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54-610: They are located at 4°30′S 154°10′E  /  4.500°S 154.167°E  / -4.500; 154.167 , about 200 km (124 mi) northwest of Bougainville Island , and about 200 km (124 mi) east of Rabaul and New Britain island. During World War II the United States Navy 's Seabees built a large PT Boat base on the Green Islands. This article about an island in Papua New Guinea

108-427: A lingua franca . English and Tok Pisin are the languages of official business and government. Other Austronesian languages include Nehan , Petats , Solos , Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz , all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in

162-512: A referendum on independence from Papua New Guinea. This referendum was held between 23 November and 7 December 2019, with results being declared on 11 December. The referendum question was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea or full independence. Of the valid votes, 98.31% were in favour of full independence. The vote is not binding; the Government of Papua New Guinea has

216-685: A German protectorate in 1885. The Caroline Islands , Palau , and the Mariana Islands (except for Guam ) were bought from Spain in 1899. German New Guinea annexed the formerly separate German Protectorate of Marshall Islands , which also included Nauru , in 1906. German Samoa , though part of the German colonial empire, was not part of German New Guinea. Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and nearby islands fell to Australian forces , while Japan occupied most of

270-783: A Queensland Police Magistrate in March 1883 to proclaim the annexation on behalf of the Queensland government of New Guinea east of the Dutch boundary at 141E. When news of this reached London, the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Derby promptly repudiated the act. When the matter came before Parliament, Lord Derby advised that the British Imperial Government “were not ready to annex New Guinea in view of its vast size and unknown interior,

324-505: A colonial policy. The most important ones were the Kolonialverein of 1882 and the Society for German Colonization ( Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation ) founded in 1884. The reasons for Bismarck's lack of enthusiasm when it came to the subject of Germany's colonial possessions is reflected in his curt response in 1888 to the procolonial, expansionist remarks of Eugen Wolf , reflected in

378-428: A matter of forced mobilisation. The government enforced new laws that required the tribes to furnish four weeks of labour per person annually and payment of a poll tax in cash, thereby forcing reluctant local inhabitants into the work force. The government did explore the choice of voluntary recruitment of labourers from China, Japan, and Micronesia, but only a few hundred came. After 1910 the government tried to ameliorate

432-633: A political party "considered to represent the interests of the plantation owners in Queensland", drew it to the attention of the Queensland governor together with the general situation in New Guinea and urged annexation of the island. He also instructed the London Agent for Queensland to urge the Imperial Colonial Office to an act of annexation. "Impatient with the lack of results from this procedure" Premier McIlwraith on his own authority ordered

486-449: A protectorate and were administered from German New Guinea. The Marshall Islands , which had been a German protectorate since 1885, were annexed to German New Guinea in 1906. To expand the highly profitable plantations, the Germans needed more workers. The government sent military expeditions to take direct control of more areas from 1899 to 1914. Instead of voluntary recruitment it became

540-625: A summary of the article under the heading "German annexation of New Guinea". The argument lifted from the German paper began by stating that New Guinea fell into the Australian sphere but had been neglected; although the Portuguese had explored in the 16th century, it was the Dutch from the 17th century "who seemed better satisfied with the country than other European nations had been" but they had over-reached themselves and had fallen back towards Java , Sumatra and Celebes . Recent explorations had given

594-408: Is Mount Balbi , on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft). The much smaller Buka Island , c.  500 km (190 sq mi) , lies to the north, across the 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) wide Buka Strait . Even though the strait is narrow, there is no bridge across it, but there is a regular ferry service between the key settlements on either side. The main airstrip in

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648-709: Is February. Bougainville has one of the world's largest copper deposits, which has been under development since 1972. The Panguna mine is estimated to have one billion tonnes of copper ore and 12 million ounces of gold. It was later shut down in a revolution against the Australian-run mine. The majority of people on Bougainville are Christian, an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. There are many indigenous languages in Bougainville Province, belonging to three language families. The languages of

702-549: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bougainville Island Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin : Bogenvil ) is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville , which is part of Papua New Guinea . Its land area is 9,300 km (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets , is approximately 300,000 (2019 census). The highest point

756-594: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force attacked the low-power wireless station at Bita Paka (near Rabaul) on the island of New Britain, then Neu Pommern . The Australians suffered six dead and four wounded – the first Australian military casualties of the First World War. The German forces fared much worse, with one German officer and 30 local policemen killed and one German officer and ten local policemen wounded. On 21 September all German forces in

810-560: The Caroline , and the Marshall Islands . By the end of 1875, one German trader reported: "German trade and German ships are encountered everywhere, almost at the exclusion of any other nation". In the late 1870s and early 1880s, an active minority, stemming mainly from a right-wing National Liberal and Free Conservative background, had organised various colonial societies all over Germany to persuade Chancellor Bismarck to embark on

864-593: The German Solomon Islands . Albert Hahl (1868–1945) joined the German Colonial Office in 1895 and until 1914 played a major part in New Guinea's administration. He was an imperial judge at Herbertshöhe (1896–98), deputy governor of New Guinea (1899–1901), and governor (1902–14). As a judge he made three reforms: the appointment of 'luluais' [village chiefs], attempts to integrate the Tolais people into

918-742: The Marianas (except for Guam ), the Marshall Islands , and Nauru . The total land area of German New Guinea was 249,500 square kilometres (96,300 sq mi). The first Germans in the South Pacific were probably sailors on the crew of ships of the Dutch East India Company : during Abel Tasman 's first voyage, the captain of the Heemskerck was one Holleman (or Holman), born in Jever in northwest Germany. Hanseatic League merchant houses were

972-747: The New Guinea campaign ) when it was merged with the Australian territory of Papua to become the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , which eventually became modern Papua New Guinea . The islands north of the equator became the Japanese League of Nations Mandate for the South Seas Islands . After Japan's defeat in World War II, the former Japanese mandate islands were administered by the United States as

1026-580: The Republic of the North Solomons . Though it was later absorbed politically into Papua New Guinea. Between 1988 and 1998, the Bougainville Civil War claimed over 15,000 lives. Peace talks brokered by New Zealand began in 1997 and led to autonomy. A multinational Peace Monitoring Group (PMG) under Australian leadership was deployed. In 2001, a peace agreement was signed, including the promise of

1080-594: The Treaty of Versailles of 1919, Germany lost all its colonial possessions, including German New Guinea. In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees. Other lands south of the equator became the Territory of New Guinea , a League of Nations Mandate Territory under Australian administration until 1949 (interrupted by Japanese occupation during

1134-472: The 2nd millennium BC, Austronesian people arrived, bringing with them domesticated pigs, chickens, dogs, and obsidian tools. The first European contact with Bougainville was in 1768, when the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville arrived and named the main island after himself. British and American whaling ships visited the island for provisions, water, and wood in the 19th century. The first on record

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1188-485: The European economy, and the protection of village lands, which led him to recommend the ending of all alienation of indigenous land. After 1901 Hahl attempted to apply his system to the whole of New Guinea, and although his success was limited, exports rose from one million marks in 1902 to eight million in 1914. He was forced to retire because of disagreements with Berlin officials, and became an active writer on New Guinea and

1242-546: The Sokehs leader had surrendered. Following the outbreak of World War I , Australian troops captured Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the nearby islands in 1914, after a short resistance led by Captain Carl von Klewitz and Lt. Robert "Lord Bob" von Blumenthal , while Japan occupied most of the remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The only significant battle occurred on 11 September 1914 when

1296-441: The basis for reconsideration: it "is considered useful by geology and biology people as holding in its forests the key to solve problems... a profitable field for cultivation" but London had only sent missionaries to save souls. "As we Germans have learnt a little about conducting colonial policy, and as our wishes and plans turn with a certain vivacity towards New Guinea... according to our opinion it might be possible to create out of

1350-566: The certainty of native objections and administrative expense”. On his return to Germany from his 1879–1882 Pacific expedition, Otto Finsch joined a small, informal group interested in German colonial expansion into the South Seas led by the banker, Adolph von Hansemann . Finsch encouraged them to pursue the founding of a colony on the north-east coast of New Guinea and the New Britain Archipelago even providing them with an estimate of

1404-641: The change in German colonial policy: annexations would now proceed but by grants of charters to private companies. The edition of 27 November 1882 of the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung carried an article which the Colonial Secretary of the British colony of New South Wales drew to the attention of the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald and, on 7 February 1883, the paper published

1458-442: The coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby Takuu Atoll , a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu . The Papuan languages are confined to the main island of Bougainville. These include Rotokas , a language with a very small inventory of phonemes, Eivo , Terei, Keriaka , Naasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi , Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (sometimes considered a dialect of Siwai), Uisai and several others. Cut off from

1512-723: The colonial administration and the locals. The latter, at first, rejected European customs and norms of social behaviour, with few embracing Christianity. In 1921, the Rhenish Mission territory was handed over to the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. Missionaries sponsored by the Catholic Church in Germany had better resources and influence, and proved more successful. They put more emphasis on tradition and less on modernisation, and were more in line with

1566-635: The colony surrendered. However, Lieutenant (later Hauptmann) Hermann Detzner , a German officer, and some 20 local policemen evaded capture in the interior of New Guinea for the entire war. Detzner was on a surveying expedition to map the border with Australian-held Papua at the outbreak of war, and remained outside militarised areas. Detzner claimed to have penetrated the interior of the German portion (Kaiser Wilhelmsland) in his 1920 book Vier Jahre unter Kannibalen ("Four Years Among Cannibals"). These claims were heavily disputed by various German missionaries, and Detzner recanted most of his claims in 1932. After

1620-667: The costs of such a venture. In 1884, the New Guinea Company was founded in Berlin by Adolph von Hansemann and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on Neuguinea (German New Guinea). On 3 November 1884, under the auspices of the Deutsche Neuguinea-Compagnie ( New Guinea Company ), the German flag was flown over Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , the Bismarck Archipelago and

1674-552: The east of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, on annexation, were renamed the Bismarck Archipelago (formerly the New Britannia Archipelago) and the two largest islands renamed Neupommern ('New Pomerania ', today's New Britain ) and Neumecklenburg ('New Mecklenburg ', now New Ireland ). Due to their accessibility by water, however, these outlying islands were, and have remained, the most economically viable part of

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1728-638: The final say on the status of Bougainville. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago. It is part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion . Bougainville and the nearby island of Buka are a single landmass separated by a deep 300-metre (980 ft) wide strait. The island has an area of 9,000 km (3,500 sq mi), and there are several active, dormant or inactive volcanoes that can rise to 2,400 m (7,900 ft). Bagana (1,750 metres [5,740 ft]) in

1782-689: The first to establish footholds in the South Pacific: Johann Cesar Godeffroy & Sohn of Hamburg , headquartered at Samoa from 1857, operated a South Seas network of trading stations especially dominating the copra trade and carrying German immigrants to various South Pacific settlements; in 1877 another Hamburg firm, Hernsheim and Robertson, established a German community on Matupi Island, in Blanche Bay (the north-east coast of New Britain) from which it traded in New Britain ,

1836-515: The impact by ending the recruitment of women in some areas and entirely closing other areas to recruiting. The planters protested German forced labor policies vehemently and initiated what would go on to be called the Sokehs rebellion . The government responded by sending 4 warships with 745 troops to defeat the Sokehs workers and impose the forced labour policy. They arrived in January 1911 and by February 1911

1890-638: The ingenuity with which the Bougainvillean people survived for almost a decade (1989–1997) without trade or contact with the outside world because of the PNG military blockade. Mr. Pip (2012) is a film by New Zealand director Andrew Adamson based on the book Mister Pip by New Zealand author Lloyd Jones . 6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E  /  6.24444°S 155.38389°E  / -6.24444; 155.38389 German New Guinea German New Guinea ( German : Deutsch-Neuguinea ) consisted of

1944-620: The island a German Java, a great trade and plantation colony, which would form a stately foundation stone for a German colonial kingdom of the future." The publication of the Sydney Morning Herald article caused a sensation and not just in the colony of New South Wales : over the border, in the British colony of Queensland where the shipping lanes of the Torres Strait and the beche-de-mer trade were of commercial significance. The Queensland Premier, Sir Thomas McIlwraith who led

1998-741: The island, but Allied forces launched the Bougainville campaign to regain control of the island in 1943. Despite heavy bombardments, the Japanese garrisons remained on the island until 1945. Following the war, the Territory of New Guinea, including Bougainville, returned to Australian control. On 18 April 1943, in Bougainville Island, during the Pacific War , the Japanese admiral, commander-in-chief of Combined Fleet Isoroku Yamamoto , died after his plane

2052-458: The latter's autobiography. After Bismarck had patiently listened to Wolf enthusiastically laying out his plans that he sought to pitch employing several illustrative maps, Bismarck finally interrupted his monologue: Your map of Africa there is very nice I have to admit. But you know, my map of Africa is here ... in Europe. You see here is Russia, over there is [..] France. And us, we are here – right in

2106-516: The middle between those two. That's my map of Africa. Despite his personal objections, it was Bismarck himself who eventually organised the acquisition of much of what would become the German colonial empire . The first attempts at the new policy came in 1884 when Bismarck had to put German trading interests in southwestern Africa under imperial protection. Bismarck told the Reichstag on 23 June 1884 of

2160-478: The north central part of Bougainville is conspicuously active, spewing out smoke that is visible for many kilometres. In 2013, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake was detected on the Bougainville Island; its epicenter was located 57 kilometers (35.4 miles) south of Panguna , a town on Bougainville Island. Bougainville Island is primarily forested. Copper mining on the island by a Rio Tinto -owned mining operation in Panguna

2214-552: The north is in the town of Buka. Buka has an outcropping that is 175 km (109 mi) from New Ireland . Among the large islands of Papua New Guinea, New Ireland is the closest to Buka. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago . It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire —associated with the North Solomons . Most of the islands in this archipelago (which are primarily concentrated in

Green Islands (Papua New Guinea) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-492: The northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire . The mainland part of the territory, called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland , became a German protectorate in 1884. Other island groups were added subsequently. The Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain , New Ireland and several smaller islands), and the North Solomon Islands were declared

2322-759: The northern end of the island, and some scattered around the coast, belong to the Austronesian family . The languages of the north-central and southern lobes of Bougainville Island belong to the North and South Bougainville families. The most widely spoken Austronesian language is Halia and its dialects, spoken on the island of Buka and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. The larger languages, such as Nasioi , Korokoro Motuna, Terei , and Halia, are split into dialects that are not always mutually understandable. For general communication, most Bougainvilleans use Tok Pisin as

2376-441: The outside world for several years by a Papua New Guinean blockade during the civil war, the islanders suffered many deaths from a lack of medical resources. A 2013 United Nations survey of 843 men found that 62% (530 respondents) of those have raped a woman or girl at least once, with 26% (217 respondents) of the men reported having raped a non-partner, whereas 9% (74 respondents) reported having committed gang rape. Additionally,

2430-659: The referendum was non-binding on the Papua New Guinea government, which has not committed to this. During the Last Ice Age , present-day Bougainville Island was part of a single landmass known as "Greater Bougainville", which spanned from the northern tip of Buka Island to the Nggela Islands . The earliest evidence of human settlement is at Kilu Cave on Buka Island, where the earliest remains are from 26,700 to 18,100 BC. The first settlers were Melanesian people , likely related to modern Papuans and Indigenous Australians . In

2484-504: The remaining German possessions in the Pacific. The mainland part of German New Guinea ( Kaiser-Wilhelmsland ), the Bismarck Archipelago and the North Solomon Islands are now part of Papua New Guinea . The Northern Mariana Islands are an unincorporated territory of the United States . The Carolines (as the Federated States of Micronesia ), the Marshall Islands , Nauru and Palau are independent countries. The islands to

2538-473: The southern and eastern portions of it) are part of the politically independent Solomon Islands . Two of these islands—the closely connected Shortland Islands —are less than 9 km (5.6 mi) south or southeast of Bougainville, and about 30 km (19 mi) west of Choiseul , one of the settlements of which, Poroporo, faces Bougainville. In a 2019 referendum , the citizens of Bougainville voted to become independent from Papua New Guinea by 2027, but

2592-413: The survey also found that 8% (67 respondents) of the men had raped other men or boys. The Coconut Revolution , a documentary about the struggle of the indigenous population to save their island from environmental destruction and gain independence, was made in 1999. An Evergreen Island (2000), a film by Australian documentary filmmakers Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films , showed

2646-413: The territory. With the exception of German Samoa , the German islands in the Western Pacific formed the "Imperial German Pacific Protectorates". These were administered as part of German New Guinea and included the Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain , New Ireland , and several smaller islands), the North Solomon Islands ( Buka , Bougainville , and several smaller islands), the Carolines , Palau ,

2700-481: The world-views and traditions of the locals. European morality and discipline were often adopted, as were notions of dignity and prestige. Table: German Mission societies in New Guinea By the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 , Germany bought from Spain the Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands (excluding Guam , which had been ceded to the US after the 1898 Spanish–American War ) for 25 million pesetas (equivalent to 16,600,000 goldmarks ). These islands became

2754-431: Was a leader in German colonial societies between the wars. By the mid-1880s German church authorities had devised a definite program for missionary work in New Guinea and assigned it to the Rhenish Mission , under the direction of Friedrich Fabri (1824–91), a Lutheran . The missionaries faced extraordinary difficulties, including repeated sickness, as well as psychological and sometimes violent tensions and fights between

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2808-450: Was attacked by US fighter planes and crashed into the jungle. In 1949, the Territory of New Guinea , including Bougainville, merged with the Australian Territory of Papua , forming the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , a United Nations Trust Territory under Australian administration. On 9 September 1975, the Parliament of Australia passed the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 . On 11 September 1975, Bougainville declared itself

2862-472: Was known for their environmental impacts due to heavy metals . More recently, deforestation in order to feed the growing population has affected the flow of many rivers on the island. The United Nations Environment Programme has offered to facilitate the cleanup of the Panguna mine and explore reopening it with more stringent environmental standards. Bougainville Island has a tropical rainforest climate ( Af on Köppen classification ). The driest month

2916-456: Was the Roscoe in 1822, and the last was Palmetto in 1881. Later, the German Empire laid claim to Bougainville in 1899, annexing it into German New Guinea . Christian missionaries arrived on the island in 1902. During World War I , Australia occupied German New Guinea, including Bougainville. It became part of the Australian Territory of New Guinea under a League of Nations mandate in 1920. In 1942, during World War II , Japan invaded

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