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24-633: After the Jura water correction, the former marshland has become very valuable agricultural land and made the whole area the most important region in Switzerland for growing vegetables . The main town and centre of vegetable trading is Müntschemier . There are two prisons with surrounding agricultural compounds: Bellechasse ( Witzwil ) and St. Johannsen . 46°58′39″N 7°06′36″E  /  46.97750°N 7.11000°E  / 46.97750; 7.11000 Agricultural land Agricultural land

48-493: A term of art , where it means the collection of: This sense of "agricultural land" thus includes a great deal of land not devoted to agricultural use. The land actually under annually-replanted crops in any given year is instead said to constitute sown land or cropped land . "Permanent cropland" includes forested plantations used to harvest coffee , rubber , or fruit but not tree farms or proper forests used for wood or timber . Land able to be used for farming

72-491: A highly viscous solution of xanthate . The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds in 1905. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane . A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood . Nylon ,

96-490: A polymer is called a monomer). Nylon was the first commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic polymer. DuPont began its research project in 1927. The first nylon, nylon 66, was synthesized on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Hume Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station. The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet , a French engineer and industrialist , who invented

120-754: A replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes . The first polyester fiber was patented in Britain in 1928 by the International General Electric company. It was also produced by British chemists working at the Calico Printers' Association , John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, in 1941. They produced and patented one of the first polyester fibers which they named Terylene , also known as Dacron , equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience. ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of

144-430: Is 28.4% of all agricultural land (10.9% of global land area), and permanent crops (e.g. vineyards and orchards ) are 3.1% (1.2% of global land area). In 2021, the global agricultural land area was 4.79 billion hectares (ha), down 2 percent, or 0.09 billion ha compared with 2000. One-third of the total agricultural land was cropland (1.58 billion ha in 2021), which increased by 6 percent (0.09 billion ha). Asia had

168-577: Is as little as €1,500–2,000 (£1,260–1,680) per hectare (ha) (£1,260–1,680). This is comparatively inexpensive. Poor-quality farmland in France and Spain is sold at no lower than €10,000/ha. The average Russian farm measures 150 hectares (370 acres). The most prevalent crops in Russia are wheat , barley , corn , rice , sugar beet , soy beans , sunflower , potatoes and vegetables . Russian farmers harvested roughly 85–90 million tonnes of wheat annually in

192-618: Is called cultivable land . Farmland, meanwhile, is used variously in reference to all agricultural land, to all cultivable land, or just to the newly restricted sense of "arable land". Depending upon its use of artificial irrigation , the FAO's "agricultural land" may be divided into irrigated and non-irrigated land. In the context of zoning , agricultural land or agriculturally-zoned land refers to plots that are permitted to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land

216-634: Is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia in Canada , for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided. Under the FAO 's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops)

240-474: Is typically land devoted to agriculture , the systematic and controlled use of other forms of life —particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops —to produce food for humans . It is generally synonymous with both farmland or cropland , as well as pasture or rangeland . The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and others following its definitions, however, also use agricultural land or agricultural area as

264-486: The Paris Exhibition of 1889. Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials. The first successful process was developed in 1894 by English chemist Charles Frederick Cross , and his collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle. They named the fiber " viscose ", because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave

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288-455: The United States cropland increased by 2.98 million acres from 2008 to 2012 (comprising 7.34 million acres (29,700 km ) converted to agriculture, and 4.36 million acres (17,600 km ) converted from agriculture). Source: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT Prices and rents for agricultural land depend on supply and demand. Prices/rents rise when the supply of farmland on

312-670: The United States of America (10 percent) and China (8 percent). Cropland area per capita decreased in all regions between 2000 and 2021 as population increased faster than the cropland area. The world average declined by 18 percent to 0.20 ha per capitain 2021; the decrease was the largest in Africa (−25 percent, to0.21 ha per capita), followed by the Americas and Asia (−17 percent each,to 0.37 ha per capita and 0.13 ha per capita, respectively), Europe and Oceania (−7 percent each, to 0.39 haper capita and 0.77 ha per capita, respectively). The countries with

336-1155: The chief Ukrainian export terminal was the Crimean port of Sevastopol . Prime farmland in Illinois is valued, as of August 2018, at $ 26,000 a hectare. Average cropland value in the Midwest according to 2020 data from the US Department of Agriculture is $ 4,607 per acre (about $ 11,000 per hectare). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​ , FAO, FAO. Synthetic fiber Synthetic fibers or synthetic fibres (in British English ; see spelling differences ) are fibers made by humans through chemical synthesis , as opposed to natural fibers that are directly derived from living organisms, such as plants (like cotton) or fur from animals. They are

360-470: The cropland area of Africa overtook that of Europe in 2018. Approximately 30 percent of global cropland and permanent meadows and pastures can be found in three countries. In 2021, 12 percent of global permanent meadows and pastures belonged to China, 10 percent to Australia, and 8 percent to the United States of America. For the same year, the largest share of global cropland was in India (11 percent), followed by

384-575: The fiber. The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014. About half of all fibres are synthetic, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fibers based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon , polyester , acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 percent. Synthetic fibers are

408-497: The first artificial silk , which he called "Chardonnet silk". In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silkworms . Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet's discovery of nitrocellulose as a potential replacement for real silk. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new product, which he displayed at

432-470: The first synthetic fiber in the "fully synthetic" sense of that term, was developed by Wallace Carothers , an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s. It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk , just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II . Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as

456-626: The highest croplandarea per capita are Kazakhstan, Australia and Canada, due to vast areas of land available. Globally, the total amount of permanent pasture according to the FAO has been in decline since 1998, in part due to a decrease of wool production in favor of synthetic fibers (such as polyester) and cotton . The decrease of permanent pasture, however, does not account for gross conversion (e.g. land extensively cleared for agriculture in some areas, while converted from agriculture to other uses elsewhere) and more detailed analyses have demonstrated this. For example, Lark et al. 2015 found that in

480-514: The largest share of the global cropland area in 2021 (37 percent), followedby the Americas (24 percent), Africa (19 percent), Europe (18 percent) and Oceania (2 percent). There were differences in cropland expansion in the different regions during this period – Oceania and Africa both had rapid growth in cropland area (33 percent and 27 percent), while Asia and the Americas had more moderate growth (4 percent and 2 percent). The cropland area of Europe declined between 2000 and 2021 by 5 percent. As aresult,

504-416: The market reduces. Landholders then put more land on the market – causing prices to fall. Conversely, land prices/rents fall when the demand for agricultural land declines because of falls in the returns from holding and using it. The immediate triggers for falls in land demand might be reductions in the demand for farm produce or in relevant government subsidies and tax reliefs. The cost of Russian farmland

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528-419: The result of extensive research by scientists to replicate naturally occurring animal and plant fibers . In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets , forming a fiber. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". (Note: each single unit of

552-604: The years around 2010. Russia exported most to Egypt , Turkey and Iran in 2012; China was a significant export market as well. The average yield from the Krasnodar region was between 4 and 5 tonnes per ha, while the Russian average was only 2t/ha. The Basic Element Group , a conglomerate owned by Oleg Deripaska , is one of Russia's leading agricultural producers, and owns or manages 109,000ha of Russian farmland, out of 90m actual and 115m total (0.12% actual). In 2013, Ukraine

576-480: Was ranked third in corn production and sixth in wheat production. It was the main supplier of corn , wheat , and rape to Europe, although it is unclear whether the internal supply from countries like France were accounted in this calculation. Ukrainian farmers achieve 60% of the output per unit area of their North American competitors. UkrLandFarming PLC produces, from 650,000 hectares (1.6m acres), corn, wheat, barley, sugar beet, and sunflowers. Until 2014,

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