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81-607: The core of the Golden Horseshoe starts from Niagara Falls at the eastern end of the Niagara Peninsula and extends west, wrapping around the western end of Lake Ontario at Hamilton and then turning northeast to Toronto (on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario), before finally terminating at Clarington in Durham Region . The term Greater Golden Horseshoe is used to describe a broader region that stretches inland from

162-472: A honeymoon destination, describing itself as the "honeymoon capital of the world". Its counterpart in New York also used the moniker. The phrase was most commonly used in brochures in the early twentieth century and declined in usage around the 1960s. With a plentiful and inexpensive source of hydroelectric power from the waterfalls, many electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical industries located there in

243-552: A provincial fair , the Exhibition Place just west of downtown Toronto hosts the annual Canadian National Exhibition , while the nearby Ontario Place is being redeveloped. The Golden Horseshoe is home to many amateur and professional sports clubs, and university and college varsity programs. Many professional sports clubs in the city form a part of a larger sports league . Most university varsity programs are regulated by U Sports , while college varsity programs are regulated by

324-518: A Municipal Accommodation Tax (MAT) fee, a percentage of which goes to the city. Fees that are present elsewhere only benefit the owners of the business itself, leading to these fees being criticized as deceptive. Some tourists have effectively fought the additional charge, while other businesses have enforced it as mandatory. In the 20th century, there was a favourable exchange rate when comparing Canadian and U.S. currencies. Niagara Falls, New York , struggles to compete against Niagara Falls, Ontario;

405-777: A blue-collar city; however, waterfront redevelopments and large-scale gentrification have been rapidly changing the perception of the city, although it retains a dominant industrial base. Hamilton has over 100 waterfalls and cascades throughout the region. Seasonal amusement parks and large attractions in the Golden Horseshoe include Canada's Wonderland , run by Six Flags in Vaughan; Wet'n'Wild Toronto (formerly Wild Water Kingdom) in Brampton ; African Lion Safari in Hamilton and Cambridge ; and Marineland in Niagara Falls. Though technically

486-1034: A change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 406,074 . With a land area of 1,397.09 km (539.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 310.4/km (803.8/sq mi) in 2021. As of the 2021 Census, 20.9% of the city's population were visible minorities, 3.5% had Indigenous ancestry, and the remaining 75.6% were White. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (6.3%), Black (3.1%), Filipino (3.0%), Chinese (2.4%), Latin American (1.6%) and Arab (1.1%). 60.1% of Niagara Falls city residents self-identified with Christian denominations in 2021, down from 74.1% in 2011. 33.2% of residents were Catholic , 13.9% were Protestant , 7.1% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 2.4% were Christian Orthodox . All other Christian denominations/Christian related traditions made up 3.5%. 30.9% of residents were irreligious or secular, up from 22.5% in 2011. Overall, followers of non-Christian religions/spiritual traditions were 9.0% of

567-510: A part of the Butler's Rangers , including Richard Pierpoint . When they were disbanded in 1783, they tried to establish themselves through farming nearby, making them among the first Black settlers in the region. It is estimated that nearly 10 percent of the Loyalists to settle in the area were Black Loyalists . Niagara Falls' Black population increased in the following decades, as a destination on

648-557: A pilot project providing weekend and holiday train service from Toronto to Niagara falls from mid June to mid October. These GO Trains run seasonally between Toronto Union Station and Niagara Falls at weekends. At other times, regular hourly GO train services are provided between Toronto Union and Burlington station, where connecting bus services operate to and from the rail station at Niagara. As of January 2019, GO Transit offers two-way, weekday commuter service from Niagara Falls station (Ontario) to Union Station (Toronto) as part of

729-593: A plurality of the population (49.0%); the next largest groups were those of South Asian descent (1,273,525 people or 16.6%) and those of East Asian heritage (813,015 people or 10.6%) The economy of this region is very diverse. As of 2007, the Toronto Stock Exchange is the third-largest in North America by market capitalization (after the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq ), and seventh-largest in

810-512: A population of 94,415 living in 37,793 of its 39,778 total private dwellings, a change of 7.2% from its 2016 population of 88,071 . With a land area of 210.25 km (81.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 449.1/km (1,163.1/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of 433,604 living in 179,224 of its 190,878 total private dwellings,

891-578: Is Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga, New York , in the United States. Buffalo Niagara carries the second-largest passenger volume in the region, serving over 5 million passengers in 2018. It is frequently used by Canadian passengers flying to US destinations. Niagara Falls, Ontario Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls . As of

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972-399: Is 154 centimetres (61 in), in which it can receive lake effect snow from both lakes Erie and Ontario. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July high of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and a low of 17 °C (62.6 °F). The average annual precipitation is 970.2 millimetres (38 in), which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. Niagara Falls holds the record for

1053-574: Is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline consists of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812 , parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods. Prior to European arrival, present day Niagara Falls

1134-684: Is an environmentally degraded area along the Niagara Escarpment. Similar protection of some wooded areas exists on the Oak Ridges Moraine running east–west in the north end of the Greater Toronto Area, although development pressures continue to threaten the natural habitat. The Niagara Region has become one of the major wine -production areas in Canada. The Golden Horseshoe contains many small towns with historic main streets, most notably

1215-526: Is an inactive railway bridge; it is closed off by the Canadian Pacific Railways to prevent trespassing but can be accessed by NRPS or CBSA/CBP if required. Niagara Falls is linked to major highways in Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), stretching from Fort Erie to Toronto , passes through Niagara Falls. Highway 420 (along with Niagara Regional Road 420) connect the Rainbow Bridge to

1296-605: Is another subway line under construction in Toronto. The Hurontario LRT is currently under construction in Peel Region, as well as various bus rapid transit projects in Peel and York Regions. The primary airport of the region is Toronto Pearson International Airport (officially Lester B. Pearson International Airport), located in Mississauga. Handling 50.5 million passengers in 2019, it is

1377-902: Is considered to be the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, and in Quebec and Montreal. After surveys were completed in 1782 the area was referred to as Township Number 2 as well as Mount Dorchester after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (and today is only honoured by Dorchester Road and the community of Dorchester Village). The earliest settlers of Township Number 2 were Philip George Bender (namesake of Bender Street and Bender Hill near Casino Niagara originally from Germany and later New Jersey and Philadelphia ) and Thomas McMicken (a Scottish-born British Army veteran). Increased settlement in this area took place during and after

1458-708: Is expected to play its home games at the Coca-Cola Coliseum starting in 2026. The Golden Horseshoe is served by a network of expressways ; central among these are the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 401 , the latter of which is one of the widest and busiest expressways in the world. Public transit in the region is coordinated by Metrolinx . Regional transit is provided by GO Transit trains and buses, and by intercity bus operators such as Ontario Northland and Coach Canada . GO Transit's train network encompasses seven commuter rail lines linking municipalities in

1539-787: Is home to several universities , including the University of Toronto and McMaster University in Hamilton, which are ranked 1st and 4th in Canada, respectively, by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Other universities in the region include Brock University in St. Catharines, Trent University in Peterborough, York University in northern Toronto near Vaughan, OCAD University in downtown Toronto, Ontario Tech University in Oshawa, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University),

1620-621: Is made up of both American and foreign firms, with China and Israel being the largest foreign sources. "Nasdaq" was initially an acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. It was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), now known as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority . On February 8, 1971, the Nasdaq stock market began operations as

1701-580: Is part of the Toronto television market, even though it is directly across the Niagara River from its American twin city, which is part of the Buffalo market. Nasdaq The Nasdaq Stock Market ( / ˈ n æ z d æ k / ; National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American stock exchange based in New York City . It is the most active stock trading venue in

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1782-657: Is served by two main local newspapers, three radio stations and a community television channel. All other media is regionally based, as well, from Hamilton and Toronto. Local newspapers are: Due to its proximity to Hamilton and Toronto, local residents have access to the papers like The Hamilton Spectator , the Toronto Star , and the Toronto Sun . The area is otherwise served by stations from Toronto , Hamilton and Buffalo . Television stations from Toronto and Buffalo are also widely available. Officially, Niagara Falls

1863-509: The 2017 North American Indigenous Games , and the 2018 NACAC Championships . Although much of the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal , several matches for the event's soccer tournament were played in Toronto. Toronto is among various cities in North America to host select matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Note that the Toronto Blue Jays temporarily played their home games in

1944-650: The 2021 census , the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River , which forms part of the Canada–United States border , with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York . Niagara Falls is within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) . Tourism

2025-646: The American Revolutionary War , when the British Crown made land grants to Loyalists to help them resettle in Upper Canada and provide some compensation for their losses after the United States became independent. Loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres (81 ha) and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years later due to

2106-552: The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association . In addition to the number of sports clubs and programs based in the region, the Golden Horseshoe has also hosted several international multi-sport events , including the 1930 British Empire Games (predecessor to the Commonwealth Games ), the 1976 Summer Paralympics , the 2015 Pan American Games and Parapan American Games , the 2017 Invictus Games ,

2187-531: The London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of capital markets . In 1996, the SEC issued a report alleging that Nasdaq market makers fixed prices by avoiding "odd-eighths" quotes (at the time, stock prices were quoted in increments of an eighth of a dollar) to artificially widen spreads. The report was followed by a new set of rules for how Nasdaq handled orders. In 1998, it became

2268-584: The NASDAQ Financial-100 Index, which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of market capitalization . On March 10, 2000, the NASDAQ Composite stock market index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3,227 by April 17, and, in the following 30 months, fell 78% from its peak. In a series of sales in 2000 and 2001, FINRA sold its stake in the Nasdaq. On July 2, 2002, Nasdaq Inc. became a public company via an initial public offering . In 2006,

2349-525: The Niagara Gorge on the Niagara River , which flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The city of Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ) which is moderated to an extent in all seasons by proximity to bodies of water. Winters are cold, with a January high of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) and a low of −7.8 °C (18.0 °F). However, temperatures above 0 °C (32.0 °F) are common during winter. The average annual snowfall

2430-404: The Niagara Peninsula produce wines, in particular, the ice wine for which the region is known. As of 2014, sectors such as information technology , health care, Agtech, tourism, research and finance provide the bulk of growth in the Golden Horseshoe. The cities of Brampton , Markham , Waterloo Region and Mississauga are emerging as hubs for technology and innovation. The region is one of

2511-675: The Places to Grow Act . The designation Greater Golden Horseshoe has legal significance with respect to taxation: in April 2017, the Government of Ontario announced plans to impose a 15 per cent Non-Resident Speculation Tax (NRST) on non-Canadian citizens, non-permanent residents and non-Canadian corporations (with exceptions or rebates for refugees , qualifying students and certain people working in Ontario) buying residential properties containing one to six units in

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2592-675: The Queen Elizabeth Way ) are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the rest by Niagara Regional Police (NRPS) for city streets and general policing or Niagara Parks Police (NPP) on property relating to Niagara Parks Commission . Policing on the Canadian side of bridges (Whirlpool and Rainbow Bridges) are conducted by both Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operations, but may involve Niagara Regional Police and/or OPP, as well as US agencies. Michigan Central Railway Bridge

2673-922: The Royal Ontario Museum , the Art Gallery of Ontario , and the Hockey Hall of Fame . The region is home to several shopping malls such as Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto Eaton Centre , Fairview Mall , Scarborough Town Centre , and Sherway Gardens . Located in the suburbs of Toronto are Vaughan Mills in Vaughan , Bramalea City Centre in Brampton, Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga , and Pacific Mall and Markville Shopping Centre in Markham . Annual cultural festivals that draw tourists and locals alike include

2754-464: The Underground Railroad . In 1856, a British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church was established for African-Canadian worshipers. The BME Church, Nathaniel Dett Memorial Chapel is now a National Historic Site , remaining in operation into the 21st century. Composer, organist, pianist and music professor Nathaniel Dett was born in Niagara Falls in 1882. In 1886, Burr Plato became one of

2835-508: The University of Guelph , the University of Waterloo , Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, and the Université de l'Ontario français in downtown Toronto. The Golden Horseshoe is also home to many colleges. Public primary and secondary schooling is typically provided by school boards , largely organized at the municipal or county/regional level. The only school board that operates throughout

2916-545: The Canadian and US currencies moved closer to parity in the 2000s, Niagara Falls, Ontario continued to be a popular destination for Americans, while Niagara Falls, New York, experienced a prolonged economic downturn. Ontario's legal drinking age is 19, which attracts potential alcohol consumers from across the border, as the American drinking age is 21. Some cultural areas of Niagara Falls include Queen Street, Main and Ferry Streets, Stamford Centre and Chippawa Square. Community centres that are host to cultural activities include

2997-414: The Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled. The Ontario government introduced legal gambling to

3078-486: The City of Niagara Falls Museums, Niagara Falls Public Libraries, Coronation 50 Plus Recreation Centre, Club Italia and Scotia Bank Convention Centre. Notable attractions in Niagara Falls include: Niagara Falls City Council consists of eight councillors and a mayor. City elections take place every four years with the most recent election held on 24 October 2022 . Council is responsible for policy and decision making, monitoring

3159-653: The EMiniCME. Below are the contract specifications for the Nasdaq 100 and derivatives. Nasdaq quotes are available at three levels: The Nasdaq Stock Market sessions, with times in the Eastern Time Zone are: 7:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.: extended-hours trading session (premarket) 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.: normal trading session 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.: extended-hours trading session (postmarket) The Nasdaq Stock Market averages about 253 trading days per year. The Nasdaq Stock Market has three different market tiers: After

3240-506: The Golden Horseshoe is Conseil scolaire Viamonde , a public French-language school board, and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir , a public French-language separate school board. Both of these public French-language school boards operate across the Ontario Peninsula . The CN Tower in downtown Toronto is among the most internationally notable attractions in the Golden Horseshoe. Other major attractions in downtown Toronto include

3321-400: The Golden Horseshoe to Toronto's Union Station , which is the busiest railway station in Canada and the second-busiest railway station in North America, with 72 million passengers per year. Expansion is underway to facilitate all-day 15-minute or better commuter train service, electrification and increased ridership on five of the busiest lines. Local transit is provided by municipal agencies,

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3402-473: The Great Lakes. Large rail and truck distribution facilities are located in Toronto, Vaughan and Brampton. Food processing is also a key ingredient in the economy. Niagara Falls has one of the world's largest per-capita tourist economies, benefiting from millions of tourists coming to see its waterfalls, shop in its numerous stores, and visit its many attractions. The winemaking and fruit-growing industries of

3483-496: The Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). The provincial transit authority Metrolinx makes use of the term Greater Golden Horseshoe. The Metrolinx definition is consistent with the original 2004 Places to Grow definition. However, the city and county of Peterborough is not included. The Golden Horseshoe is among the most multicultural regions in Canada. In 2021, there were 3,762,090 people of European heritage, forming

3564-689: The Niagara GO Expansion. The full expansion project is expected to be complete by 2025. The City of Niagara Falls is working toward Bike Friendly designation and providing more resources to encourage active transportation. Niagara Falls has one post-secondary institution in the city and another in the Niagara Region. Niagara is served by the District School Board of Niagara and the Niagara Catholic District School Board which operate elementary and secondary schools in

3645-628: The QEW. The Niagara Parkway is a road operated under the Niagara Parks Commission which connects Niagara-on-the-Lake to Fort Erie via Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls formerly had King's Highways passing through the city. These included: Via Rail Canada and Amtrak jointly provide service to the Niagara Falls station via their Maple Leaf service between Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station . In summer 2009, Go Transit started

3726-712: The Toronto Caribbean Carnival (formerly known as Caribana ) and Taste of the Danforth in Toronto. The Niagara Escarpment , a world biosphere reserve as designated by the United Nations, runs from the north at Bruce Peninsula and then east through the region cutting the Niagara Gorge at Niagara Falls. The Bruce Trail runs along the escarpment through mostly protected woodlands. The Cheltenham Badlands in Caledon

3807-542: The U.S. by volume, and ranked second on the list of stock exchanges by market capitalization of shares traded, behind the New York Stock Exchange . The exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. , which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic stock market network and several U.S.-based stock and options exchanges . Although it trades stock of healthcare, financial, media, entertainment, retail, hospitality, and food businesses, it focuses more on technology stocks . The exchange

3888-596: The United States (more specifically Dunedin, Florida and Buffalo, New York ) due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North America in 2020 and 2021 , while the Toronto Raptors played their home games in the United States (more specifically Tampa, Florida ) during the pandemic to minimize cross-border travel. In May 2024, the WNBA announced that its 14th franchise had been awarded to Toronto-based Kilmer Sports Ventures . The team

3969-431: The area is covered by the environmentally protected Greenbelt . The Greater Golden Horseshoe forms the neck of the Ontario Peninsula . The horseshoe part of the region's name is derived from the characteristic horseshoe shape of the west end of Lake Ontario. The golden part is historically attributed to the region's wealth and prosperity, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary . The phrase Golden Horseshoe

4050-491: The bill they take. The collected money is untraceable and there are no controls over how each establishment spends it. The Ontario government—concerned tourists could be misled into believing the fees were endorsed by the government—warned hotels and restaurants in 2008 not to claim the fee if it was not being remitted to a legitimate non-profit agency that promotes tourism. The practise continues and takes in an estimated $ 15 million per-year. Hotels specifically charge

4131-443: The busiest in Canada and the 31st busiest in the world . Other regional airports of significance include John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport located in southern Hamilton, which is a major regional freight and courier location as well as the Region of Waterloo International Airport in Kitchener; Buttonville Airport (closed since November 2023) and Billy Bishop Airport in the Greater Toronto Area . Within driving distance

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4212-575: The city is encouraging redevelopment of this area as an arts and culture district. The downtown was a major centre for local commerce and night life up until the 1970s, when the Niagara Square Shopping Centre began to draw away crowds and retailers. Since 2006, Historic Niagara has brought art galleries, boutiques, cafés and bistros to the street. Attractions include renovation of the Seneca Theatre. In 2004, several tourist establishments in Niagara Falls began adding additional fees to bills. These fees have various different names and range in what percentage of

4293-408: The community of Niagara-on-the-Lake , located near the Niagara River . Niagara Falls has one of the world's largest waterfalls and attracts millions to Clifton Hill , a neighbourhood with souvenir stores, small attractions, restaurants and skyline-defining hotels. There are also two casinos: Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort . Hamilton has the historical reputation of being

4374-527: The continued price increases when selling market data . In December 2020, NASDAQ announced that it would strip its indexes of four Chinese companies in response to Executive Order 13959 . In September 2024, the European Commission said it had carried out an unannounced inspection at the offices of Nasdaq over potential anti-competitive practices. Nasdaq 100 futures are traded on the CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) while its derivatives, E-Mini Nasdaq 100 and Micro E-Mini Nasdaq 100 futures are traded on

4455-407: The core to the area of the Trent–Severn Waterway , such as Peterborough , in the northeast, to Barrie and Lake Simcoe in the north, and to the Grand River area, which includes cities such as Brantford and Guelph , to the west. The extended region's area covers approximately 33,500 km (13,000 sq mi), out of this, 7,300 km (2,800 sq mi) or approximately 22 percent of

4536-420: The early to mid-20th century. Industry began moving out of the city in the 1970s and 80s because of economic recession and increasing global competition in the manufacturing sector. Tourism increasingly became the city's most important revenue source. Recent development has been mostly centred on the Clifton Hill and Fallsview areas. The Niagara Falls downtown (Queen Street) is undergoing a major revitalization;

4617-416: The eve of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). In November 2016, chief operating officer Adena Friedman was promoted to chief executive officer , becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S. In 2016, Nasdaq earned $ 272 million in listings-related revenues. In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq did not justify

4698-426: The first African Canadians to be elected to political office, holding the position of City Councillor of Niagara Falls until 1901. Niagara Falls is approximately 130 km (81 mi) by road from Ontario's capital of Toronto , which is across Lake Ontario to the north. The area of the Niagara Region is approximately 1,800 km (690 sq mi). The city is built along the Niagara Falls waterfalls and

4779-406: The first stock market in the United States to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years". The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted many companies during the dot-com bubble . Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite , which has been published since its inception. The QQQ exchange-traded fund tracks the large-cap NASDAQ-100 index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside

4860-416: The highest temperature recorded in Canada in January, when it reached 22.2 °C (72 °F) on January 26, 1950. Although more historical and cultural diversity exists, Niagara Falls has 11 communities and 67 neighbourhoods defined by Planning Neighbourhoods and Communities for the City of Niagara Falls. (>2000 population) In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Niagara Falls had

4941-494: The largest of which is the Toronto Transit Commission , which operates three subway lines and one former light metro line and an extensive bus and streetcar network . Rapid transit systems that operate primarily outside Toronto include the VIVA bus rapid transit in York Region, the ION light rail system in Kitchener-Waterloo , and the Mississauga transitway . Line 5 and Line 6 are under construction LRT lines in Toronto that are part of its subway system. The Ontario Line

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5022-402: The largest tech cluster in North America outside of Silicon Valley . The area is home to more than 15,000 tech companies, including over 5,000 startups, and nearly 300,000 employees in high-tech industries. About two-thirds of those employees are classified as “tech workers,” which includes programmers, developers, etc. with 8 percent of the total workforce employed in tech. The Golden Horseshoe

5103-400: The local economy in the mid-1990s. Casino Niagara precipitated an economic boom in the late 1990s as numerous luxury hotels and tourist attractions were built, and a second casino, Niagara Fallsview , opened in 2004. Both attracted American tourists due in part to the comparatively less expensive Canadian dollar, and despite the opening of the Seneca Niagara Casino on the American side. When

5184-399: The monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by Standard & Poor's Corporation. Over the years, it became more of a stock market by adding trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. In 1981, Nasdaq traded 37% of the U.S. securities markets' total of 21 billion shares. By 1991, Nasdaq's share had grown to 46%. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with

5265-407: The north and take in numerous cities and towns already there, including Hamilton and Toronto. The speech writer who actually penned the phrase was Charles Hunter MacBain, executive assistant to five Westinghouse presidents including Rogge. The Golden Horseshoe was officialized on July 13, 2004, in a report from the provincial Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal titled Places to Grow , in which

5346-505: The operation and performance of the city, analysing and approving budgets and determining spending priorities. Due to regulations put forward by the Municipal Elections Act 1996, elections are held on the fourth Monday in October except for religious holidays or if a member of council or if the mayor resigns. Jim Diodati has been the mayor of Niagara Falls since 2010. As of 2023, the city's fire and emergency services are staffed by 130 firefighters and 104 volunteers. Provincial roads (namely

5427-495: The population. The largest of these were Islam (4.1%), Hinduism (2.0%), Sikhism (1.4%) and Buddhism (0.8%) Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a vital part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a natural wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt . Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed. Niagara Falls marketed itself as

5508-401: The region's borders extended west to Waterloo Region , north to Barrie / Simcoe County , and northeast to the county and city of Peterborough . A subsequent edition released on February 16, 2005, broadened the term further, adding Brant , Haldimand and Northumberland Counties to the region. The Greater Golden Horseshoe region is officially designated in Ontario Regulation 416/05 under

5589-448: The region, the manufacturing sector has experienced a significant decline since 2000 as a result of unfavourable currency exchange rates, increasing energy costs, and reduced demand from the United States, which is by far the largest market for Ontario's goods. The Port of Hamilton and the Port of Toronto are the two largest inland ports on Lake Ontario . The Welland Canal system handles tanker ships and recreational traffic through

5670-449: The region. There are also numerous private institutions offer alternatives to the traditional education systems. Niagara Falls is also served by Niagara Falls Public Library , a growing library system composed of four branches, with the main branch in the downtown area. It is visited by over 10,000 people weekly. An extensive online database of photographs and artwork is maintained at Historic Niagara Digital Collections. Niagara Falls

5751-440: The relentless noise of the falls. In 1791, John Graves Simcoe renamed the town as Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire in England but today Stamford is only used for an area northwest of downtown Niagara Falls as well as Stamford Street. During the war of 1812, the battle of Lundy's Lane took place nearby in July 1814. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated by Ogden Creighton after Clifton, Bristol . The name of

5832-874: The status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, it merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group. To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), must have at least three market makers (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders. In February 2011, in

5913-516: The surrounding Stamford Township. In 1970, the Niagara regional government was formed. This resulted in the village of Chippawa , Willoughby Township, and part of Crowland Township being annexed into Niagara Falls. An internment camp for Germans was set up at The Armoury (now Niagara Military Museum) in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918. Niagara Falls has had a Black population since at least 1783. Up to 12 African-Americans were

5994-453: The town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville (near the present-day corner of Lundy's Lane and Main Street) was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls (South). The village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls. In 1963, the city amalgamated with

6075-429: The wake of an announced merger of NYSE Euronext with Deutsche Börse , speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the derivatives business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $ 9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $ 5.78 billion, while ICE

6156-460: The world's first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The NASDAQ Stock Market eventually assumed the majority of major trades that had been executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading, but there are still many securities traded in this fashion. As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media reports and also in

6237-411: The world. Cities including Hamilton, Oshawa, Oakville, Whitby and Kitchener all contain major large-scale industrial production facilities, Hamilton being dominated by the steel industry and Oakville and Oshawa primarily in the automotive industry . Other significant automotive-production facilities also exist in Brampton , and St. Catharines . While manufacturing remains important to the economy of

6318-483: Was first used by Westinghouse Electric Corporation president Herbert H. Rogge in a speech to the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce on January 12, 1954: Hamilton in 50 years will be the forward cleat in a "golden horseshoe" of industrial development from Oshawa to the Niagara River  ... 150 miles [240 km] long and 50 miles [80 km] wide ... It will run from Niagara Falls on the south to about Oshawa on

6399-535: Was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. In 2003, operations were shut down as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble . In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived first as Equiduct and was acquired by Börse Berlin later that year. On June 18, 2012, Nasdaq OMX became a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative on

6480-504: Was populated by Iroquoian -speaking Neutral people but, after attacks from the Haudenosaunee and Seneca , the Neutral people population was severely reduced. The Haudenosaunee people remained in the area until Europeans made first contact in the late 17th century. The Niagara Falls area had some European settlement in the 17th century. Louis Hennepin , a French priest and missionary ,

6561-646: Was valued at $ 9.45 billion." Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $ 11–12 billion counterbid. In December 2005, NASDAQ acquired Instinet for $ 1.9 billion, retaining the Inet ECN and subsequently selling the agency brokerage business to Silver Lake Partners and Instinet management. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ)

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