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26-504: De Graaf was born in Schoonhoven in a Roman Catholic family, as the son of a carpenter/engineer or architect. He studied medicine in Leuven (1658), Utrecht and Leiden (1663). There his co-students were Jan Swammerdam , Niels Stensen , Ole Borch and Frederik Ruysch , cooperating with professor Franciscus Sylvius , Johannes van Horne and Lucas Schacht . All of them were interested in

52-867: A Dutch anatomist best known for his illustrated atlas of myology . He was a professor of anatomy and surgery at Leiden University where his students included Nicolaus Steno . Van Horne was born in Amsterdam in a Flemish merchant family. His father Jacob was a director of the Dutch East India Company . Educated at the University of Leiden he shifted from literature to medicine and may have assisted Johannes de Wale . He then went to study medicine at Utrecht under Willem van der Straaten . He then travelled around Europe, attending Johann Vesling 's classes at Padua, Marco Aurelio Severino at Naples, and visiting Montpellier and England. He received an honorary degree from

78-506: A castle was built on the north side of a small stream called "Zevender", near its mouth at the Lek River . The town Schoonhoven was then formed near the castle. The oldest reference to the town is in a document from 1247, where it is referred to as Sconhoven . In 1280, it was granted town rights . Around 1350, walls and gates were constructed around the town. The town's economy depended on shipping, brewing, fishing and agriculture. Schoonhoven

104-531: A celebration of Halloween . Also, Koningsdag and the arrival of Sinterklaas are celebrated each year. Schoonhoven has two main shopping streets with a variety of shops and boutiques. There are several restaurants and bars, as well as a hotel and a discotheque. Schoonhoven lies in the middle of the Dutch Green Heart ( Groene Hart ), which is mostly a rural area with a relatively low population density. It therefore has no railway connection (although there

130-544: A north-westerly direction, and then eastward since the 1990s. Schoonhoven is known for its silver and therefore carries the nickname: Zilverstad ("Silver Town"). Since the 17th century, silver and gold smiths have been working here. Today, Schoonhoven is still known for its silver. It is the host of "Het Nederlands Zilvermuseum" (the Dutch Silver Museum) and the International Silver School. Schoonhoven

156-643: A population of data missing in 2021, and covered an area of 6.92 km (2.67 sq mi) of which 0.65 km (0.25 sq mi) water. From 2010 to 2014, it was the smallest municipality in the Netherlands in land area, following the merger of Rozenburg into Rotterdam . The first winner of the Dutch version of Pop Idol, Jamai Loman , is from this town. Also Jan-Arie van der Heijden , football player for Feyenoord , lives in Schoonhoven. c.  1220

182-513: A relaxing cycling day trip through Schoonhoven's rural surroundings. The town is also popular among Dutch day-trippers and bicycle tourers. The grassy polders of the Krimpenerwaard , Lopikerwaard and Alblasserwaard surrounding the town of Schoonhoven are home to a magnificent variety of birds such as storks. Popular events that take place in Schoonhoven include the annual well-visited Silver day ( Zilverdag ) on Whit Monday and "Spookhoven",

208-469: Is also known for is its production of clocks. There still is a variety of clock makers in Schoonhoven, some of which can be visited. A beautiful example of a large clockwork is the Van den Gheyn Beiaard in the tower of the medieval town hall of Schoonhoven. The town is a popular stop for inland cruise ships, especially during the summer period. Tourists are often offered a guided tour of the town and its museums, or

234-461: Is the Veerpoort (Ferry Gate) that faces the Lek River . This Veerpoort has protected Schoonhoven from the floods of the river Rhine and from the sea during the devastating North Sea flood of 1953 and is still fully functional as a water barrier today. By 1860, the town had 2900 inhabitants. Not until the middle of the 20th century did the town expand beyond the former fortress limits; firstly in

260-402: The Lek River connects Schoonhoven with Gelkenes in the municipality of Molenwaard . From here, the towns of Gorinchem , Dordrecht and Kinderdijk can each be reached within half an hour. [REDACTED] Schoonhoven travel guide from Wikivoyage Johannes van Horne Johannes van Horne , Joannis van Horne (surname Latinized as Hornius , 2 September 1621 – 5 January 1670) was

286-579: The University of Basel . After returning home, he became a demonstrator of anatomy at Leiden University and became an extraordinary professor of anatomy in 1651. He was made full professor at Leiden University in 1652 when he succeeded Otto Heurnius . The next year he became professor of anatomy and surgery. His notable students included Nicolaus Steno, Frederik Ruysch , and Jan Swammerdam . Van Horne developed fine anatomical preparation techniques and began to describe human musculature in detail, making use of

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312-424: The anatomy of the testicles and collected secretions of the gall bladder and the pancreas . Despite his contributions, De Graaf made a number of errors in addition to believing that the ovum was the follicle. He never actually consulted the ancient texts but merely repeated the accounts of others compounding their inaccuracies. Because he observed rabbits rather than humans, he assumed fertilization took place in

338-626: The border between the County of Holland and the Bishopric of Utrecht . Following the Disaster Year of 1672 , they were reinforced once again and expanded on the west and north sides. Yet in 1816, when bastion fortifications were no longer relevant to the warfare of the time, they were mostly demolished and made way for a cemetery and a park. Nowadays, most of the town walls and gates too have disappeared. The only remaining medieval entrance gate of Schoonhoven

364-497: The complete entity was present in the ovary, brought to life by the influence of the male ejaculatory fluid, and then transported to the uterus. Schoonhoven Schoonhoven ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsxoːnˌɦoːvə(n)] ) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands , in the province of South Holland . Since 2015 it has been a part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard , before it had been an independent municipality. The former municipality had

390-511: The disease persisted throughout the year, peaking in July and August. De Graaf's position in the history of reproduction is unique, summarising the work of anatomists before his time, but unable to benefit from the advances about to be made by microscopy, although he reported its use by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1673. His personal contributions include the description of testicular tubules, the efferent ducts , and corpora lutea . De Graaf may have been

416-455: The end of April) Henry Oldenburg that attention should be paid to autodidact Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and his work on the improvement of the microscope . De Graaf died on 17 August and was buried respectfully on 21 August in the nearby Old Church, Delft on a prominent spot, at the choir . It has been speculated that he may have committed suicide, but it is more likely it was malaria, typhoid fever or dysentery as in other Dutch cities;

442-455: The first to understand the reproductive function of the fallopian tube , described the hydrosalpinx , linking its development to female infertility . De Graaf also invented a practical syringe , described in his third treatise. His eponymous legacy are the Graafian (or ovarian) follicles . He himself pointed out that he was not the first to describe them, but described their development. From

468-472: The importance of the ovary and its eggs. De Graaf issued a rebuttal but was affected by the accusation of plagiarism . De Graaf described female ejaculation and referred to an erogenous zone in the vagina that he himself linked with the male prostate ; this zone was later reported by German gynecologist Ernst Gräfenberg and named after him as the Gräfenberg Spot or G-Spot . Further, De Graaf described

494-462: The observation of pregnancy in rabbits, he concluded that the follicle contained the oocyte , although he never observed it. The mature stage of the ovarian follicle is called the Graafian follicle in his honor, although others, including Fallopius , had noticed the follicles previously (but failed to recognize its reproductive significance). The term Graafian follicle followed the introduction of

520-516: The organs of procreation and influenced by Rene Descartes' iatrophysical approach. He submitted his doctoral thesis on the pancreas , and in 1665 he went (together with his brother) to France where he further experimented on dogs, cooperating with Pierre Bourdelot . He obtained his medical degree from the University of Angers with Jean Chapelain as his translator. Back in the Dutch Republic , De Graaf established himself at Oude Delft . He

546-511: The ovary. He believed that the seminal vesicles stored spermatozoa . He was not yet aware of the presence of spermatozoa as such; these were discovered just after his death by the Amsterdam student Johannes Ham, using the microscope of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Based upon his rabbit experiments and the description of ectopic pregnancy in a lady that had died in her 12th pregnancy in Paris, he assumed that

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572-457: The painter Marten Sagemolen. He associated with Louis de Bils and came up with incorrect ideas on the digestive tract leading later to a polemic exchange. He published several books on surgery but his work on an atlas of myology, known only from a manuscript of which is in France is considered particularly influential. This was considered lost until it was rediscovered in 2016. The work helped establish

598-493: The term ova Graafiana by Albrecht von Haller who like De Graaf still assumed that the follicle was the oocyte itself, although De Graaf realized the ovum was much smaller. The discovery of the human egg was eventually made by Karl Ernst von Baer in 1827. De Graaf's contemporary Jan Swammerdam confronted him after his publication of DeMulierum Organis Generatione Inservientibu and accused him of taking credit of discoveries he and Johannes van Horne had made earlier regarding

624-630: Was a tram connection with Gouda from 1914 until 1942, when it was broken up by the German Nazi authorities) and lacks a direct connection to a motorway. The town can be reached within half an hour from the major cities of Rotterdam and Utrecht via the N210 road, and from Gouda via the N207. It also has a frequent bus connection (lines 295 and 497) with these cities. Amsterdam is about an hour away by car. A ferry transporting both vehicles and pedestrians across

650-406: Was also the marketplace for the region. In 1518, the castle burned down and its remnants were removed in subsequent decades. Between 1582 and 1601 the towm's defense walls were renewed and expanded to include the shipyards as well. At this point, the fortifications mainly faced eastward (as can be seen on the 1652 map of Schoonhoven by Joan Blaeu ), because of the historically strategical location on

676-543: Was studying the male genitalia , which led to a publication in 1668. For his research in the anatomical theatre on the ovarian follicle he used female rabbits. (The dissection of corpses was only done in winter, and cadavers were scarce; most were sent to Leiden and available when someone was condemned to death.) In May 1672 he married Maria van Dijk. As a correspondent of the Royal Society in London, De Graaf recommended (at

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