68-400: Granite City may refer to: Granite City, Illinois , United States Aberdeen , Scotland Jalore , India Quincy, Massachusetts , United States St. Cloud, Minnesota , United States Mount Airy, North Carolina , United States Wausau, Wisconsin , United States Aughrim, Wicklow , Republic of Ireland USS Granite City (1863) ,
136-426: A hydride ion . Reductants in chemistry are very diverse. Electropositive elemental metals , such as lithium , sodium , magnesium , iron , zinc , and aluminium , are good reducing agents. These metals donate electrons relatively readily. Hydride transfer reagents , such as NaBH 4 and LiAlH 4 , reduce by atom transfer: they transfer the equivalent of hydride or H . These reagents are widely used in
204-699: A 2,400-acre (9.7 km ) natural lake, the largest lake in the St. Louis area. The park provides a place for picnicking, cycling, fishing, wildlife viewing, and small boating. Hunting is allowed during hunting season and a small primitive campground is located on Walker's Island. There are 2 roller skating rinks in the area and Confluence Crush Roller Derby practices in the adjacent village of Pontoon Beach . The Port Harbor Railroad (reporting marks: PHRR) provides railroad service to industrial businesses located at America's Central Port in Granite City. The PHRR connects with
272-506: A Confederate steamer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Granite City . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granite_City&oldid=1219271633 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
340-492: A farming area that occupied the area of present-day Granite City, six miles (10 km) from St. Louis . Soon after, around 1806, the National Road was to be constructed through the area, but it was never completed. By 1817, the area became known as Six Mile Prairie, to distinguish it from Six Mile Township. By 1854, the first railroad was built. In 1856, the area known as Six Mile would be changed to Kinder. Granite City
408-490: A female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of householders living alone, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3. In the city the population age range was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 15 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 15% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
476-411: A gas. Later, scientists realized that the metal atom gains electrons in this process. The meaning of reduction then became generalized to include all processes involving a gain of electrons. Reducing equivalent refers to chemical species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions. The term is common in biochemistry . A reducing equivalent can be an electron or a hydrogen atom as
544-459: A more easily corroded " sacrificial anode " to act as the anode . The sacrificial metal, instead of the protected metal, then corrodes. A common application of cathodic protection is in galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial zinc coating on steel parts protects them from rust. Oxidation is used in a wide variety of industries, such as in the production of cleaning products and oxidizing ammonia to produce nitric acid . Redox reactions are
612-424: A new subdivision to be named 'Granite Park' (More commonly known as West Granite, today). Then in 1903, a massive flood covered all of West Granite while the rest of the town stayed relatively dry. In 1906, ten thousand persons emigrated to Granite City from Macedonia , Bulgaria , Hungary and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, during a two-year period. The majority of these immigrants, primarily those from
680-413: A redox reaction that takes place in a cell, the potential difference is: However, the potential of the reaction at the anode is sometimes expressed as an oxidation potential : The oxidation potential is a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to be oxidized but does not represent the physical potential at an electrode. With this notation, the cell voltage equation is written with a plus sign In
748-604: A wedding area. The Park District offers baseball, flag football, tennis, soccer, basketball, and hockey programs for the youth. Every summer around July 4, Wilson Park hosts the Patriots in the Park program. The program includes live entertainment, carriage rides, carnival rides, food & beverage stands, and the second largest fireworks display in the St. Louis area. Madison County Transit provides an outstanding 85-mile (137 km) network of newly paved, well maintained bikeways throughout
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#1732851587157816-408: A whole reaction. In electrochemical reactions the oxidation and reduction processes do occur simultaneously but are separated in space. Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. Later, the term was expanded to encompass substances that accomplished chemical reactions similar to those of oxygen. Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving
884-408: Is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. The oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously in the chemical reaction. There are two classes of redox reactions: "Redox" is a portmanteau of
952-429: Is also called an electron acceptor . Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g., N 2 O 4 , MnO 4 , CrO 3 , Cr 2 O 7 , OsO 4 ), or else highly electronegative elements (e.g. O 2 , F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 ) that can gain extra electrons by oxidizing another substance. Oxidizers are oxidants, but
1020-447: Is also known as its reduction potential ( E red ), or potential when the half-reaction takes place at a cathode. The reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of the oxidizing agent to be reduced. Its value is zero for H + e → 1 ⁄ 2 H 2 by definition, positive for oxidizing agents stronger than H (e.g., +2.866 V for F 2 ) and negative for oxidizing agents that are weaker than H (e.g., −0.763V for Zn ). For
1088-465: Is dependent on these ratios. Redox mechanisms also control some cellular processes. Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the CoRR hypothesis for the function of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts . Wide varieties of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general,
1156-626: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Granite City, Illinois Granite City is a city in Madison County, Illinois , United States, within the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. The population was 27,549 at the 2020 census , making it the third-largest city in the Metro East and Southern Illinois regions, behind Belleville and O'Fallon . Officially founded in 1896, Granite City
1224-595: Is land and 1.41 square miles (3.7 km ) (or 6.81%) is water. Granite City can be divided into seven areas: Downtown, East Granite, West Granite, North Granite, Nameoki Strip, Bellemore Area and the Wilson Park Area. Most retailers and dining facilities are located on the Nameoki Strip, surrounding Nameoki Road. The Wilson park area is home to the recently renovated Coolidge Middle School, former Niedringhaus Elementary School, and Granite City High School as well as
1292-432: Is mined as its magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). Titanium is mined as its dioxide, usually in the form of rutile (TiO 2 ). These oxides must be reduced to obtain the corresponding metals, often achieved by heating these oxides with carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agents. Blast furnaces are the reactors where iron oxides and coke (a form of carbon) are combined to produce molten iron. The main chemical reaction producing
1360-505: Is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cellular respiration: Biological energy is frequently stored and released using redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) to NADH, which then contributes to
1428-441: Is oxidized, and the oxidant or oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that is involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair. A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidizing form, e.g., Fe / Fe .The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction because two half-reactions always occur together to form
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#17328515871571496-514: The 51st Congress , he successfully urged the passage of a new tariff of 50 percent of value on imported iron and tin. With the increased tariff, the U.S. steel industry (including their iron plant) took off. As they planned expansion of their Bessemer process steel works, they were blocked by the city of St. Louis which did not want the expansion. As well, the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis planned to tax coal crossing
1564-746: The Chain of Rocks Canal on the Upper Mississippi River , bordering Horseshoe Lake on its southeastern side. The city sits in the American Bottom , a wide, flat and fertile plain. Although at risk during the Great Flood of 1993 , the city never flooded and is protected by a series of levees along both the Mississippi River and Chain of Rocks Canal. Granite City is located within a few miles of five interstate highways. Interstate 270 passes through
1632-676: The Mississippi River into Missouri. Another large factory in the city was owned by the Commonwealth Steel Company , a business founded on philanthropic principles in 1901 and acquired by the General Steel Castings Corporation in 1929. In 1891, the brothers bought 3,500 acres (14 km ) from business tycoon Lars Kovala . This land extended from the Mississippi River across the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad tracks for their new Granite City. With
1700-633: The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis at "WR Tower," a major railroad junction located at the intersection of Niedringhaus Avenue and 16th Street. The railway carries everything from steel and aluminum products to foods, lumber, paper, chemicals, minerals, grains and other products. Granite City Community Unit School District 9 enrolls 7100 students from the city and its surrounding area. The district operates five elementary schools (Frohardt, Mitchell, Wilson, Prather, and Maryville) One intermediate school (Grigsby) One Junior High (Coolidge) and one high school (Granite City High School (GCHS)). Recently,
1768-591: The Gateway Regional Medical Center and attached to the same building as the WIC Service. Another Coordinated Youth location is on W 3rd St near the old army depot. The Sam Wolf Granite City Campus (SWGCC) of Southwestern Illinois College is located at the northern end of the city. Oxidation Redox ( / ˈ r ɛ d ɒ k s / RED -oks , / ˈ r iː d ɒ k s / REE -doks , reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction )
1836-550: The Granite City "Antranig" Chapter of the Armenian Youth Federation . Around 1903, Granite City expelled its African American residents. In 1967, the Congress of Racial Equality alleged that Granite City was a sundown town . Mayor Donald Partney acknowledged that the city was commonly understood to have a sundown ordinance but denied that it was official. As of 2008 , several large manufacturing corporations operate in
1904-791: The Granite City Steel Co. Downtown is at the southwestern part of the city and is home to much of the city's industry, including the Granite City Steel Works. Downtown Granite suffered a downturn in the 1970s, which vacated much of its commercial buildings and in turn, urban decay began. More recently, there have been revitalization efforts to revive the downtown area, although they are still in their early stages. These efforts are modeled on nearby cities such as Belleville, IL , Edwardsville, IL , and St. Charles, MO . Revitalization efforts include installing tree-filled medians on Niedringhaus Avenue, adding recreational businesses such as
1972-563: The Heart of Granite City, West Granite is the History. Attracted by the promise of plentiful jobs, many immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe, primarily Bulgaria, Ottoman Macedonia and Hungary, migrated to the City in search of good jobs with decent wages. The vast majority of these immigrants settled into housing to the west of the downtown area in a place that would come to be known as 'Hungary Hollow.' By 1916
2040-439: The city was 91.5% White , 6.5% Black or African American , 1.0% American Indian or Alaska Native ( Native American ), 0.8% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.3% from other races , and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population. There were 12,214 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 15.4% had
2108-405: The city's crown jewel, Wilson Park. Wilson Park is sometimes called the "heart" of Granite City and is known for its nicely kept "turn of the [20th] century" homes. East Granite is less defined, but is mostly modern residential subdivisions as well as both St. Elizabeth and Holy Family Catholic Schools. East Granite is north of the blast furnace at US Steel. US Steel's complex was formerly known as
Granite City - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-500: The city, including U.S. Steel , Precoat Metals, Capri-Sun , Kraft Foods , Heidtman Steel, Prairie Farms, and American Steel. The clothing retailer Glik's is also headquartered in Granite City. In July 2018, President Donald Trump visited the city to deliver a speech about industry growth at the U.S Steel plant. Granite City is located at 38°43′4″N 90°7′46″W / 38.71778°N 90.12944°W / 38.71778; -90.12944 (38.717849, -90.129529), adjacent to
2244-510: The company and the city's future. It was also during this period that St. Joseph Catholic Church was organized and a canal and levee system were built. Methody Bulgarian Church in America was built in Hungary Hollow for the large number of Bulgarians (incl. many Macedonian Bulgarians ) living there. At the time, Granite City had the largest concentration of Bulgarians in the country and boasted
2312-443: The copper sulfate solution, thus liberating free copper metal. The reaction is spontaneous and releases 213 kJ per 65 g of zinc. The ionic equation for this reaction is: As two half-reactions , it is seen that the zinc is oxidized: And the copper is reduced: A disproportionation reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in
2380-454: The country of Hungary, moved to present-day Lincoln Place . At the time, this area was called 'Hungary Hollow'. During the Panic of 1907 , the neighborhood of Hungary Hollow was nicknamed 'Hungry Hollow', as many immigrants starved during this period. The following year, one of the founding fathers of the city and of NESCO, William Niedringhaus, would die, leading to the beginning of a new era in both
2448-574: The county as well as Granite City. The new YMCA , part of the River's Edge Development was recently completed. The complex includes aquatics programs, a youth center, weightlifting, batting cages, basketball/tennis courts, and a child care center. There are also two golf courses near Granite City. The Legacy Golf Course and the Arlington Golf Course both offer eighteen hole championship courses. Horseshoe Lake State Park wraps around Horseshoe Lake ,
2516-479: The creation of a proton gradient , which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. Free radical reactions are redox reactions that occur as part of homeostasis and killing microorganisms . In these reactions, an electron detaches from a molecule and then re-attaches almost instantly. Free radicals are part of redox molecules and can become harmful to
2584-476: The electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes and their coenzymes . Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and regenerate the unchanged parent compound. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This catalytic behavior has been described as a futile cycle or redox cycling. Minerals are generally oxidized derivatives of metals. Iron
2652-415: The electrons cancel: The protons and fluoride combine to form hydrogen fluoride in a non-redox reaction: The overall reaction is: In this type of reaction, a metal atom in a compound or solution is replaced by an atom of another metal. For example, copper is deposited when zinc metal is placed in a copper(II) sulfate solution: In the above reaction, zinc metal displaces the copper(II) ion from
2720-446: The environment. Cellular respiration , for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) to CO 2 and the reduction of oxygen to water . The summary equation for cellular respiration is: The process of cellular respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of NAD to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD ). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis
2788-660: The foundation of electrochemical cells, which can generate electrical energy or support electrosynthesis . Metal ores often contain metals in oxidized states, such as oxides or sulfides, from which the pure metals are extracted by smelting at high temperatures in the presence of a reducing agent. The process of electroplating uses redox reactions to coat objects with a thin layer of a material, as in chrome-plated automotive parts, silver plating cutlery , galvanization and gold-plated jewelry . Many essential biological processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin, iron must be assimilated from
Granite City - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-537: The girls' soccer team won the 2011 state championship. In addition, the Warrior wrestling team were co-champions in 1965 and currently have more dual meet victories than any other high school in the country. The baseball team were runners-up in 1963. Two private Catholic K-8 schools, Holy Family and St. Elizabeth, are also located in the city. Alternative schools include the Coordinated Youth on Madison Avenue next to
2924-550: The government of the city up to the residents. African-Americans were not allowed in the community and instead congregated in Brooklyn, Illinois . The plant would later grow to occupy 1,250,000 square feet (116,000 m ) and employ more than 4,000 people. The plant prospered until the 1950s when aluminum , stainless steel , and pyrex replaced iron-based utensils. The granite pattern in kitchen utensils, particularly in roasting pans, remains very popular. In 1896, Granite City
2992-417: The help of the St. Louis City Engineer, a street grid was laid out with streets listed in alphabetic order plus numbered streets, and the only exception being Niedringhaus Avenue. The Niedringhaus family required that its employees live in the town. Houses were purchased with Niedringhaus mortgages. Unlike Pullman, however, they did not exert major control over the day-to-day lives of their employees and left
3060-505: The high school underwent a 14 million dollar renovation. The district is notable for its wide array of sports, clubs, and technical programs. Recently, the track, baseball field, and high school gymnasium were renovated. The high school has achieved a 96.3% graduation rate, nearly 10% higher than the state average. Granite City High School was the 1940 State champions in basketball . Granite City High has won ten boys' soccer state championships in 1972, 1976–1980, 1982, 1987, 1989, and 1990, and
3128-413: The human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an antioxidant . The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of GSH/GSSG , NAD /NADH and NADP /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ . The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate , beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate ), whose interconversion
3196-413: The loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances (cause them to lose electrons) are said to be oxidative or oxidizing, and are known as oxidizing agents , oxidants, or oxidizers. The oxidant removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. Because it "accepts" electrons, the oxidizing agent
3264-492: The molten iron is: Electron transfer reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and redox potential , quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential ( voltage ) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and biological processes. Early theoretical research with applications to flooded soils and paddy rice production
3332-423: The multi-national residents of Hungary Hollow applied for and were granted an official name change to Lincoln Place. As of the census of 2010, there were 29,849 people, 12,214 households, and 7,791 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,547.5 people per square mile (597.5/km ). There were 13,578 housing units at an average density of 703.0 per square mile (271.4/km ). The racial makeup of
3400-435: The northern edge of the city and Interstates 255 , 70 , 55 , and 64 all pass just to the south and east of the city. Route 3 is a major thoroughfare along the western edge of the city and provides access to downtown St. Louis across the recently renovated McKinley Bridge . According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 20.70 square miles (53.6 km ), of which 19.29 square miles (50.0 km ) (or 93.19%)
3468-635: The only American newspaper printed in the Bulgarian language . After the 1915 Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, thousands of Armenians fled Armenia and migrated to the United States. The promise of jobs at steel mills in Granite City created a thriving Armenian community in the town, with many Armenians settling in Lincoln Place. Since then, they have kept a church and community center, along with
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#17328515871573536-532: The pattern would be embedded. The brothers' pattern made the utensils resemble granite. The resulting product was enormously popular. The brothers opened the Granite Iron Rolling Mills in St. Louis to provide tin (imported from Wales ) to its prospering kitchen supplies manufacturer. The imported tin had a $ 22 per ton tariff . Frederick ran for Congress in Missouri in 1888. During his one term in
3604-419: The population were below the poverty line , including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. The Granite City Park District owns 13 parks. Wilson Park is the most notable. A 1.4-mile (2.3 km) paved trail encircles the 74-acre (300,000 m ) park which contains a pool, ice rink, park office, skate park, food and beverage stand, tennis courts, several pavilions, baseball fields, and
3672-404: The presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4). Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to 0, while the other is oxidized from +2 to +4. Cathodic protection is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell . A simple method of protection connects protected metal to
3740-538: The reaction between hydrogen and fluorine , hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced: This spontaneous reaction releases 542 kJ per 2 g of hydrogen because the H-F bond is much stronger than the F-F bond. This reaction can be analyzed as two half-reactions . The oxidation reaction converts hydrogen to protons : The reduction reaction converts fluorine to the fluoride anion: The half-reactions are combined so that
3808-410: The reducing agent is also called an electron donor . Electron donors can also form charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors. The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as a metal oxide to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal. Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as
3876-494: The reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols . A related method of reduction involves the use of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) as sources of H atoms. The electrochemist John Bockris proposed the words electronation and de-electronation to describe reduction and oxidation processes, respectively, when they occur at electrodes . These words are analogous to protonation and deprotonation . They have not been widely adopted by chemists worldwide, although IUPAC has recognized
3944-437: The term is mainly reserved for sources of oxygen, particularly in the context of explosions. Nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents , reductants, or reducers. The reductant transfers electrons to another substance and is thus itself oxidized. Because it donates electrons,
4012-658: The terms electronation and de-electronation. Redox reactions can occur slowly, as in the formation of rust , or rapidly, as in the case of burning fuel . Electron transfer reactions are generally fast, occurring within the time of mixing. The mechanisms of atom-transfer reactions are highly variable because many kinds of atoms can be transferred. Such reactions can also be quite complex, involving many steps. The mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions occur by two distinct pathways, inner sphere electron transfer and outer sphere electron transfer . Analysis of bond energies and ionization energies in water allows calculation of
4080-446: The thermodynamic aspects of redox reactions. Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential ( E cell ), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized: The electrode potential of each half-reaction
4148-453: The three-screen Granite City Theater , repaving streets, granting tax incentives, and adding new zoning restrictions. The original design of what is currently downtown Granite City is based on the City of Washington D.C. West Granite is located west of downtown across the railroad lines. West Granite contains both industrial and lower income residential areas and has been struggling to fight its above average crime rate. While Wilson Park may be
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#17328515871574216-403: The time, most enamelware was usually just one color as the additions of any colors to the process was inefficient. On June 1, 1878, William applied for Patent 207543 to improve the efficiency whereby a pattern could be applied to enamelware while the enamel was still wet simply by placing a thin piece of paper with an oxidized pattern on top of it. The paper would fall off in the drying process and
4284-448: The words "REDuction" and "OXidation." The term "redox" was first used in 1928. Oxidation is a process in which a substance loses electrons. Reduction is a process in which a substance gains electrons. The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or reducing agent loses electrons and
4352-406: Was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males. The median income for a household in the city in 2014 was $ 43,759, and the median income for a family was $ 57,596. Males over age 16 had a median income of $ 46,390 versus $ 36,989 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 22,397. About 14.8% of families and 18.3% of
4420-709: Was founded in 1896 to be a planned company city similar to Pullman, Illinois , by German immigrant brothers Frederick G. Niedringhaus and William Niedringhaus for their Granite ware kitchen supplies factory. Since 1866, the Niedringhaus brothers had been operating the St. Louis Stamping Company, an iron works company, that made kitchen utensils in St. Louis, Missouri . In the 1870s, William discovered an enamelware process in Europe whereby metal utensils could be coated with enamel to make them lighter and more resistant to oxidation . At
4488-418: Was named by the Niedringhaus brothers, William and Frederick , who established it as a steel making company town for the manufacture of graniteware kitchen utensils. The area was settled much earlier than Granite City's official founding. In the early 19th century, settlers began to farm the rich fertile grounds to the east of St. Louis. Around 1801, the area saw the establishment of Six Mile Settlement,
4556-598: Was officially incorporated as a City within Madison County, Illinois. The first seven years went as planned with rapid growth. Henry Fossiek was hired as the first policeman, a School Board of Directors was appointed by the Mayor, four schools opened, the 1st Church of the Concordian Lutheran Church was built, Stamping Company changed its name to National Enameling & Stamping Company (NESCO), and lots were sold for
4624-433: Was seminal for subsequent work on thermodynamic aspects of redox and plant root growth in soils. Later work built on this foundation, and expanded it for understanding redox reactions related to heavy metal oxidation state changes, pedogenesis and morphology, organic compound degradation and formation, free radical chemistry, wetland delineation, soil remediation , and various methodological approaches for characterizing
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