following the 8th century Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , just after the 741 Berber Revolt , the so-called Middle March of Al-Andalus ( al-Ťāğr al-Awsat ) was created as territorial sub-division, existing for the rest of

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3796-411: The inhabitants are not natives anymore but immigrants from Romania or the Maghreb working as contract laborers in agricultural activities. The exodus from the rural mountainous areas in Spain rose after General Franco 's Stabilization Plan in 1959. The population declined steeply as people emigrated towards the industrial areas of the large cities and the coastal towns where the tourism industry

3869-407: The largest cities. Castilla–La Mancha is bordered by Castile and León , Madrid , Aragon , Valencia , Murcia , Andalusia , and Extremadura . Prior to its establishment as an autonomous community, its territory was part of the New Castile ( Castilla la Nueva ) region along with the province of Madrid, except for Albacete province, which was part of the former Murcia region. Castilla–La Mancha

3942-416: The mid 19th-century subordinated the interests of the provinces to those of Madrid and the Levante , although it fostered the development of some urban centres such as those of Alcázar de San Juan , Manzanares and Albacete . The five provinces lost relative demographic weight relative to the national total over the course of the century. The territory of the current-day region was singularly affected by

4015-419: The north are small and numerous, while in the south they are larger and fewer. This reflects different histories of how these sub-regions were repopulated during the Reconquista . The Organic Law 9/1982 (August 10, 1982), which is the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha established the flag of Castilla–La Mancha and the law 1/1983 (30 June 1983) established the coat of arms. Seven different designs for

4088-418: The other parts through high plateaus of varying altitudes. Large zones of the mountainous Iberian System have undergone heavy depopulation since the early 20th century. There are many ghost towns and abandoned villages scattered across different parts of the Iberian System, especially in Teruel Province . Currently a great number of surviving towns have only a residual population. In some cases, many of

4161-399: The president, vice presidents (if any) and the Councilors. The President of the Junta directs the Council of Government and coordinates the functions of its members. The president is elected by the Cortes from among its members, then formally named by the monarch of Spain . The president's official residence is the Palace of Fuensalida in Toledo. Large parts of the region are experiencing

4234-524: The primary sector, favouring the leveling of the reduced industrial activity—chiefly textile—in the territory corresponding to the current-day region, whereas mining output—with sites such of the mercury deposits in Almadén or the coal deposits in Puertollano—remained below potential. A silver rush broke out in the mining district around Hiendelaencina after 1844. Large-scale mining of lead and zinc in San Quintín (province of Ciudad Real) ensued in between 1884 and 1934. The arrival of railway transport in

4307-418: The region have adopted this coat of arms as part of their own emblem, among these the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha, the Consultative Council and the University of Castilla–La Mancha . Although Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy indicates that the region will have its own anthem, after more than 25 years no such anthem has been adopted. Among the proposed anthems have been the "Canción del Sembrador" ("Song of

4380-430: The region is along the Albacete- Hellín axis, with less than 360 millimetres (14 in) per year. The Pinedo site  [ es ] presents material linked to the transition from earlier settlers to the Early Acheulean . Archaeological sites related to the Middle Acheulean in the current-day region lie on the Campo de Calatrava as well as in the source of the Villanueva river, the Guadiana catchment area and

4453-405: The region of " La Mancha ", managed from just 25 castles. The weak Christian grip over the territory collapsed after their crushing defeat from the Almohads in Alarcos (1195). Christian control south of the Tagus would only start to consolidate after the 1212 battle of Las Navas . The weak settlement and insecurity also allowed for countryside banditry (the so-called golfines ) in the area of

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4526-464: The social division between slaves and freemen, the monetary economy, the fostering of manufacture and trade or the new Roman acculturation . The territory of the current region was mining-rich in Antiquity, with mentions in classical sources to the mining of cinnabar from Sisapo  [ es ] , silver, gold and other minerals such as selenite from Segobriga and the laminitana sharpening stone . Built from scratch on state initiative,

4599-635: The southern slopes are drier than the northern ones and may be subject to wildfires in periods of prolonged drought, especially in the summer. Bogs are not common in the Iberian Peninsula, but high altitude bogs form in the few areas of the Sistema Ibérico where the water remains stagnant, such as near Orihuela del Tremedal , Bronchales and in the place known as Fuente del Hierro , at an altitude between 1.400 and 1.550 m. The plants growing in these bogs are mainly Polytrichum mosses, Potentilla erecta , Pinguicula vulgaris , Vaccinium myrtillus , Calluna vulgaris , and also Drosera rotundifolia ,

4672-407: The southern slopes of the aforementioned Sistema Central in the north, the Sistema Ibérico in the northeast, and the Sierra Morena and Montes de Toledo in the south. Castilla–La Mancha is the third largest of Spain's autonomous regions, with a surface area of 79,463 square kilometres (30,681 sq mi), representing 15.7 percent of Spain's national territory. The regional urban structure

4745-900: The system. There are also many hunters visiting some of the ranges, mainly those that are relatively closer to the urban areas and especially on weekends. Some ranges have forested patches, consisting mainly of Pinus pinaster , Pinus sylvestris and Pinus uncinata pines and Quercus rotundifolia , Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus faginea oaks, even Fagus sylvatica beeches and Betula pendula birches grow in some humid slopes, where Pteridium aquilinum , Polypodium vulgare ferns may also be found. Other ranges are rocky and quite bare with heath ( Erica arborea , Erica vagans , Calluna vulgaris ), broom as well as thyme and Festuca and Nardus stricta grasslands. Thin forest or shrubland may include Juniperus communis , Juniperus thurifera , Cytisus purgans , Erinacea anthyllis and Calluna vulgaris shrub . Often

4818-468: The territory of the inner plateau south of the Tagus subject to extreme warfare for about a century and a half. The military insecurity south of the Tagus constrained the colonisation process undertaken by the new Castilian rulers. This underpinned the features of a sparse population in the region; as a result, ranching became a mainstay of the economy, which later led to the leading role of the military orders . The latter controlled over 20,000 km in

4891-403: The two largest cities of the latter province: the capital, Toledo, as well as Talavera de la Reina . The Guadiana watershed extends 26,646 square kilometres (10,288 sq mi) in Castilla–La Mancha, 37 percent of that river's entire watershed, with a population of 583,259 inhabitants. It includes the southern part of the province of Toledo, nearly all of the province of Ciudad Real (except

4964-534: The very south), the southwest of the province of Cuenca and the northwest of the province of Albacete. The Guadalquivir watershed extends over 5.2 percent of the surface area of the autonomous community, extending 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi) through the southern parts of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, including such important population center as Puertollano . The Júcar watershed had, in 2006, 397,000 inhabitants in an area of 15,737 square kilometres (6,076 sq mi), 19.9 percent of

5037-444: The whole system, such as Rana perezi , Bufo bufo , Bufo calamita , Alytes obstetricans , Triturus marmoratus and Lissotriton helveticus , the latter also at high altitude, whether in intermittent or permanent bodies of water. Hyla arborea and Salamandra salamandra are somewhat rarer, but still having a wide distribution, especially in humid forested zones. The Iberian ribbed newt ( Pleurodeles waltl ) , however,

5110-530: Was created in 1982. The government headquarters are in Toledo , which is the capital de facto . It is a landlocked region largely occupying the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula 's Inner Plateau , including large parts of the catchment areas of the Tagus , the Guadiana and the Júcar , while the northeastern relief comprises the Sistema Ibérico mountain massif. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions, with Albacete , Guadalajara , Toledo , Talavera de la Reina and Ciudad Real being

5183-403: Was established in Manzanares in 1981 to draft the early sketch of the regional statute. On 17 June 1982, the Congress of Deputies approved the final text of the regional statute (an organic law ), which was later published on 16 August 1982, giving birth to the autonomous community of "Castilla-La Mancha". The constituent process of the autonomous community was sealed with the election of

5256-476: Was growing. Other causes of high emigration have been the abandonment by the local youth of traditional agricultural practices that were the mainstay of the village economy, such as sheep and goat rearing, as well as the lifestyle changes that swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century. The heavy depopulation has favored wildlife so that one of the last colonies of griffon vultures in Europe

5329-467: Was more influenced by the substrate of the earlier Atlantic Bronze , helping to line up the diffuse separation of two large groups of pre-Roman peoples (" Iberi " and " Celtiberi "). Iberian-related peoples dwelling the southern rim of the inner plateau such as the Oretani and Contestani were organised in tribes ruled by a kinglet or chieftain, each one controlling a number of settlements. The main cog of

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