60-651: Great Court may refer to: Trinity Great Court at Trinity College, Cambridge, England Queen Elizabeth II Great Court at the British Museum, London, England Great Court, University of Queensland , a heritage-listed university site at the University of Queensland, St Lucia, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Great Court, one of the ruins of ancient Baalbek , known as Heliopolis in Greek and Roman antiquity Great Courts ,
120-402: A dedication of his Horace to the lord treasurer (Harley). The Crown lawyers decided against him; the case was heard (1714) and a sentence of expulsion from the mastership was drawn up. Before it was executed, the bishop of Ely died and the process lapsed. The feud continued in various forms at lower levels. In 1718 Cambridge rescinded Bentley's degrees, as punishment for failing to appear in
180-567: A grandson of Richard Cumberland the bishop of Peterborough , and himself later a bishop of the Church of Ireland . Their son Richard Cumberland developed as a prolific dramatist while earning his living as a civil servant. In old age, Bentley continued to read and enjoyed the society of his friends and of several rising scholars, including Jeremiah Markland , John Taylor , and his nephews Richard and Thomas Bentley, with whom he discussed classical subjects. He died of pleurisy on 14 July 1742, at
240-517: A letter to William Wake , Archbishop of Canterbury , Bentley announced his plan to prepare a critical edition of the New Testament . During the next four years, assisted by J. J. Wetstein , an eminent biblical critic, he collected materials for the work. In 1720 he published Proposals for a New Edition of the Greek Testament , with examples of how he intended to proceed. By comparing the text of
300-532: A man who was perfrictae frontis aut judicii imminuti (boldfaced and lacking in judgment). For Graevius's Callimachus (1697), Bentley added a collection of the fragments with notes. He wrote the Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris (1699), his major academic work, almost accidentally. In 1697, William Wotton , about to bring out a second edition of his Ancient and Modern Learning , asked Bentley to write out
360-504: A new path. With him criticism attained its majority. Where scholars had hitherto offered suggestions and conjectures, Bentley, with unlimited control over the whole material of learning, gave decisions The modern German school of philology recognised his genius. Bunsen wrote that Bentley "was the founder of historical philology." Jakob Bernays says of his corrections of the Tristia , "corruptions which had hitherto defied every attempt even of
420-544: A paper exposing the spuriousness of the Epistles of Phalaris , long a subject of academic controversy. The Christ Church editor of Phalaris, Charles Boyle , resented Bentley's paper. He had already quarrelled with Bentley in trying to get the manuscript in the royal library collated for his edition (1695). Boyle wrote a response which was accepted by the reading public, although it was much later criticised as showing only superficial learning. The demand for Boyle's book required
480-495: A scholarship and received the degrees of BA in 1680 and MA in 1683. Bentley never became a college fellow , which would have been the more natural course to an academic career. Instead, he was appointed headmaster of Spalding Grammar School before he was 21 years old. Edward Stillingfleet , the dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London, hired Bentley as tutor to his son. This allowed Bentley to meet eminent scholars, have access to
540-473: A second printing. When Bentley responded, it was with his dissertation. The truth of its conclusions was not immediately recognised, but it has a high reputation. In 1700, the commissioners of ecclesiastical patronage recommended Bentley to the Crown for the mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge . He arrived an outsider and proceeded to reform the college administration. He started a programme of renovations to
600-562: A single court. Starting in the northeast corner at E staircase, in which Isaac Newton had his rooms, and moving clockwise, one first reaches the Porters' Lodge and Great Gate, begun in 1490 as the entrance to King's Hall and completed in 1535. The Great Gate holds the famous statue of Henry VIII , whose sceptre was replaced by a chair leg by students in the 19th century. Next comes the East Range, and staircases F-K (with J omitted) that contain
660-509: Is a sort of savage nobility about his firm reliance on his own bad taste". Bentley never published his planned edition of Homer , but some of his manuscript and marginal notes are held by Trinity College. Their chief importance is in his attempt to restore the metre by the insertion of the lost digamma . According to the anonymous author of his biography in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Bentley
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#1732848476190720-469: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Trinity Great Court Great Court is the main court of Trinity College, Cambridge , and reputed to be the largest enclosed courtyard in Europe . The court was completed by Thomas Nevile , master of the college, in the early years of the 17th century, when he rearranged the existing buildings to form
780-405: Is divided into six rectangular lawns and the objective of the race is to circumnavigate all six individually and in all their combinations, which requires a mathematical brain to plan well, and end at the fountain. The entry fee is a pint of beer. As soon as the clock starts to strike everyone starts running around whatever route they have chosen, much to the consternation of the tourists. On reaching
840-590: Is on the left in the passage leading past the Hall into Nevile's Court . The West Range is dominated by the Great Hall, the college's dining hall modelled on that of Middle Temple , and the Master's Lodge. The fourth side begins with staircases A–C, before reaching King's Gate (also called Edward III Gateway), and the entrance to the oldest part of the college, the remaining surviving buildings of King's Hall. Originally built on
900-744: The Vulgate with that of the oldest Greek manuscripts, Bentley proposed to restore the Greek text as received by the church at the time of the Council of Nicaea . Bentley's lead manuscript was Codex Alexandrinus , which he described as "the oldest and best in the world." The manuscript was so precious to him that he rescued it from perishing in the Ashburnham House fire of 1731, during which many other Cotton Library manuscripts were destroyed. Bentley used also manuscripts: 51 , 54 , 60 , 113 , 440 , 507 , and 508 . John Walker worked over many manuscripts for
960-490: The "serious" run (a "fun" run is held simultaneously) have been barred from running on the cobbles under penalty of disqualification. Recent winners: The 2009 event was cancelled due to poor weather leaving the court unsafe to run on. David Cecil, the only man to achieve the Great Court Run prior to 2007, and Sebastian Coe, the man who came closest to achieving the feat between Cecil's and Dobin's successes, both achieved
1020-650: The 6th century BCE by the Sicilian tyrant Phalaris , were actually a forgery produced by a Greek sophist in the 2nd century CE. Bentley's investigation of the subject is still regarded as a landmark of textual criticism . He also showed that the sound represented in transcriptions of some Greek dialects by the letter digamma appeared also in Homeric poetry, even though it was not represented there in writing by any letter. Bentley became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1700. His autocratic manner and contemptuous treatment of
1080-545: The Bentlian, also named after him. According to the anonymous author of his biography in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Bentley was the first Englishman to be ranked with the great heroes of classical learning. Before him there were only John Selden , and, in a more restricted field, Thomas Gataker and John Pearson . Bentley inaugurated a new era of the art of criticism. He opened
1140-564: The Devil . The chapel contains a fine organ built by the Swiss firm of Metzler in 1975 — one of only two instruments by this respected maker in Great Britain. It is contained within the restored late seventeenth-century case built by perhaps England's most famous organ builder "Father" Smith . The Metzler organ incorporates some surviving pipes from this instrument. The exact external dimensions of
1200-503: The Dutch school of the period had its own tradition, it was also influenced by Bentley. His letters to Tiberius Hemsterhuis on his edition of Julius Pollux made the latter one of Bentley's most devoted admirers. Bentley inspired a following generation of scholars. Self-taught, he created his own discipline; but no contemporary English guild of learning could measure his power or check his eccentricities. He defeated his academic adversaries in
1260-558: The Phalaris controversy. The attacks by Alexander Pope (he was assigned a niche in The Dunciad ), John Arbuthnot and others demonstrated their inability to appreciate his work, as they considered textual criticism as pedantry. His classical controversies also called forth Jonathan Swift 's Battle of the Books . In a university where the instruction of youth or the religious controversy of
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#17328484761901320-510: The age of 80. Bentley left about £5,000 in his estate (which would have the buying power of nearly £500,000 in 2010). He bequeathed a few Greek manuscripts, brought from Mount Athos , to the Trinity College library and the remainder of his books and papers to his nephew Richard Bentley, a fellow of Trinity. At his own death in 1786, the younger Bentley left the papers to the Trinity College library. The British Museum eventually purchased
1380-513: The alternative name of Pro Tennis Tour [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Court&oldid=1159682767 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1440-529: The best private library in England, and become familiar with Dean Stillingfleet. During his six years as tutor, Bentley also made a comprehensive study of Greek and Latin writers, storing up knowledge which he would use later in his scholarship. In 1689, Stillingfleet became bishop of Worcester and Bentley's pupil went up to Wadham College, Oxford , accompanied by his tutor. At Oxford, Bentley soon met John Mill , Humphrey Hody , and Edward Bernard . He studied
1500-400: The books, many of which had valuable manuscript notes, and holds them in its collection. Bentley is honoured to this day at Spalding Grammar School , where he was once headmaster. One of the 6 houses that students are sorted into is named Bentley after him, with the students wearing the colour blue on their ties and on sporting items. Furthermore, the school releases an annual magazine named
1560-518: The buildings, and used his position to promote learning. He is also credited by the British mathematician Rouse Ball with starting the first written examinations in the West in 1702, all those prior to this being oral in nature. At the same time, he antagonised the fellows, and the capital programme caused reductions in their incomes, which they resented. After ten years of stubborn but ineffectual resistance,
1620-495: The centre of the court is an ornate fountain, built during Nevile's time, and fed by a pipe from Conduit Head in west Cambridge. Many have tried to run the 339 metres (371 yards) around the court in the time it takes to strike 12 o'clock (actually 24 chimes owing to an old tradition). The run was recreated, filmed in Eton College rather than Trinity, in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire . Students traditionally attempt to complete
1680-400: The certainty of his emendation and command over the relevant material, are in a style totally different from the careful and laborious learning of Hody , Mill or Edmund Chilmead . To the small circle of classical students (lacking the great critical dictionaries of modern times), it was obvious that he was a critic beyond the ordinary. In 1690, Bentley had taken deacon 's orders. In 1692 he
1740-630: The circuit, in what is known as the Great Court Run , on midday before the Matriculation Dinner. Only three people are believed to have actually completed the run in the time, the first being Lord Burghley in 1927. Contrary to the depiction in Chariots of Fire , Harold Abrahams never attempted the Run. Sebastian Coe and Steve Cram attempted the feat in a charity race on 29 October 1988. Coe's time
1800-417: The college bursary and rooms principally housing fellows of the college. Staircase I leads to Angel Court, containing rooms for students and fellows, and to the college bar. The South Range runs from staircases L–Q with rooms for students and fellows, with Queen's Gate (named after Elizabeth I of England ) as its centrepiece. R staircase can be found in a passage leading to Bishop's Hostel, while S staircase
1860-564: The college fellows led to extensive controversy and litigation, but he remained in that post until his death, more than four decades later. In 1717 Bentley was appointed as the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . As professor at Cambridge, Bentley introduced the first competitive written examinations in a Western university. A fellow of the Royal Society , Bentley
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1920-525: The distinctions of Olympic Champion, Member of both Houses of Parliament, and Chairman of the London Olympics Organising Committee (David Cecil at the 1948 Olympics, Sebastian Coe at the 2012 Olympics). Other factors affect the timing of the Great Court Run. The speed at which the bells strike is governed by a mechanical fly , details of which are recorded by The Trinity Clock Monitoring Project . The fly uses air resistance to govern
1980-465: The end, publishing it in 1711 to gain public support at a critical period of the Trinity quarrel. In the preface, he declared his intention of confining his attention to criticism and correction of the text. Some of his 700 or 800 emendations have been accepted, but the majority were rejected by the early 20th century as unnecessary, although scholars acknowledged they showed his wide learning. In 1716, in
2040-764: The fact. His father was Thomas Bentley, a yeoman farmer of Oulton. His grandfather, Captain James Bentley, is said to have suffered for the Royalist cause following the English Civil War , leaving the family in reduced circumstances. Bentley's mother, the daughter of a stonemason , had some education, and was able to give her son his first lessons in Latin . After attending grammar school in Wakefield , Bentley entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1676. He afterwards obtained
2100-454: The fellows appealed to the Visitor, the bishop of Ely ( John Moore ). Their petition was full of general complaints. Bentley's reply ( The Present State of Trinity College , etc., 1710) is in his most crushing style. The fellows amended their petition and added a charge of Bentley's having committed 54 breaches of the statutes. Bentley appealed directly to the Crown, and backed his application with
2160-493: The feud continued until 1738 or 1740 (about thirty years in all), Bentley remained in his post. During his mastership, except for the first two years, Bentley continuously pursued his studies, although he did not publish much. In 1709 he contributed a critical appendix to John Davies 's edition of Cicero 's Tusculan Disputations . In the following year, he published his emendations on the Plutus and Nubes of Aristophanes , and on
2220-435: The fountain everyone gets a prize of a pint of beer. It has been done in 14 minutes but that is exceptional. The final part of the court is completed by the chapel, begun by Mary I in 1554 in memory of her father. The ante-chapel contains statues of many famous Trinity men, including Roubiliac 's sculpture of Isaac Newton , Thomas Woolner 's piece of William Whewell and the altarpiece is Benjamin West 's St Michael and
2280-491: The four sides of Great Court are: which enclose an area of approximately 1.8 acres (7,300 square metres). (The figures given in parentheses are the distances run on the flagstones for the Great Court Run) 52°12′25″N 0°07′01″E / 52.20694°N 0.11694°E / 52.20694; 0.11694 Richard Bentley Richard Bentley FRS ( / ˈ b ɛ n t l i / ; 27 January 1662 – 14 July 1742)
2340-477: The fragments of Menander and Philemon . He published the last work under the pen name of "Phileleutherus Lipsiensis." He used it again two years later in his Remarks on a late Discourse of Freethinking , a reply to Anthony Collins the deist . The university thanked him for this work and its support of the Anglican Church and clergy. Although he had long studied Horace, Bentley wrote his edition quickly in
2400-555: The likely variation is a more modest one second. Runners will have the best chance of completing the circuit before the bells have finished on a cold winter's day. The chime speed is also affected by the number of days since the chimes were last wound, three being optimal. A less structured event, the Caucus Race , occurs during the summer long vacation when undergraduates who have summer courses gather all around Great Court just before two o'clock dressed in their academic robes. Great Court
2460-568: The manuscripts of the Bodleian , Corpus Christi , and other college libraries. He collected material for literary studies. Among these are a corpus of the fragments of the Greek poets and an edition of the Greek lexicographers . The Oxford (Sheldonian) press was about to bring out an edition (the editio princeps ) from the unique manuscript of the Chronographia in the Bodleian Library . It
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2520-449: The mightiest, were removed by a touch of the fingers of this British Samson ". Bentley was credited with creating the English school of Hellenists, by which the 18th century was distinguished, including scholars such as Richard Dawes , Jeremiah Markland , John Taylor , Jonathan Toup , Thomas Tyrwhitt , Richard Porson , Peter Paul Dobree , Thomas Kidd and James Henry Monk . Although
2580-436: The path—cuts the distance down to 297m (the perimeter of the grass) as opposed to 339m (the perimeter of the cobbles). This is about 19% shorter, reducing the pace required from Olympic to a level manageable by hundreds of good club athletes across the country, and enables the four sharp corners to be "rounded off" so that runners do not need to slow down appreciably when taking the corners. As of 2017, competitors taking part in
2640-721: The project, particularly in Paris with the help of the Maurists . Numerous subscribers were obtained to support publication of the work, but he never completed it. His Terence (1726) is more important than his Horace ; next to the Phalaris , this most determined his reputation. In 1726 he also published the Fables of Phaedrus and the Sententiae of Publilius Syrus . His Paradise Lost (1732), suggested by Queen Caroline , has been criticised as
2700-401: The run three times in a row, and beat the clock in his 2014 run. In 2019, George Mears beat the clock, although as he acknowledged "the clock was slow this year" meaning his time of 48.12 was sufficient. However, the route taken by competitors around the court has changed over the years, thus making the accomplishment much more attainable. The current route—running on the cobbles rather than
2760-469: The site of the current sundial in the middle of the court, Nevile moved it 20 metres north when completing the court. King's Gate also houses the famous Trinity College Clock that chimes every 15 minutes and strikes the hour twice. The clock was installed at the request of Master of Trinity Richard Bentley in the 17th century, striking each hour once for the college of his mastership, Trinity, and once for his alma mater, St John's College, Cambridge . In
2820-505: The speed at which the striking mechanism turns and consequently the speed varies, depending mainly on the air density; the duration to the striking of twelve depends on the meteorological conditions on the race day. On a cold, dry, high-pressure day the bells strike more slowly than on a warm, humid low-pressure day. This can cause variation of as much as 5 seconds to the normal time of around 48 seconds. The official run takes place in October, when
2880-474: The steady execution of any of the major projects he had started. In 1694, he designed an edition of Philostratus , but abandoned it to Gottfried Olearius (1672–1715), "to the joy," says F. A. Wolf , "of Olearius and of no one else." He supplied Graevius with collations of Cicero , and Joshua Barnes with a warning as to the spuriousness of the Epistles of Euripides . Barnes printed the epistles anyway and declared that no one could doubt their authenticity but
2940-534: The subject. The second series, preached in 1694, has not been published and is believed to be lost. After being ordained , Bentley was promoted to a prebendal stall in Worcester Cathedral . In 1693 the curator of the royal library became vacant, and his friends tried to obtain the position for Bentley, but did not have enough influence. The new librarian, a Mr Thynne, resigned in favour of Bentley, on condition that he receive an annuity of £130 for life out of
3000-410: The vice-chancellor's court in a civil suit. It was not until 1724 that he had them restored under the law. In 1733 the fellows of Trinity again brought Bentley to trial before the bishop of Ely (then Thomas Greene ), and he was sentenced to deprivation. The college statutes required the sentence to be executed by the vice-master Richard Walker , who was a friend of Bentley and refused to act. Although
3060-497: The weakest of his work. He suggested that the poet John Milton had employed both an amanuensis and an editor, who were responsible for clerical errors and interpolations, but it is unclear whether Bentley believed his own position. A. E. Housman , who called him "the greatest scholar that England or perhaps that Europe ever bred" nevertheless criticised his poetic sensibility severely: "we are not all so easily found out as Bentley, because we have not Bentley's intrepid candour. There
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#17328484761903120-532: The £200 salary. In 1695 Bentley received a royal chaplaincy and the living of Hartlebury . That same year, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society , and in 1696 earned the degree of Doctor of Divinity . The scholar Johann Georg Graevius of Utrecht made a dedication to him, prefixed to a dissertation on the seventeenth-century scholar Albert Rubens , De Vita Fl. Mallii Theodori (1694). Bentley had official apartments in St. James's Palace and his first care
3180-695: Was a universal history (down to AD 560) in Greek by John Malalas or "John the Rhetor" of Antioch (date uncertain, between 600 and 1000). The editor, John Mill, principal of St Edmund Hall , asked Bentley to review it and make any pertinent remarks on the text. Bentley wrote the Epistola ad Johannem Millium , which is about a hundred pages long and was included at the end of the Oxford Malalas (1691). That short treatise placed Bentley ahead of all living English scholars. The ease with which he restored corrupted passages,
3240-437: Was an English classical scholar , critic, and theologian. Considered the "founder of historical philology ", Bentley is widely credited with establishing the English school of Hellenism . In 1892, A. E. Housman called Bentley "the greatest scholar that England or perhaps that Europe ever bred". Bentley's Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris , published in 1699, proved that the letters in question, supposedly written in
3300-480: Was interested in natural theology and the new physical sciences , subjects on which he corresponded with Isaac Newton . Bentley was in charge of the second edition of Newton's Principia Mathematica , although he delegated most of the scientific work involved to his pupil Roger Cotes . Richard Bentley was born at his maternal grandparents' home at Oulton near Rothwell , Leeds , West Yorkshire, in northern England. A blue plaque near his birthplace commemorates
3360-573: Was nominated first Boyle lecturer , a nomination repeated in 1694. He was offered the appointment a third time in 1695 but declined it, as he was involved in too many other activities. In the first series of lectures ("A Confutation of Atheism"), he endeavours to present Newtonian physics in a popular form, and to frame them (especially in opposition to Hobbes ) into a proof of the existence of an intelligent Creator. He had some correspondence with Newton, then living in Trinity College, Cambridge , on
3420-527: Was organized by 36-year-old undergraduate Nigel McCrery and raised £50,000 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children . In 2007, Sam Dobin was seen to 'beat' the clock in a time of 42.77s, improving on his 3rd-place finish the previous year. Dobin's achievement received national newspaper coverage which reported it as the fastest time in the history of the race, beating Burghley and Coe's efforts. From 2012 to 2014, Cornelius Roemer won
3480-479: Was reported by Norris McWhirter to have been 45.52 seconds, but it was actually 46.0 seconds as confirmed by the video tape, while Cram's was 46.3 seconds. The clock on that day took 44.4 seconds and video confirms that Coe was approximately 12 metres short of his finish line when the fateful final stroke occurred. There is some debate over the dying sounds of the bell being included in the striking time, which would allow Coe's run to be claimed as successful. The event
3540-575: Was self-assertive and presumptuous, which alienated some people. But, James Henry Monk , Bentley's biographer, charged him (in his first edition, 1830) with an indecorum of which he was not guilty. Bentley seemed to inspire mixed feelings of admiration and repugnance. In 1701, Bentley married Joanna (died 1740), daughter of Sir John Bernard, 2nd Baronet of Brampton, Huntingdonshire . They had three children together: Richard (1708–1782), an eccentric, playwright and artist, and two daughters. Their daughter Johanna married Denison Cumberland in 1728,
3600-778: Was the royal library in Ashburnham House . He worked to restore the collection from a dilapidated condition. He persuaded the Earl of Marlborough to ask for additional rooms in the palace for the books. This was granted, but Marlborough kept them for his personal use. Bentley enforced the law, ensuring that publishers delivered nearly one thousand volumes that had been purchased but not delivered. The University of Cambridge commissioned Bentley to obtain Greek and Latin fonts for their classical books; he had these made in Holland. He assisted John Evelyn in his Numismata . Bentley did not settle down to
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