The House of Grimani was a prominent Venetian patrician family, including three Doges of Venice . They were active in trade, politics and later the ownership of theatres and opera-houses.
62-543: Notable members included: The following structures are associated with the family: Cardinal Domenico Grimani was a noted art collector. Many ancient sculptures were found on land the family had purchased on the Quirinal Hill , once site of an ancient Roman bath and garden. He founded the Venice National Archaeological Museum in 1523. Bishop Giovanni Grimani , nephew of Cardinal Domenico, expanded
124-662: A battle. Meanwhile, Cursor could advance unhindered to Arpi in Apulia , from where he besieged Luceria in order to recover the Roman hostages given to the Samnites after the Caudine Forks. Then Philo moved to Luceria and took over the siege, while Cursor destroyed the supply lines of the Samnites to force an engagement. At this point, a delegation of Taras attempted to mediate between the Romans and
186-607: A complete victory. His son of the same name , also a distinguished general, completed the subjection of Samnium (272 BC). He set up a sundial , the first of its kind in Rome, in the temple of Quirinus . In the 9th book of his Ab Urbe Condita , Livy made a much-discussed disgression on Alexander the Great , who had died a few years before the events he describes. He says that Rome would have withstood an attack from Alexander if he had attempted to conquer it. This passage comes just after he drew
248-505: A day in full marching order and demanded the same from his soldiers. Legend says that when cavalry veterans came to him asking for some privileges, he gave them but one privilege: That you may not say I never excuse you anything, I excuse you from rubbing your horses' backs when you dismount. Such harshness to his soldiers allowed them to be defeated initially. But later he had regained their good-will by more lenient treatment and lavish promises of booty; they fought with enthusiasm and gained
310-591: A decline in their traditional overseas trading, attracted the best Venetian families to invest in the theatre during the 17th century. The Grimani were dominant, owning what is now called the Teatro Malibran , then called the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo , as well as the San Benedetto theatre, and other houses. The Veniers owned La Fenice , still the main opera house. The Vendramin owned
372-471: A magistrate with imperium . The vowing of a temple to Quirinus by Cursor was the first time in Roman history that an individual pledged to build a temple on private money alone. The few temples built before were funded by the state, but Cursor's example was rapidly followed by many others in the third century, thanks to the rapid conquest of Italy by the Republic, which brought considerable booty. Like in 326,
434-558: A panegyric of Cursor, and both men are implicitly compared. The disgression may originate from the real fear at the time in Rome of a Greek invasion of Italy. During the Pyrrhic War, Appius Caecus made a famous speech—the first ever recorded in Rome—in which he mentions this possibility. In 2 BC, Augustus finished the construction of a new Forum around the Temple of Mars Ultor . On either side of
496-457: A patrician. Some sources make Poetelius the same as the man who was already consul in 360 and 346, but such a gap is improbable and Cursor's colleague was more likely his son. Aemilius Privernas and Cursor possibly belonged to a group of patricians headed by the Aemilii that supported the demands of the plebeian elite, at the time championed by Publilius Philo. Both consuls held command during
558-474: Is possible that the bare event—that Cursor and Rullianus quarrelled—is historical. Livy mentions that the story was told by Fabius Pictor , the first Roman historian and a relative of Rullianus. Perhaps some details—such as the episode of the burnt spoils—come from family tradition, or private archives kept by the Fabii . At the end of his dictatorship, Cursor vowed the construction of the Temple of Quirinus , which
620-560: Is the oldest known law passed by a praetor. However, it is also possible that this man, only named "Lucius Papirius" by Livy, was the dictator of 340, or the future censor of 318, both named Lucius Papirius Crassus. After its victory at the end of the Latin War, Rome overhauled its relationships with the cities under its domination, by using a range of different statuses. Campanian cities were given half-citizenship, called civitas sine suffragio ("citizenship without suffrage"). This policy
682-407: Is the only securely attested political ally of Cursor, as they are found together in office several times, and they likely ran in the elections together in a political ticket. This pattern of a patrician and a plebeian repeatedly sharing the consulship or other magistracies is a feature of Roman politics in the middle Republic, and multiple instances are known, including that of Cursor's son, who shared
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#1732845322348744-415: Is the site of other important monuments and buildings. Many of those built during the baroque period reflect the personal and spiritual aspirations of powerful local families: 41°54′04″N 12°29′18″E / 41.90111°N 12.48833°E / 41.90111; 12.48833 Lucius Papirius Cursor Lucius Papirius Cursor (c.365–after 310 BC) was a celebrated politician and general of
806-564: The Capitoline Hill . The sanctuary of Flora , an Osco -Sabine goddess , was here too. According to Livy , the hill first became part of the city of Rome, along with the Viminal Hill , during the reign of Servius Tullius , Rome' sixth king, in the 6th century BC. In 446 BC, a temple was dedicated on the Quirinal in honour of Sancus , and it is possible that this temple was erected over
868-637: The Master of James IV of Scotland and Gerard David , contributed some of their finest work to it. All the main Venetian theatres were owned by important patrician families; combining business with pleasure in the Italian, if not European, city with the most crowded and competitive theatrical culture. When most opera in Europe was still being put on by courts, "economic prospects and a desire for exhibitionistic display", as well
930-729: The Palazzo Grimani di Santa Maria Formosa , where he set up his refined collection of antiques, including sculptures, marbles, vases, bronzes and gems, some of which he inherited from his uncle. Long in the library of San Marco and the Biblioteca Marciana , Venice, this breviary is a key work in the late history of Flemish illuminated manuscripts . It was produced in Ghent and Bruges ca. 1515–1520 and by 1520 owned, though possibly not originally commissioned, by Cardinal Domenico Grimani . Several leading artists, including Simon Bening ,
992-537: The Second Samnite war , which had started the previous year after the Samnites took control of Naples. Livy does not distinguish the consuls' activity; he says that they captured Allifae (modern Alife ), Callifae (perhaps near Pratella ), and Rufrium (likely Presenzano ). All three cities are located in the valley of the Volturno in northern Campania. However, the story can be doubted as Livy tells later that Allifae
1054-749: The 16th century remaining. In the Middle Ages , the Torre delle Milizie and the convent of St. Peter and Domenic were built, and above Constantine's building was erected the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi ; the two famous colossal marble statues of the Horse Tamers , generally identified as the Dioscuri with horses, which now are in the Piazza Quirinale, were originally in this palazzo. They gave to
1116-504: The 8th century BC to the 7th century BC that confirm a likely presence of a Sabine settlement area have been discovered; on the hill, there was the tomb of Quirinus, which Lucius Papirius Cursor transformed into a temple for his triumph after the third Samnite war. Some authors consider it possible that the cult of the Capitoline Triad ( Jove , Minerva , Juno ) could have been celebrated here well before it became associated with
1178-522: The Baths of Constantine, were re-erected in 1588. In a view etched by Giovanni Battista Piranesi , the vast open space is unpaved. The Quirinal Palace was the residence of the popes until 1870, though Napoleon deported both Pius VI and Pius VII to France, and declared the Quirinal an imperial palace. When Rome was united to the Kingdom of Italy , the Quirinal became the residence of the kings until 1946. Today,
1240-499: The Forum for the Ludi Romani after the precedent set by Cursor. Several modern historians have nevertheless cast some doubts on the whole event, as many features of both the battle and its subsequent triumph closely resemble the later triumph of Cursor's son in 293, likewise against the Samnites. His cognomen , Cursor , means "The Runner", as he was able to walk over 50 Roman miles
1302-470: The Great turned his army against Rome, he would have met his match with Cursor. With this narrative, Livy participated in the Roman propaganda sponsored by Augustus, which idealised several figures of the first part of the Republic. As a result, it is difficult to separate his life from the fiction elaborated by later Roman authors. Cursor belonged to the patrician gens Papiria . The first Papirii of importance were Gaius and Manius Papirius, respectively
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#17328453223481364-717: The Hill belongs to the rione Trevi . The Quirinal Hill is today identified with the Quirinal Palace , the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic in Rome, and one of the symbols of the State. Before the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946, it was the residence of the king of Italy, and before 1871 it was, as originally, a residence of the Pope. The healthy cool air of
1426-527: The Italian president. The Quirinal Palace has an extension of 1.2 million sq ft (110,000 m ). According to Roman legend, the Quirinal Hill was the site of a small village of the Sabines , and king Titus Tatius would have lived there after the peace between Romans and Sabines. These Sabines had erected altars in the honour of their god Quirinus (naming the hill by this god). Tombs from
1488-507: The Piazza) and Carlo Maderno , and by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for Pope Clement XII . Gardens were conceived by Maderno. In the 18th century, Ferdinando Fuga built the long wing called the Manica Lunga , which stretched 360 meters along via del Quirinale. In front lies the sloping Piazza del Quirinale where the pair of gigantic Roman marble "Horse Tamers" representing Castor and Pollux , found in
1550-570: The Quirinal Hill attracted aristocrats and papal families that built villas where the gardens of Sallust had been in antiquity. A visit to the villa of Cardinal Luigi d'Este in 1573 convinced Pope Gregory XIII to start the building of a summer residence the following year, in an area considered healthier than the Vatican Hill or Lateran : His architects were Flaminio Ponzio and Ottaviano Nonni , called Mascherino; under Pope Sixtus V , works were continued by Domenico Fontana (the main facade on
1612-462: The Quirinal its medieval name Monte Cavallo , which lingered into the 19th century, when the hill was transformed beyond all recognition by urbanization of an expanding capital of a united Italy. In the same palazzo were also the two statues of river gods that Michelangelo moved to the steps of Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill . According to the political division of the center of Rome,
1674-570: The Samnites in the triumphal procession, during which Livy tells that the Samnite gold-plated shields made a strong impression. As a result, he gave them to the silversmiths on the Forum , in order to decorate the tabernae with enemy's spoils. This practice of publicly displaying enemy spoils was new at the time in Rome, and was inspired by the Greeks. Livy adds that from this point on aediles regularly decorated
1736-468: The Samnites, probably trying to favour the latter. While pretending to consider the Tarentine offer, Cursor prepared for battle. The next day, the consuls rejected the peace offer and attacked the surprised Samnites, who were defeated. Cursor then resumed the siege of Luceria, which later surrendered. The Roman hostages were returned, the standards recovered, and Cursor forced the garrison to in turn pass under
1798-457: The Vendramins at San Luca in 1752 was a major event in the theatrical history of the period, ushering in perhaps his finest period, in which as well as his comedies, he played a significant role in the development of the opera buffa . The Vendramins, who had considerable direct involvement in the management of the theatre, however they did not take their involvement as far as Vincenzo Grimani , who
1860-448: The auspices had not been properly taken and he had to redo the process in Rome. He left Rullianus on the field, but forbade him to engage the enemy. Rullianus disobeyed when he heard of the presence of a reckless Samnite army, which he crushed at Imbrinium . He then burnt the spoils to prevent Cursor from using them in a triumph, and sent a letter to the senate about his victory. Once aware of his subordinate's disobedience, Cursor rushed to
1922-515: The camp and sentenced him to death. Despite supplications from the army, the senate, and the tribunes of the plebs , Cursor only withdrew his death order when Rullianus and his father Marcus Fabius Ambustus knelt and apologised before him. The story is very elaborate and most details are invented. Several modern historians have suggested it is an anticipation of the rivalry between the dictator Fabius Maximus (Rullianus' grandson) and his magister equitum Marcus Minucius Rufus in 217 BC. However, it
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1984-489: The cognomen Cursor, the first time it appears in history, but in a later statement says that the cognomen Cursor was first bestowed to his grandson because of his running speed. It is therefore more likely that the cognomen of Cursor's grandfather was Mugillanus, the most important branch of the Papirii in the 5th and 4th centuries, because Cursor himself is sometimes called Mugillanus in ancient sources. The structure of Roman names
2046-457: The comparison with Augustus, who continuously held the consulship between 31 and 23 BC. The election of both consuls broke the Lex Genucia , passed in 342, which theoretically forbade iteration of a magistracy within ten years. Cursor had been consul in 326, and Philo in 327. However, Corey Brennan suggests that this law only forbade iteration within ten years, so it had lapsed by 332. Philo
2108-454: The consulship twice with Spurius Carvilius Maximus . Cursor and Philo were at the time the most competent generals, and Livy writes it was the main reason behind their election because of the military situation after the Caudine Forks. Stephen Oakley nevertheless doubts that their election was as unanimous as Livy tells. Philo received command of the army in Samnium, near Caudium, where he won
2170-510: The dictator Lucius Papirius Crassus . The reason for the appointment of a dictator was the death of the consul Publius Decius Mus while fighting the Latins , and the illness of the other, the famous Titus Manlius Torquatus . Since 341 Rome had been waging the Latin War against its former Latin allies. Livy says that the dictator Crassus was supposed to repel an army from the city of Antium which
2232-469: The early Roman Republic , who was five times consul , three times magister equitum , and twice dictator . He was the most important Roman commander during the Second Samnite War (327–304 BC), during which he received three triumphs . He was a member of the patrician gens Papiria of ancient Rome. Cursor's strictness was proverbial; he was a man of immense bodily strength, while his bravery
2294-407: The elections for 320 were subject to trouble. In 321, the two consuls were trapped in a Samnite ambush and forced to pass under the yoke , a famous event known as the disaster of the Caudine Forks . They shut themselves in their home once they returned to Rome, and only appointed a dictator for holding the elections. However, the dictator Quintus Fabius Ambustus (perhaps the uncle of Fabius Rullianus)
2356-471: The elections. Following the early abdication of the consuls, the consular year started for some years in late autumn or early winter. Cursor was thus elected consul a second time, together with the plebeian Quintus Publilius Philo, consul for the third time. Livy states explicitly that Philo was the consul prior and Cursor posterior , but the Fasti Capitolini reverse the consuls' order and give Cursor
2418-472: The first Pontifex Maximus and Rex Sacrorum of the Republic in 509. However, there is some doubt of the authenticity of these offices, as they could have been invented by a later Papirius to enhance the prestige of his family. The Papirii were one of the last patrician gentes to reach the consulship, with Lucius Papirius Mugillanus , only elected in 444. Cursor's grandfather was censor in 393, then consular tribune in 387 and 385. Livy gives this man
2480-488: The first place. The Fasti were made under Augustus by the College of Pontiffs , whose members often moved their ancestors to first place in order to enhance the prestige of their family—a policy supported by Augustus who tried to revive several prominent patrician gentes—since being elected prior was the subject of great pride. Conversely, they moved to second place some men that had repeated consulships, such as Philo, to avoid
2542-440: The five year peace signed after the Caudine Forks, which is probably the main reason for the election of Philo and Cursor, as they were the two most experienced commanders at Rome. As explained above, Livy's description of the campaign for 320 mostly refer to events that took place in 315, so Cursor likely besieged and took Luceria that year. However, his account of the events for 315 are very confused: he says that Fabius Rullianus
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2604-407: The forum were two galleries of marble statues; on the northeastern side he placed the statues of his ancestors and other members of his family, starting with Aeneas ; on the southwestern side he placed a gallery of heroes, dubbed a "Hall of Fame", starting with Romulus , the first Roman king . Each statue had an elogium , a plaque telling the deeds of the man portrayed. It is possible that Augustus
2666-671: The important Teatro di San Luca or Teatro Vendramin , founded in 1622, later renamed the Teatro Apollo , and since 1875 called the Teatro Goldoni , which still thrives as the city's main theatre for plays, now in a building of the 1720s. In the age of Carlo Goldoni , the greatest Venetian dramatist, only the San Luca and the Malibran still put on spoken drama, and his desertion of the Grimani for
2728-458: The palace hosts the offices and the apartments of the Head of State and, in its long side along via XX Settembre (the so-called Manica Lunga ), the apartments that were furnished for each visit of foreign monarchs or dignitaries. Several collections are in this Palazzo, including tapestries , paintings, statues , old carriages ( carrozze ), watches, furniture, and porcelain . In Piranesi's view,
2790-595: The palazzo on the right is the Palazzo della Sacra Consulta , originally a villa built upon the ruins of the Baths of Constantine, which was adapted by Sixtus V as a civil and criminal court. The present façade was built in 1732–1734 by the architect Ferdinando Fuga on the orders of Pope Clement XII Corsini, whose coat-of-arms, trumpeted by two Fames , still surmounts the roofline balustrade, as in Piranesi's view. It formerly housed Mussolini's ministry of colonial affairs. The hill
2852-422: The patricians, as by doing so the augurs forced the appointment of an interrex , who was always a patrician. Interreges typically occurred when a plebeian were in position to conduct the elections. However, Livy records 15 interreges in the elections for 326, the highest number ever in a single election, which means that the political struggle lasted for at least 70 days—as an interrex served for up to five days, and
2914-418: The previous year, the plebeian Publilius Philo, was normally in charge of holding the elections, but as he was besieging Naples and could not come back to Rome, he appointed the plebeian Marcus Claudius Marcellus dictator for this purpose. However, the all-patrician College of Augurs found that Marcellus had been faultily appointed and led to his resignation. This move was doubtless a political manoeuvre from
2976-474: The ruins of another temple. Augustus , too, ordered the building of a temple, dedicated to Mars . On a slope of the Quirinal were the extensive gardens of Sallust . On the Quirinal Hill Constantine the Great ordered the erection of his baths , the last thermae complex erected in imperial Rome . These are now lost, having been incorporated into Renaissance Rome, with only some drawings from
3038-451: The sources took place in 310, when he was appointed dictator for the second time. He in turn appointed as magister equitum his former colleague Bubulcus Brutus. In 310 BC, when the Samnites again rose, Cursor was appointed dictator for the second time, and gained a decisive victory at Longula, in honour of which he celebrated a magnificent triumph. Cursor displayed the weapons captured from
3100-402: The yoke, so he could wash the humiliation of the Caudine Forks. This story told by Livy has nevertheless been strongly challenged by modern historians as early as 1870. E. T. Salmon considers that Livy's story is "utterly incredible", because a peace treaty was concluded after the Caudine Forks and that five years of peace followed. He assigns the events told by Livy in 320 to 315, when Cursor
3162-510: Was a cardinal and opera librettist. worldcat Quirinal Hill The Quirinal Hill ( / ˈ k w ɪ r ɪ n əl / ; Latin : Collis Quirinalis ; Italian : Quirinale [kwiriˈnaːle] ) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome , at the north-east of the city center. It is the location of the official residence of the Italian head of state, who resides in the Quirinal Palace ; by metonymy "the Quirinal" has come to stand for
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#17328453223483224-500: Was also in charge of the military operations. Other historians have moved to later years the events told by Livy, notably the Tarentine mediation. Cursor was reelected consul in 319, this time as consul prior , with the plebeian Quintus Aulius Cerretanus , who had already been consul in 323. In 315, Cursor was elected to a fourth consulship, alongside his former colleague Publilius Philo, again as consul prior . The Second Samnite War entered in its second phase that year, following
3286-404: Was appointed dictator and commanded the army for the whole year, while the consuls stayed in Rome, which is constitutionally impossible. A more credible explanation is that Fabius became dictator only when the Samnite threat arose. In 313, Cursor was elected consul prior alongside the plebeian Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus , who had already been consul in 317. The final mention of Cursor in
3348-489: Was beyond dispute. He was given the cognomen Cursor from his swiftness of foot. Most of what is known of Cursor's life comes from the monumental History of Rome written by Livy during the reign of Augustus . Livy portrayed Cursor as an invincible hero, who avenged the humiliation of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC, when the Roman army had to pass under the yoke. In a famous digression, he even wrote that had Alexander
3410-399: Was finally dedicated by his son during his first consulship on 17 February 293. The temple was built on the top of the Quirinal Hill , east of the current Palazzo Barberini . The reason for the long delay (32 years) was possibly that the construction had to be funded by Cursor and also because his son waited until he became consul to make the dedication. This ceremony could only be summoned by
3472-448: Was fluid at the time, and several contemporary changes of cognomen are recorded, such as Appius Claudius Caecus , initially named Crassus. Likewise, Cursor's initial name was probably Mugillanus. Cursor's father was named Spurius, but nothing is known on his life. Robert Develin suggests that Cursor was born circa 365. The first mention of Cursor in history took place in 340 with his appointment as Magister equitum by his cousin,
3534-418: Was forced to resign after a fault was found during his appointment; his successor Marcus Aemilius Papus likewise resigned. This led the consuls to in turn abdicate; possibly followed by all the other magistrates. The elections were then held immediately, without waiting until the end of the consular year. Two interreges are mentioned, Fabius Rullianus, then Marcus Valerius Corvus , who successfully presided over
3596-606: Was inspired by Virgil 's Aeneid and Livy's Ab Urbe Condita —the two most important literary works of his reign—when making his choice of statues. Cursor logically features among the list of heroes, and his elogium is partially preserved. The surviving part tells about the quarrel with Rullianus. Cursor features in the Nuremberg Chronicle , an illustrated encyclopaedia composed by Hartmann Schedel and published in 1493. Schedel told about his quarrel with Rullianus. Named Lucio Papirio or Lucio Papirio dittatore , he
3658-500: Was likely inspired by Quintus Publilius Philo , who was the leading proponent of the Roman expansion towards Campania, and also seating censor in 332. The elections for 326 were subject to an intense political battle related to the Struggle of the Orders —the plebeians' campaign to obtain equal rights with the patricians, which took place during the fourth century. The consul elected first in
3720-531: Was operating in southern Latium , but did not engage them. However, modern historians reject most of the details told by Livy on this war, as he made several anachronisms derived from the Social War of 91–87 BC. In 332, Cursor might have been the praetor who passed the law granting half-citizenship to the city of Acerrae in Campania , 16 km northeast of Naples . Called lex Papiria de civitate Acerranorum , it
3782-499: Was replaced by another one if he could not succeed in holding the elections. The 15th interrex was Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas , who presided over the elections of Cursor and the plebeian Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus . Poetelius was the consul prior , which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Cursor; it was the first time that a plebeian (Poetelius) was elected consul prior through an election held by
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#17328453223483844-539: Was still under Samnite control. The main feature of their consulship was the Lex Poetelia Papiria de nexis , which abolished nexum , a form of debt-bondage. The next year, Cursor was appointed dictator by the consul Lucius Furius Camillus , who was too ill to lead the army against the Samnites. Cursor in turn chose Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus as his magister equitum. Livy tells that while they were already campaigning in Samnium, Cursor learnt that
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