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37-517: During the latter half of the 19th century, brothers Frank H. and Charles W. Goodyear amassed great wealth by investing in timberlands, lumber mills, coal, and railroads in Pennsylvania and New York . The secret to their lumber company success was in buying up large tracts of timberland that were considered inaccessible for harvest, because the lands were isolated, away from streams that were normally used to transport cut logs to sawmills. To access

74-506: A bookkeeper for Robert Looney, a native of the Isle of Man , at Looneyville, New York . Looney ran a farm, sawmill, general store, and feed and grain business, and owned vast timberlands in Pennsylvania. Frank married Robert's daughter Jospehine in 1871. When Robert died in 1872, they inherited the timberlands from her father's estate. Goodyear, who had moved to Buffalo before Looney's death, used

111-407: A planing mill . Before being transported to the drying yards, lumber passed through a dipping station that contained an alkali solution to prevent fungal staining. Carrying capacity of the drying yards was about 45,000,000 board feet (106,000 m). Waste material was either converted into boxes, staves, shingles, and lathes or transported to a boiler room for generating steam and electric power to run

148-451: A fine, wrinkled finish (the English name for this is gas checking ); this property was used to make wrinkle finishes, usually by adding excess cobalt drier. To prevent wrinkling, the oil is heated to gas-proof it (also known as "boiled"). "Tung oil finish" is often used by paint and varnish manufacturers as a generic name for any wood-finishing product that contains the real tung oil or provides

185-533: A finish that resembles the finish obtained with tung oil. The word "tung" is etymologically derived from the Chinese 桐 tóng . The tung oil tree originates in southern China and was cultivated there for tung oil, but the date of cultivation remains unknown. The earliest references for Chinese use of tung oil are in the writings of Confucius (551–479 BCE) around 500 to 479 BC. During the Song dynasty (960–1279) , tung oil

222-440: A matte/light satin look with slight golden tint. Tung oil resists water better than any other pure oil finish and does not darken noticeably with age. It is claimed to be less susceptible to mould than linseed oil. It is considered safe to be used on sculptures made near waterways. Heating tung oil to about 500 °F (260 °C) in an oxygen-free environment will substantially increase the viscosity and film-forming quality of

259-488: A source of lumber to feed the giant mill before the virgin timber was exhausted. Yet, within 20 years, the planted pines did provide a source of pulpwood for the paper mill. The paper mill also benefited from favorable tax legislation on reforestation, construction of hard-surface highways, and low-cost truck transportation. In 1937, Great Southern Lumber Company sold its Bogalusa Paper Mill, and Gaylord Container Corporation became its successor. After 30 years of operation,

296-466: Is a drying oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of the tung tree ( Vernicia fordii ). Tung oil hardens upon exposure to air (through polymerization ), and the resulting coating is transparent and has a deep, almost wet look. Used mostly for finishing and protecting wood, after numerous coats, the finish can even look plastic-like. Related drying oils include linseed , safflower , poppy , and soybean oils. Raw tung oil tends to dry to

333-475: Is a naturally derived substance. Second, after it cures (5 to 30 days, depending on weather/temperature), the result is a very hard and easily repaired finish, so it is used on boat decks and now on floors. The oil is often diluted with hydrocarbon thinner so its viscosity is very low and enables the oil to penetrate the finest grain woods. This thinning vehicle evaporates in 15 to 20 minutes. When applied in many fine/thinner coats over wood, tung oil slowly cures to

370-629: The Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad through the merger and consolidation of several smaller logging railroads. In the late 1890s, Frank stepped down as president of the railroad and assumed the positions of first vice president and chairman of the board while Marlin Olmsted became president. Between 1901 and 1905, the Goodyears moved South, purchasing 300,000 acres of virgin yellow pine timberland in southeastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi , near

407-659: The New York Public Library Main Branch and the Henry Clay Frick House in New York, had been responsible for the architectural planning of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. The Goodyear house reportedly cost $ 500,000 and was completed in 1906, shortly before Goodyears death. The Goodyears also hired Carrère and Hastings in 1903 to design their home on Jekyll Island . The sixteen-room cottage

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444-589: The Panic of 1907 and before the Bogalusa sawmill was completed. Following his death, Frank's brother Charles took over his presidencies and the sawmill began operation in 1908, which generated significant profit for the family. In 1871, Goodyear married Josephine Looney (1852–1915), a daughter of Josephine ( née Kidder) Looney and Robert Looney. Together, they were the parents of four children: Goodyear died of Bright's disease at his home in Buffalo on May 13, 1907. He

481-481: The Panic of 1907 , and Charles Goodyear died in 1911. Amid uncertain economic times, the Great Southern Lumber Company sawmill began operation in 1908. Younger generations of Goodyears took over positions in the company that had been held by their elders. The Great Southern Lumber Company sawmill was designed to process 1,000,000 board feet (2,400 m) of lumber per day and was the largest sawmill in

518-404: The fat over lean principle: thinned pure oil is applied to deeply penetrate the surface, to fill pores. Straight oil is then applied moderately to adhere to the surface and provide a good base for the thick gloss layers. The polymerized oil is then applied thickly as a single layer, allowed to fully dry, buffed smooth with very fine sandpaper and 0000 steel wool . The surface is wiped clean with

555-556: The Bogalusa Turpentine Company, Bogalusa Tung Oil , and the Bogalusa Stores (commissary). Bogue Chitto Farm was established by Great Southern Lumber Company to demonstrate how cutover timberland could be developed as truck farms . Early in the 20th century, many timber companies had the philosophy of cut out and get out —a logging technique that removed all merchantable trees and left a barren landscape. In contrast,

592-450: The Goodyear brothers to serve as general manager of the Great Southern Lumber Company. Sullivan was also mayor of Bogalusa. In 1919, a work dispute with the company motivated black workers to unionize , which was supported by the existing white union. Armed company men were sent by Sullivan to quell the unrest. Shooting broke out between company supporters and union supporters, resulting in

629-402: The Great Southern Lumber Company closed in 1938, when the vast supply of virgin pines was finally depleted. The company was dissolved by its board of directors, and all sawmill equipment was dismantled and sold. Frank H. Goodyear Frank Henry Goodyear (March 7, 1849 – May 13, 1907) was an American businessman, lumberman , and member of the prominent Goodyear family of New York. He

666-554: The Great Southern Lumber Company sawmill in southeast Louisiana, and developed the company town of Bogalusa, where workers would live. To bring harvested trees to the sawmill and transport processed lumber to markets, the Goodyears established the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad , which connected Bogalusa to the national railroad network. The Goodyear brothers did not live to see their southern timber venture completed. Frank Goodyear died in 1907, shortly before

703-491: The Great Southern Lumber Company was one of the pioneers in reforestation in the South and established a tree nursery that grew pine seedlings for restocking their cutover lands. Great Southern foresters began planting the company's cutover land with slash pine ( Pinus elliottii ) seedlings, because they grew faster than the virgin longleaf pines. However, that effort did not begin soon enough to establish second-growth pines as

740-446: The coating needs to set. Naphtha works well in spray-on applications in well-ventilated studios. Primary coats may be laid down at a 1:1 oil-to-thinner ratio, and successive layers, if not absorbed into the wood, at higher solvent to oil concentrations. This technique brings out the deepest color of the wood while maintaining a matte finish. Tung oil finishes that start with polymerized oils or tung oil preparations are best applied in

777-498: The death of four white union men and the wounding of one company man. Social order was restored when the Louisiana Governor requested the deployment of federal troops in Bogalusa. Five officers and 100 troops arrived to secure Bogalusa for one month, under the leadership of Major General Henry G. Sharpe . In addition to lumber, paper, and railroads, the Great Southern Lumber Company expanded into other enterprises that included

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814-404: The inheritance to start his lumber business and enterprises. In 1887, Goodyear and his brother Charles, who gave up his law practice, formed a lumber company named F. H. & C. W. Goodyear. They invested in timberlands, lumber mills, coal, and railroads in remote areas of Pennsylvania and New York. They bought up large tracts of timberland that were considered inaccessible for harvest, because

851-543: The lands were isolated and away from the streams that were typically used to transport logs. To access the timber, they built railroad spurs for transport, and local sawmills to process the trees into lumber. In many areas, they built company towns for workers in the isolated sawmills. They achieved great financial success with these strategies. The Goodyears were the world's largest manufacturers of hemlock lumber, with an annual output around 200,000,000 board feet of hemlock, and nearly as much in hardwood. In 1893, he created

888-406: The mill. The mill complex had 24 steam-heated kilns , where lumber dried for 72 hours. Each kiln could dry more than 50,000 board feet (118 m) of lumber. From the kilns, dried lumber was transported to stock sheds for storage. By 1920, the sawmill complex employed more than 1,700 men plus another 1,000 men in logging camps to keep a continuous supply of logs coming to the mill. Ten years after

925-469: The oil-paper umbrella, which is used to protect the paper from getting wet, and to make the umbrella waterproof. The traditional technique for applying pure tung oil is to dilute the oil 1:1 with solvent, then apply a succession of very thin films with a soft, lint-free cloth such as tee-shirt cotton. Diluents range from traditional spirits of turpentine to any of the new citrus-based thinners to naphtha . The choice of thinner should be guided by how fast

962-571: The product. Most polymerized tung oils are sold mixed with mineral spirits to make them easier to work with. Limonene and D-limonene are less toxic alternatives for mineral spirits. The oil-paper umbrella is the traditional umbrella used in China , Japan , and other countries in the East Asian cultural sphere , and was brought to Western countries through the Silk Road . Tung oil is the "oil" mentioned in

999-402: The sawmill began operating, the board of directors of Great Southern Lumber Company authorized construction of a paper mill that used the sulfate chemical process for converting wood into pulp. The Bogalusa Paper Company operated from 1918 to 1937 as a subsidiary of Great Southern to make better use of waste material that could not be sawn into lumber. William H. Sullivan had been appointed by

1036-627: The southern end of the Pearl River . In 1902, the Goodyears created the Great Southern Lumber Company in Pennsylvania with offices in the Ellicott Square Building in Buffalo. The Goodyears also created the Great Southern Lumber Company sawmill in southeast Louisiana, which became the largest sawmill in the world. They developed the company town of Bogalusa , where workers and their supervisors and families would live. It

1073-519: The timber, the Goodyears built railroad spurs as well as local sawmills to process the trees into lumber. Between 1901 and 1905, the brothers invested $ 9 million to purchase 300,000 acres (120,000 ha) of virgin yellow pine timberland in Louisiana and Mississippi near the southern end of the Pearl River . On January 17, 1902, the Goodyear brothers chartered the Great Southern Lumber Company in Pennsylvania. The brothers initiated construction of

1110-462: The world, spread over 160 acres (65 ha). Once pines were felled, logs were dragged to railroad spurs by rail-mounted steam skidders with 1000-ft (300-m) draglines, loaded onto flatcars , and transported to the sawmill. At the mill, logs were unloaded into a 27-acre (11-ha) holding pond, then were moved along one of three conveyors into the sawmill. The lumber company complex included 50 miles (80 km) of train track, lumber drying yards, and

1147-482: Was Charles W. Goodyear , who was the father of Anson Goodyear . His father had been a tailor until Bradley's uncle, Dr. Miles Goodyear, president of the Cortland County Medical Society persuaded him to study at Geneva Medical College . He attended the district school and East Aurora Academy before Frank began teaching in the district school. After his stint as a teacher, Frank began working as

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1184-640: Was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo . His widow Josephine died of a heart attack in October 1915. She was remembered as the benefactress of the convalescent home for children named after her in Williamsville, New York . Upon relocating to Buffalo, the resided at 443 Delaware Avenue . After living at 652 and 671 Main Street , they moved to a large Queen Anne style house at 267 North Street, which had been designed by Joseph Lyman Silsbee for John M. Bemis. After it

1221-482: Was designed and built from the ground up, to include hotels, staff housing, churches, schools, and a YMCA and YWCA. To bring harvested trees to the sawmill and transport processed lumber to markets, they also created the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad , which connected Bogalusa to New Orleans and the national railroad network. In 1906, they extended the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad nearly 90 miles from Wellsville to Buffalo. Frank died in 1907, shortly before

1258-635: Was designed in the Mediterranean Revival style and was completed in 1906 and stayed in the family until the 1940s. The cottage was restored in 1973 and, today, the cottage is used as a Gift Shop, Art Gallery, and Museum featuring various items produced by Jekyll Island Arts Association. Through his daughter Grace, he was a grandfather of Ganson Goodyear Depew, the Assistant United States District Attorney for Western New York. Tung oil Tung oil or China wood oil

1295-616: Was sold, they lived at 237 North Street which was the residence of John D. Larkin (before he moved to "Larkland" in 1912). In 1903, Goodyear purchased 762 Delaware Avenue , a Gothic revival house which had been designed by John D. Towle for Myron P. Bush in 1859. Goodyear tore down the Bush house and hired Carrère and Hastings to design his new residence, modeled on a house on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The firm, today best known for designing

1332-702: Was the founder and president of several companies, including the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad , Great Southern Lumber Company , Goodyear Lumber Co., Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal and Coke Co., and the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad Company . Goodyear was born on March 7, 1849, in Groton, New York , but soon after his birth, the family moved to Holland in Erie County . He was a son of Dr. Bradley Goodyear (1816–1889), and Esther Permelia ( née Kinne) Goodyear (1822–1907). His elder brother

1369-429: Was used for waterproofing on ships. The primary constituent is a fatty acid with a chain of 18 linked carbon atoms or methylene units containing three conjugated double bonds . They are especially sensitive to autoxidation , which encourages cross linking of neighbouring chains, hence hardening of the base resin. Tung oil is a common traditional wood finish, used typically for two main properties: first, it

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