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36-513: The journals of the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Soto record their encounter with a powerful chiefdom located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River several days journey below the polity of Guachoya (in present-day Chicot County, Arkansas ). By this point the expedition had been traversing the southeast for several years and had spent the majority of the previous year in the area of

72-539: A King/Queen or the highest-level political leader in a regional or local polity or country administered politically with a chief-based system . This term is used occasionally in anthropological and archaeological theory to refer to the rulers of multiple chiefdoms or the rulers of exceptionally powerful chiefdoms that have subordinated others. Paramount chiefs were identified by English-speakers as existing in Native American confederacies and regional chiefdoms, such as

108-454: A sail for use in favorable winds. A pinnace would ferry passengers and mail , communicate between vessels, scout to sound anchorages, convey water and provisions, or carry armed sailors for boarding expeditions. The Spanish favored them as lightweight smuggling vessels while the Dutch used them as raiders. In modern parlance, "pinnace" has come to mean an auxiliary vessel that does not fit under

144-450: A ship utilizing many steam pinnace (ship's boats) was HMS London in Zanzibar while suppressing the slave trade in the region: Slavery was legal in all Muslim countries, and HM ships could only become involved with slaving when it took place on the high seas. The boats of HMS London were kept at five minutes' notice, ready equipped with water, salt pork, biscuits, arms, local currency and

180-522: A small native group near the coast, the expedition finally made it to the Gulf on July 16, 1543, a few weeks after they had left Guachoya. Various scholars have proposed and debated the identities of Quigualtam and the unnamed chiefdom and the exact locations of their polities. Historian Charles M. Hudson has suggested that Quigualtam was centered on the area surrounding the Holly Bluff or Winterville sites in

216-437: A standing warrior armed with bow and arrows stationed between each one. Some of the larger canoes were also color coded, with the canoes, oars, and the clothing and weaponry of the crew all painted the same color. Although many of the canoes were not this large, their crews still moved with precision, speed, and skill. Seated in several of the great canoes were the fleet commanders, chiefs with awnings to shade and protect them from

252-619: Is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, first used by medieval Turko-Mongol nomadic tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is first seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation. It was subsequently adopted by the Göktürks before Turkic peoples and the Mongols brought it to

288-505: Is documented. By the 1630s, historical records mention many ships trading or fishing with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, some of which were also built in-colony. Above all, the fishing trade had taken hold off the shores of New England, and was immediately successful. The pinnace may have been the preferred, multi-use small ship of the first decades of English settlement in "Virginia". With the introduction of steam propulsion came

324-434: Is often difficult because there was no standardization of pinnace design, be the type "small" or "large". The term seems to have been applied to variants of what may be called the full-rigged pinnace , rather than the alternative use of the term for a larger vessel's boat. Furthermore, several ship type and rig terms were used in the 17th century, but with very different definitions from those applied today. Often decked over,

360-474: The British monarch held that title. Since the title "chief" was already used in terms of district and town administrators, the addition of " paramount " was made so as to distinguish between the ruling monarch and the local aristocracy . Khan , alternately spelled lowercase as khan and sometimes spelled as Han , Xan , Ke-Han , Turkic : khān , Mongolian : qāān , Chinese : 可汗 or 汗, kehan or han )

396-602: The Ozark Mountains in their search for riches. Finding nothing they considered of value and contending with considerable native resistance ; de Soto and his men returned to the Mississippi River, where they found the maize -rich polities of Guachoya and Anilco (thought by some archaeologists and historians to be the Menard–Hodges site in modern-day Arkansas County, Arkansas ). After encountering resistance from Anilco and entreaties of alliance from their traditional enemies,

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432-728: The Powhatan Confederacy and Piscataway Native Americans encountered by European colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America . During the Victorian era , paramount chief was a formal title created by British colonial administrators in the British Empire and applied in Britain's colonies in Asia and Africa. They used it as a substitute for the word " king " to ensure that only

468-563: The " launch " or " lifeboat " definitions. The word pinnace , and similar words in many languages (as far afield as Indonesia, where the boat " pinisi " took its name from the Dutch pinas ), came ultimately from the Spanish pinaza c. 1240, from pino ( pine tree ), from the wood of which the ships were constructed. The word came into English from the Middle French pinasse . Identification of some pinnaces in contemporary historical documents

504-407: The "small" pinnace was able to support a variety of rigs, each of which conferred maximum utility to specific missions such as fishing, cargo transport and storage, or open ocean voyaging. The mature "small" pinnace design emerged as versatile with several different options and rigs possible. The expected popularity of the pinnace in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the first half of the 17th century

540-467: The Guachoya; de Soto made his headquarters at Guachoya. De Soto interrogated the chief about the societies living downstream , hoping to find a rich "province" to conquer, where he could set up the colony he had delayed founding in his search for more portable valuables. By this time de Soto had begun employing a ruse with the native populations; seeking to convince them that he was an immortal deity, "son of

576-470: The Gulf coast. The Spaniards' technique of using local rivalries to their advantage had upset the delicate political balance between native groups, who had existed in a state of low-level endemic warfare between polities for generations. In addition, a series of disastrous multi-year droughts spanned the latter half of the 16th century. Many societies in the region began to collapse. Remnant populations of Mississippian peoples began migrating across and down

612-678: The Mississippi, sometimes settling in areas recently deserted by Plaquemine peoples, and at other times displacing or merging with the Plaquemine populations on the lower river. The Plaquemine culture contracted southward and abandoned the northern Natchez Bluffs altogether. The Lower Yazoo basin region, once occupied by the Winterville and Holly Bluff polity, became the territory of the historic period Yazoo , Tunica and Koroa tribes. They had migrated from further upriver, thought by archaeologists to be

648-532: The Natchez Bluffs, approximately 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south of modern Vicksburg . It was on the northern edge of the Emerald Phase (1500–1680) of the protohistoric Natchez chiefdom . During this period, its capital was located at the massive Emerald Mound near modern-day Stanton, Mississippi . These two sites were the only major ceremonial centers on this stretch of the Mississippi River occupied during

684-493: The Spaniards as cowards and thieves who would soon perish; that on land their corpses had been food for dogs and birds and that on the river they would feed the fish. The songs frequently mentioned the name of their great chief Quigualtam and, at the end of each song, the singers would give a great shout of triumph. The Spaniards no longer had long-range offensive weapons. The gunpowder for their arquebuses had run out long before and

720-448: The Spaniards. On the third day, the Spanish reached the edge of their attackers' territory. The war fleet turned around and headed back upriver, continuing to chant and shout the name of their leader. Within a day the expedition encountered another fleet of canoes belonging to a powerful but unnamed chiefdom. These warriors also gave chase downriver for several days until the foreigners had left their territory. After one more encounter with

756-533: The Sun, if you will cause him to dry up the great river, I will believe you: as to the rest, it is not my custom to visit any one, but rather all, of whom I have ever heard, have come to visit me, to serve and obey me, and pay me tribute, either voluntarily or by force: if you desire to see me, come where I am; if for peace, I will receive you with special good will; if for war, I will await you in my town; but neither for you, nor for any man, will I set back one foot" Angered by

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792-454: The chief's arrogant response but by then too weak to get up from his bed, de Soto could not mount an armed response. Afterward followed a period with Anilco and other local towns conspiring with Quigualtum to mount a combined attack against the Spaniards. In order to strike fear into Quigualtum and the others, and to punish Anilco, from his deathbed he ordered his men to massacre all of the men of Anilco. His men obeyed and did not stop with killing

828-570: The descendants of Quizquiz and other polities encountered by de Soto in the Memphis area, who were escaping the destruction of their societies left in de Soto's wake. The Tioux and Grigra divisions of the Natchez were recent additions, also Tunica speakers from up the river who had been adopted into the Natchez tribe. Paramount chief A paramount chief is the English-language designation for

864-422: The guns melted down to make nails for the boats; the limited number of crossbows had mostly stopped working as well. The Spaniards placed their armor and cane matting around the boats gunwales to protect from the arrows. The Native Americans began arcing their arrows into the air so they came straight down and injured more of the Spaniards. The fleet chased them for several days, rarely letting up on their attack on

900-549: The historic period, power had shifted within the Natchez polity from Emerald Mound to the Grand Village of the Natchez , and the Glass site had also been abandoned. In the meantime native peoples of the region suffered from epidemics of infectious disease . They contracted these from members of the de Soto expedition, among whom the diseases were endemic, and indirectly from other Native Americans who had contact with European traders on

936-454: The lower Yazoo Basin . Archeologists believe that these two large Plaquemine culture sites had been abandoned by this time; the capital of the polity had probably shifted to another of the numerous sites within its territory. Other scholars have proposed the Glass site and Emerald Mound as possibilities for the two polities. The Glass site is on the flood plain between the Mississippi River and

972-493: The men; they were said to have massacred women and children as well. DeSoto died of his illness a few days later in May 1542, in what is believed to be the vicinity of modern-day McArthur, Arkansas . His body was weighted down with sand and under cover of darkness consigned to a watery grave in the Mississippi River. In order to keep the ruse up and forestall possible attacks, his men informed the local peoples that de Soto had ascended into

1008-677: The modern state of Arkansas among the Late Mississippian culture paramount chiefdoms of Quizquiz , Casqui , and Pacaha , as well as their many vassal states . Modern archaeological research has placed the capital of Casqui at the Parkin site and equated the polity of Pacaha with the Nodena phase . Not finding the precious metals and gems the Europeans desired, the expedition left eastern Arkansas and headed west across central Arkansas and into

1044-403: The protohistoric period from 1500 to 1650 CE. Since the Spaniards never made it ashore to leave archaeological evidence of contact with these two groups, their exact identity will probably never be determined with certainty. No further recorded European contact with the indigenous people in this area occurred for almost 140 years, until the first French explorers reached the area in the 1680s. By

1080-679: The rest of Asia. In the middle of the sixth century it was known as "Kagan – King of the Turks" to the Persians . It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. The most famous khan was the Great Khan of Mongols: Genghis Khan . Another famous Manchu khan was Nurhachi . Huguan Siou is the paramount leader for the Kadazandusun Murut indigenous community in Sabah . The current and

1116-503: The second Huguan Siou is Joseph Pairin Kitingan . The office is near sacred and can be left vacant if no one is deemed worthy to hold the title. Pinnace (ship%27s boat) As a ship's boat , the pinnace is a light boat , propelled by oars or sails , carried aboard merchant and war vessels in the Age of Sail to serve as a tender . The pinnace was usually rowed but could be rigged with

Quigualtam - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-464: The sky but would return. His remaining men, now commanded by his aide de camp Moscoso , decided to attempt an overland journey to Mexico in order to avoid sailing downriver. They made it as far as Texas , meeting Late Caddoan Mississippian peoples along the way, before running into territory too dry for maize farming and too thinly populated to sustain themselves by stealing food from the locals. The expedition had to backtrack to Guachoya. They spent

1188-421: The steam pinnace. Coal burning warships were particularly vulnerable when at anchor, immobile until they could get a head of steam. Steam pinnaces were designed to be small enough to be carried by the capital ships they were allocated to and in addition to other duties were armed to act as picket boats . The Royal Navy pinnace Steam Pinnace 199 is preserved at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard . One example of

1224-409: The sun". After learning of Quigualtum, de Soto sent a message demanding his obeisance and to bring him examples of the most valuable thing in his land; presumably the gold or other riches valued by Europeans. Before a reply could return, de Soto fell seriously ill and took to his bed. Quigualtum sent back a message that astonished and infuriated de Soto: "As to what you say of your being the son of

1260-449: The sun, one of them possibly Quigualtam himself. Under the pretense of negotiating, the canoes attacked the Spanish. Over the course of the running battle, eleven Spaniards were killed and many more wounded as the expedition fled downstream. The war canoe crews chanted war songs, whose rhythm and speed set the speed of the paddling of their craft. The songs glorified their prowess in battle and extolled their courage. The songs also lambasted

1296-559: The winter of 1542-1543 building a small fleet of seven "bergantines", or pinnaces , to attempt the river route to the Gulf of Mexico and on to Mexico. Once the spring floods had abated, they headed down the Mississippi River on July 2, 1543. After sailing for several days, the expedition came upon a great fleet of over one hundred war canoes. Made from enormous hollowed-out cypress logs, the larger canoes were big enough to seat 60 to 70 passengers. They had ranks of seated paddlers, 20–30 per side, with

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