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44-608: Grubenhagen may refer to: Grubenhagen Castle (Einbeck) , a ruined castle near Einbeck, Lower Saxony Grubenhagen Castle (Vollrathsruhe) , a ruined castle in Schloß Grubenhagen, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania The Welf Principality of Grubenhagen named after the castle A village in the municipality of Weitenhagen in the district of Ostvorpommern in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany The village of Kirch Grubenhagen in

88-494: A broad range of senses, rather than the modern connotation of a high-ranking politician or administrator . The origin of the ministerial pedigree is obscure. A mediaeval chronicler reported that Julius Caesar defeated the Gauls and rewarded his Germanic allies with Roman rank. Princes were awarded senatorial status and their lesser knights ('minores...milites') received Roman citizenship. He assigned these 'knights' to princes but urged

132-777: A fixed amount of coin or by a portion of the proceeds of mills, road or bridge tolls, or ferry fees or port taxes. As the need for such service functions became more acute (as, for example, during the Investiture Controversy ), and their duties and privileges, at first nebulous, became more clearly defined, the ministeriales developed in the Salian period (1024–1125) into a new and much differentiated class. They received fiefs , which to begin with were not heritable, in return for which they provided knightly services. They were also allowed to possess, and often did hold, allods : ownership of real property (land, buildings and fixtures) that

176-489: A form of administrative apprenticeship program. This may be the origin of ministerials as individuals in a set position. It was Emperor Conrad II (990-1039) who first referred to ministerials as a distinct class. He had them organized into a staff of officials and administrators. In documents they are referred to as ministerialis vir , or ministerial men. Ministeriales (or "ministerials", as Anglicized by Benjamin Arnold) of

220-571: A large majority of what could be described as the German knighthood during that time. What began as an irregular arrangement of workers with a wide variety of duties and restrictions rose in status and wealth to become the power brokers of an empire. The ministeriales were not legally free people, but held social rank. Legally, their liege lord determined whom they could or could not marry, and they were not able to transfer their lords' properties to heirs or spouses. They were, however, considered members of

264-414: A merchant. By the 12th century a distinction was made between greater ministerials ( ministeriales maiores ) who had their own vassals and lesser ministerials ( ministeriales minores ) who had no vassals of their own. During the 12th century the old free nobility of Salzburg even found it a wise strategy to surrender their freedom in return for the safety of Salzburg's patronage. Around 1145, Ulrich I of

308-422: A military obligation didn't necessarily mean riding off with the army. The archbishops of Cologne differentiated between his poorer and wealthier vassals. Ministerials with an annual income of 5 marks or more were required to go on campaign in person, but those with smaller incomes were offered the choice to go on the march or to give half the income of their fief that year as a military tax. Ministerials fulfilled

352-401: A narrow forest path from Rotenkirchen , a village south of Einbeck, which is on the northern edge of the ridge and below the castle ruins and not far to the northeast. The hill castle of Grubenhagen was built in the 13th century. Only the round, 18-metre-high (59 ft) bergfried remains today. Attached to its southeastern side is a building from the 19th/20th century. The raised plateau of

396-534: A necessity recruited bailiffs, administrators and officials from among their unfree servants who could also fulfill a household warrior role. From the 11th century the term came to denote functionaries living as members of the knightly class with either a lordship of their own or one delegated from a higher lord as well as some political influence ( inter alia the exercise of offices at court). Kings placed military requirements upon their princes, who in turn, placed requirements upon their vassals . The free nobles under

440-458: A prince may have a bond of vassalage that let them get out of serving, so kings, princes, bishops and archbishops were able to recruit unfree persons into military service. Such a body made up the group called ministeriales . There were two sorts of ministerials: casati , who administered lands and estates for a liege and were paid from the proceeds of the land and non-casati , who held administrative and military positions but were paid in either

484-736: A range of offices that ran their lieges' fiefs for them. They were found in the four traditional offices of a household: chamberlain , marshal , butler and seneschal . Conrad II von Kuchl served his succession of archbishop lieges as a financial adviser for forty years, Werner von Lengfelden was master of Hohensalzburg Castle 's huge kitchen, and Ulrich II served as vidame of Salzburg in 1261, then, at various times, as marshal between 1270 and 1295, and as burgrave of Tittmoning in 1282. Ministerials could also be assigned to claim unused or poorly defended border areas, as with Laudegg Castle and Hohenwerfen Castle . Greater ministerials considered themselves above trading in money, as did many nobles of

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528-621: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Grubenhagen Castle (Einbeck) The ruins are located in the district of Northeim on a 298-metre-high (978 ft) hill summit on the Ahlsburg ridge, south-southwest of Einbeck and east of the Solling hills, between the basin of the River Ilme and the valley of the Leine . The castle may be reached via

572-446: Is independent of any superior landlord, but it should not be confused with anarchy as the owner of allodial land is not independent of his sovereign. Ministerials were found holding the four great offices necessary to run a great household: seneschal , butler , marshal and chamberlain . They were vidames ( vice dominus , or runners of estates) or castellans, having both military and administrative responsibilities. Conrad II of Kuchl

616-499: Is not clear exactly when the castle was built, but it probably appeared during the reign of Henry the Lion (1129 to 1195). The castle was first mentioned in the records in 1263. At that time the castellans ( Burgmannen ) in possession of the castle were the ministerialis family of Grubo or Grube, later Grubenhagen. At the end of the 13th century the castle went back to the dukes of Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg . The castle gave its name to

660-459: Is unknown. In 1448 Henry III of Brunswick-Grubenhagen had to fortify himself in the castle, after he exposed himself to attack by Landgrave Louis I of Hesse following a raid in the area of Hofgeismar . A siege army deployed in front of the castle with a heavy cannon. The castle could not be taken however. Instead the disappointed attackers devastated the villages of the neighbourhood: Altendorf, Reinsen, Bensen and Rotenkirchen. The last-mentioned

704-566: The Kingdom of Hanover the duke had the timber-framed manor house in Rotenkirchen converted by master builder Laves into an elegant hunting lodge. He also had the stables built onto the existing castle tower. From 1861 to 1866 Rotenkirchen was the summer residence of the kings of Hanover. Grubenhagen Castle was neglected in the years after the Second World War and fell into further ruin. Even

748-439: The inner ward , with its relatively small area, is oval and slightly kidney-shaped. It is about 63 metres long and 32 metres wide. Below it is the outer ward . The site is surrounded on three sides by a double ditch. On the fourth side the terrain drops away steeply, rendering a ditch unnecessary. To the northeast and southwest the remains of the ringwall and revetments have been preserved. A Merian engraving around 1650 shows

792-451: The ministeriales formed an intrinsic part of the lower nobility, and in the 15th century formed the core of the German knightly class ( Ritterstand ). Other regions were not as open, for as late as the fifteenth century the documents of the Dutch province of Gelderland continued to distinguish between knights of noble and of ministerial birth. Legally, a ministerial was a ministerial, bound by

836-415: The 13th century Bavarian law held that the ministeriales (or Dienstmänner ) held a position higher than the ordinary milites , and only the monarchy and princes were permitted to maintain ministeriales . Imperial courts increasingly rendered justice for ministerials, as when Count Frederick of Isenberg murdered Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne in 1225. The archiepiscopal ministerials brought an appeal (and

880-499: The Archbishopric of Salzburg the ministerials and clergy together elected Archbishop Gebhard in 1060, as well as every archbishop from 1147 to 1256 save for Conrad III (r. 1177–83). Ministerials could be drawn from different occupational groups. In Salzburg , Austria a Timo appears in 1125/47 in the traditionsbuch (book of traditions) as a miles (knight) of the archiepiscopal ministerialage who functioned as burgrave and also as

924-465: The Holy Roman Empire in a document named a Dienstrecht, or "service code." One constant is that all arrangements included a duty owed to the lord for military service. This could take the form of actual personal service by the ministeriales or a payment to fund others who went to war. The monastery of Maurmunster records the following: When a campaign ( profectio ) of the king is announced to

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968-625: The Welf Principality of Grubenhagen founded in 1291 by Henry the Admirable . It was however never really the residence of the principality. It first appears as a "house" of the dukes in the early 15th century. The dukes mainly resided at the castle of Heldenburg not far away and, later, in Herzberg am Harz . The name of the Principality of Grubenhagen first appeared around 1617, its previous name

1012-651: The army moves against Saxony, Flanders or elsewhere on this side of the Alps, only half that amount will be given. From these additional taxes the wagons and pack animals will be loaded with rations and other items necessary for the journey. In Bamberg the Carolingian method of providing for a campaign remained in effect. Ministeriales were grouped into threes; one went on campaign while the other two were responsible for equipping and victualing him. This ensured that those who were sent to war were prepared for war. this also shows that

1056-529: The bishop (of Metz, in this case) the bishop will send an official to the abbot, and the abbot will assemble his ministeriales . He will inform them of the campaign, and they will assemble the following men and equipment...: one wagon with six cows and six men; one packhorse with saddle and equipment and two men, the leader and the driver...If the king moves the army to Italy, all the peasant farms shall contribute for that purpose their usual taxes (that is, probably an entire annual rent as an extraordinary tax). But if

1100-460: The blood-stained clothing) to the Royal Court to demand justice. The count's brothers, the bishops of Münster and Osnabrück, were brought before the court for complicity, and bloodshed at the court was narrowly averted. Count Frederick was convicted in absentia , all his ministerials were released from his service, and Frederick was captured and broken on the wheel . By the 13th and 14th centuries

1144-449: The castle still with a round keep and a roofless building in front of it with a gable. On the outer ramparts of the main ditch was a defensive wall with a chemin de ronde behind the battlements to the northwest. To the north and northwest the engraving depicts the remains of another defensive walkway with embrasures . The lords of Grubenhagen were the counts of Dassel and the Welfs . It

1188-559: The door to the tower was walled up so that it could no longer be ascended. Since 1977 a citizens' group, the Grubenhagen Castle Society ( Burgverein Grubenhagen ), has looked after the castle site. The keep has been renovated with donations and grants and the old horse stable can be used for events. The site is once again a popular destination for day trippers. The tower can be climbed, but the key must be collected beforehand in

1232-500: The end of the 12th century the term miles —theretofore reserved for free warriors—was also being applied to ministerials. Over the course of the 13th century their status was slowly assimilated to that of the free nobility, or vassals . The remaining traces of the taint of servility gradually faded, and the "fiefs for service" turned into proper hereditable fiefs, partly also because impoverished free nobles, while reserving their personal free status, voluntarily became ministeriales . By

1276-453: The era, but Freed notes a number of ministerials who couldn't afford to turn up their noses to income. Circa 1125, Timo served not only as the burgrave of Salzburg but also as a merchant of the city. Ortolf of Kai - also a Salzburger - brokered the produce of his own vineyards. Gerhoh Itzling even appeared as a 'zechmeister' (guildmaster) in Salzburg. Nobility was a social distinction, so even

1320-487: The imperial court held at Eger (today Cheb in the Czech Republic) to confirm the marriage contract that Gerhoch II of Bergheim-Radeck, an archiepiscopal ministerial, had made with Bertha of Lonsdorf, a Passau ministerial. The couple had agreed, presumably with their lords' consent, that their first two children were to belong to Salzburg and the third to Passau, and that any remaining children would be divided equally between

1364-451: The lesser-noble Sims family chose to subjugate his household to the archbishop by marrying the Salzburg ministerial Liutkarda von Berg. Their son, Ulrich II, was born into his mother's status as was the practice, but now the Simses enjoyed the protection of one of the most powerful houses in the region. This was a wise strategy, considering the weak Simses were surrounded by greedy neighbors. By

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1408-581: The municipality of Vollrathsruhe in Müritz district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Grubenhagen . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grubenhagen&oldid=711048104 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1452-462: The nobility since that was a social designation, not a legal one. Ministeriales were trained knights, held military responsibilities and surrounded themselves with the trappings of knighthood, and so were accepted as noblemen. Both women and men held the ministerial status, and the laws on ministeriales made no distinction between the sexes in how they were treated. The term is a post-classical Latin word, meaning originally "servant" or "agent", in

1496-514: The post-Classical period who were not in the royal household were at first bondsmen or serfs taken from the servi proprii , or household servants (as opposed to the servi casati who were already tilling the land on a tenure.) These servants were entrusted with special responsibilities by their overlords, such as the management of a farm, administration of finances (chancery) or of various possessions. Free nobles ( Edelfreie ) disliked entering into servile relationships with other nobles, so lords of

1540-582: The princes "to treat the knights not as slaves and servants but rather to receive their services as the knights' lords and defenders. "Hence it is," the chronicler explained, "that German knights, unlike their counterparts in other nations, are called servants of the royal fisc and princely ministerials." In England there was no group of knights referred to as ministeriales, for the tight grip that English lords held upon their knights gave them less freedom than their German counterparts who had codified (and well-defended) rights. Abbot Adalard of Corbie (d. 826)

1584-416: The rights and duties enumerated in their area. Socially, there was a distinction between the greater ministerials and the lesser ones in the order of precedence. Greater ministerials maintained their own subordinate milites , or armigerous soldiery. These could be either free knights (such as Werner of Bolland, who maintained 1,100 subordinate knights for Frederick Barbarossa ) or lesser ministerials like

1628-421: The two churches. Gerhoch and Bertha could confer their allod on each other, and their children would share their paternal and maternal inheritances equally. The usual rule was that children of a mixed-status marriage would have the legal standing of the lesser of the parents. The child of a free knight and an unfree ministerial, therefore, was a ministerial. The liege of the mother would be the child's liege, for

1672-694: The unfree ministerials were considered higher in precedence than a free commoner. Being of a noble estate, ministerials were exempt from the more odious of corvée duties that other types of serfs performed, though some lieges would reserve the right to commandeer plow-teams and draft horses. Some ministerial women did perform household duties but were well-compensated for the chores. Ministerials were serfs, and as such could not move without expressed permission of their lord or lady, though in certain clergy lands they could take holy orders without permission. Ministerials were in many places forbidden to marry without permission, but in other places, their freedom to marry

1716-535: The village from the castle tower keeper ( Burgturmwart ). Ministerialis The ministeriales (singular: ministerialis ) were a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the High Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire . The word and its German translations, Ministeriale(n) and Dienstmann , came to describe those unfree nobles who made up

1760-427: The wealthy widow Diemut von Högl, who held four castles with ministerial chaplain, chamberlain and seneschal. The lesser ministerials were ones who held no subordinates at all, but rather held an office and may or may not have maintained arms and armor. As with all medieval terms of vassalage, the duties, obligations and benefits varied by region and even individual negotiation or tradition. These are often recorded in

1804-425: Was Emperor Charlemagne's chief adviser, and described the running of the government in his work De ordine palatii . There he praises the great merits of his imperial staff, made up of household servii proprii ( serfs ) who were the first ministerials authoritatively recorded. His letters specify that not only were they considered exceptional by their superiors, but the ministerials also mentored their successors in

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1848-463: Was rebuilt in 1520 as a supply depot, residence and administrative seat for the dukes. In the period that followed Grubenhagen Castle was rarely occupied. The Grubenhagen Line of the House of Welf died out in 1596 and it fell to other Welf lines, who did not use the castle for 200 years. In 1815–16 Duke Adolf Frederick of Cambridge took ownership of the castle from the desmesne of Rotenkirchen. As viceroy of

1892-459: Was recognized based on papal authority, deriving from Galatians 3:28 . If a liege disliked any marriage, though, the liege could easily withdraw any lands or income held by his subject. Any marriage was subject to review or approval of the liege, as in Salzburg: In July 1213 Archbishop Eberhard II of Salzburg (1200–1246) and Bishop Manegold of Passau (1206–1215) asked King Frederick II at

1936-481: Was the financial adviser to four archbishops over the course of 40 years. From the reign of Archbishop Conrad II (1024–1039) they were employed as stewards ( Vögte ), castellans ( Burggrafen ) and judges in the administration of the imperial territories, and in the lay principalities. As Imperial ministerials ( Reichsministerialen ) they upheld the Salian , and particularly the Hohenstaufen , imperial polity. In

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