98-642: Colonel George Gawler KH (21 July 1795 – 7 May 1869) was the second Governor of South Australia , at the same time serving as Resident Commissioner , from 17 October 1838 until 15 May 1841. Gawler, born on 21 July 1795, was the only child of Captain Samuel Gawler, captain in the 73rd Regiment of Foot , and his wife Julia, née Russell. Gawler's father was killed in battle in Mysore , India in December 1804. The Gawler family historically came from Devon . George Gawler
196-427: A sinecure appointment for distinguished generals and members of the royal family or British nobility . Despite an individual only being permitted to hold one colonelcy, it was a profitable position as they were in financial charge of their regiment's allowance from the government. This meant they could hope to make a profit on the funds allocated for equipment, supplies and uniforms. As generals were mostly on half-pay,
294-570: A "ramshackle" administration marked by "broken promises and outright betrayal" of Māori people. Grey's collection of Māori artefacts, one of the earliest from New Zealand and assembled during his first governorship, was donated to the British Museum in 1854. Grey was Governor of Cape Colony from 5 December 1854 to 15 August 1861. He founded Grey College, Bloemfontein in 1855 and Grey High School in Port Elizabeth in 1856. In 1859 he laid
392-720: A belief that the Auckland was at risk from attack by the Waikato Māori. Governor Grey had to contend with newspapers that were unequivocal to their support of the interests of the settlers: the Auckland Times , Auckland Chronicle , The Southern Cross , which started by William Brown as a weekly paper in 1843 and The New Zealander , which was started in 1845 by John Williamson . These newspapers were known for their partisan editorial policies – both William Brown and John Williamson were aspiring politicians. The Southern Cross supported
490-517: A close link to a particular regiment. Non-military personnel, usually for positions within the Army Reserve , may also be appointed to the ceremonial position. When attending functions as "colonel of the regiment", the titleholder wears the regimental uniform with rank insignia of (full) colonel, regardless of their official rank. A member of the Royal Family is known as a royal colonel . A colonel of
588-631: A collection of minerals and exotic stuffed birds which included an albatross from his time as governor. Also, Gawler's gardener in Australia, Joseph Whittaker , contributed hundreds of pressed flowers and plants to Derby Museum and to Kew Gardens . A portrait of him hangs in Parliament House, Adelaide , and another in the City Council Chamber, Adelaide . Gawler's eldest surviving son, Henry (1827-1894), returned to South Australia in 1858. He
686-461: A colonel-in-chief is to maintain a direct link between a given regiment and the British Royal Family . Some of the historic duties associated with the title colonel of the regiment (to distinguish it from the military rank of colonel) continue to be used in the modern British Army. The ceremonial position is often conferred on retired general officers , brigadiers or colonels who have
784-517: A colonelcy was a method of providing them with extra income. Many colonels spent large sums of their own money on their regiments. By the end of the 19th century, the reorganisation of the British Army through the Cardwell and Childers Reforms had established a colonel as a professional rank with senior administrative responsibilities in regiment or brigade. Another title employed by the British Army
882-459: A cordial relationship with the powerful rangatira Pōtatau Te Wherowhero of Tainui , in order to deter Ngāpuhi from invading Auckland . He was knighted in 1848. In 1854, Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony in South Africa , where his resolution of hostilities between indigenous South Africans and European settlers was praised by both sides. After separating from his wife and developing
980-450: A crown. Gorget patches , colloquially known as red tabs, with crimson lace and a brass button are also worn by officers of the substantive rank of colonel as part of their general staff uniform . Gorget patches are not worn by regimental colonel, who wear the regimental uniform . George Grey Sir George Grey , KCB (14 April 1812 – 19 September 1898) was a British soldier, explorer, colonial administrator and writer. He served in
1078-529: A dispatch to Earl Grey, Governor Grey stated that in implementing the Act, Her Majesty would not be giving the self-government that was intended, instead: "...she will give to a small fraction of her subjects of one race the power of governing the large majority of her subjects of a different race... there is no reason to think that they would be satisfied with, and submit to, the rule of a minority" Earl Grey agreed and in December 1847 introduced an Act suspending most of
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#17328594707791176-666: A fellow officer from the 52nd. Gawler and his wife were sincerely religious and when the 52nd was sent to New Brunswick in 1823 they did much social and religious work. Gawler returned to England in 1826 and from 1830 to 1832 was engaged in recruiting. He reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1834 and in 1837 received the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order (KH), third class. In 1838 Gawler was appointed Governor of South Australia in succession to Captain John Hindmarsh , who had been recalled, as well as being appointed to
1274-506: A great impression on him. He was promoted lieutenant in 1833 and obtained a first-class certificate at the examinations of the Royal Military College, in 1836. In 1837, at the age of 25, Grey led an ill-prepared expedition that explored North-West Australia . British settlers in Australia at the time knew little of the region and only one member of Grey's party had been there before. It was believed possible at that time that one of
1372-556: A memorandum, The Tranquillization of Syria and the East , in which he suggested that Jews be allowed to establish Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine as compensation for their suffering under Turkish rule. The Emancipation of the Jews followed in 1847, and in 1849 he toured Palestine with Moses Montefiore . In a further work, Syria and its Near Prospects , (1853) he made four arguments for
1470-729: A severe opium addiction , Grey was again appointed Governor of New Zealand in 1861, three years after Te Wherowhero, who had established himself the first Māori King in Grey’s absence, had died. The Kiingitanga (Maori King) posed a significant challenge to the British push for sovereignty, and with his Ngāpuhi absent from the movement, Grey found himself challenged on two sides. He struggled to reuse his skills in negotiation to maintain peace with Māori, and his relationship with Te Wherowhero's successor Tāwhiao deeply soured. Turning on his former allies, Grey began an aggressive crackdown on Tainui and launched
1568-564: A soldier who lost his own life. He was in Spain until 1814, taking part in the advance on Madrid . The regiment returned to England and Gawler, now a lieutenant, fought at the Battle of Waterloo . He remained in France with the army of occupation until 1818, and in 1820 married Maria Cox of Friar Gate, Derby who was the niece of Samuel Richardson . Gawler's new sister-in-law, Mary Ann, married William Leeke ,
1666-449: A succession of governing positions: Governor of South Australia , twice Governor of New Zealand , Governor of Cape Colony , and the 11th premier of New Zealand . He played a key role in the colonisation of New Zealand , and both the purchase and annexation of Māori land . Grey was born in Lisbon, Portugal, just a few days after his father, Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, was killed at
1764-696: A surgeon and naturalist; and Corporals John Coles and Richard Auger of the Royal Sappers and Miners . Joining the party at Cape Town were Sapper Private Robert Mustard, J.C. Cox, Thomas Ruston, Evan Edwards, Henry Williams, and Robert Inglesby. In December they landed at Hanover Bay (west of Uwins Island in the Bonaparte Archipelago ). Travelling south, the party traced the course of the Glenelg River . After experiencing boat wrecks, near-drowning, becoming completely lost, and Grey himself being speared in
1862-440: A year, with an additional £5,000 credit for emergencies. His first goal was to address delays over rural settlement and primary production. He persuaded Charles Sturt to come from New South Wales to work as surveyor-general, personally overseeing the surveys in the meantime, as Colonel William Light had resigned due to ailing health and the demands placed on him with insufficient staff. Gawler promptly increased and reorganised
1960-581: Is " colonel-in-chief " which is distinct from the ceremonial title "Colonel of the Regiment". The position is usually held by a member of the Royal Family who acts as a patron to the unit, as Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon , did for the Bermuda Regiment . Although they do not have an operational role, they are kept informed of all important activities undertaken by the regiment and pay occasional visits to its operational units. The chief purpose of
2058-689: Is two diamond-shaped pips (properly called "Bath Stars" ) below a crown. The crown has varied in the past with different monarchs; Elizabeth II's reign used St Edward's Crown . The rank is equivalent to captain in the Royal Navy and group captain in the Royal Air Force. The rank of colonel was popularised by the tercios that were employed in the Spanish Army during the 16th and 17th centuries. General Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba divided his troops into coronelías (meaning "column of soldiers" from
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#17328594707792156-637: The Anglo-Maori Warder , which followed an editorial policy in opposition to Governor Grey. At the time of the northern war The Southern Cross and The New Zealander blamed Henry Williams and the other CMS missionaries for the Flagstaff War . The New Zealander newspaper in a thinly disguised reference to Henry Williams, with the reference to "their Rangatira pakeha [gentlemen] correspondents", went on to state: We consider these English traitors far more guilty and deserving of severe punishment than
2254-509: The Battle of Badajoz in Spain. He was educated in England. After military service (1829–37) and two explorations in Western Australia (1837–39), Grey became Governor of South Australia in 1841. He oversaw the colony during a difficult formative period. Despite being less hands-on than his predecessor George Gawler , his fiscally responsible measures ensured the colony was in good shape by
2352-828: The Church Missionary Society (CMS) that was led by the Reverend Henry Williams . Williams attempted to interfere with the land purchasing practices of the company, which exacerbated the ill-will that was directed at the CMS by the Company in Wellington and the promoters of colonisation in Auckland who had access to the Governor and to the newspapers that had started publication. Unresolved land disputes that had resulted from New Zealand Company operations erupted into fighting in
2450-538: The Hutt Valley in 1846. The Ngati Rangatahi were determined to retain possession of their land. They assembled a force of about 200 warriors led by Te Rangihaeata , Te Rauparaha 's nephew (son of his sister Waitohi, died 1839), also the person who had killed unarmed captives in Wairau Affray . Governor Grey moved troops into the area and by February had assembled nearly a thousand men together with some Māori allies from
2548-530: The Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, with 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops attacking 4,000 Māori and their families. Appointed in 1877, he served as Premier of New Zealand until 1879, where he remained a symbol of colonialism. By political philosophy a Gladstonian liberal and Georgist , Grey eschewed the class system to be part of Auckland's new governance he helped to establish. Cyril Hamshere argues that Grey
2646-603: The Latin , columnella or "small column" ). These units were led by a coronel . This command structure and its titles were soon adopted as colonello in early modern Italian and in Middle French as coronel . The rank title entered the English language from French in the mid-16th century and so the modern English pronunciation of the word is derived from the French variant. The use of
2744-599: The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 . Grey was briefly appointed Governor-in-Chief on 1 January 1848, while he oversaw the establishment of the first provinces of New Zealand , New Ulster and New Munster . In 1846, Lord Stanley , the British Colonial Secretary, who was a devout Anglican, three times British Prime Minister and oversaw the passage of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ,
2842-723: The Noongar language . Due to his interest in Aboriginal culture in July 1839, Grey was promoted to captain and appointed temporary Resident Magistrate at King George Sound , Western Australia, following the death of Sir Richard Spencer , the previous Resident Magistrate. On 2 November 1839 at King George Sound, Grey married Eliza Lucy Spencer (1822–1898), daughter of the late Government Resident, Sir Richard Spencer. Their only child, born in 1841 in South Australia, died aged five months and
2940-496: The Te Āti Awa hapu to begin the Hutt Valley campaign . Māori attacked Taita on 3 March 1846, but were repulsed by a company of the 96th Regiment. The same day Grey declared martial law in the Wellington area. Richard Taylor , a CMS missionary from Whanganui , attempted to persuade the Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Rangatahi to leave the disputed land. Eventually Grey paid compensation for
3038-627: The Union Jack was hoisted; hence the flagstaff symbolised the grievances of Heke and his ally Te Ruki Kawiti , as to changes that had followed the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi . There were many causes of the Flagstaff War and Heke had a number of grievances in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi . While land acquisition by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) were politicised, the rebellion led by Heke
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3136-738: The Waimate Mission Station in November 1861. Also in 1861 Henry Williams' son Edward Marsh Williams was appointed by Sir George to be the Resident Magistrate for the Bay of Islands and Northern Districts. Following a campaign for self-government by settlers in 1846, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 , granting the colony self-government for
3234-459: The standing army of Great Britain were named numerically, although some independent Highland regiments —such as MacLeod's Highlanders —were raised in the name of their colonel for service in West Africa and India . The change from a colonelcy based on patronage was because the British Army's administration had been reformed into three administrative bodies: The reforms meant that
3332-619: The 1846 Constitution Act. Grey wrote a draft of a new Constitution Act while camping on Mount Ruapehu in 1851, forwarding this draft to the Colonial Office later that year. Grey's draft established both provincial and central representative assemblies, allowed for Māori districts and a Governor elected by the General Assembly. Only the latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Grey's constitution,
3430-624: The British Parliament (later made a gift) and Captain George Grey was sent to replace Gawler, after Grey promised to "maintain the strictest economy". In his time in office Governor Grey helped make South Australia self-sufficient in terms of agriculture and restored public confidence, though the real salvation of the colony may have been the discovery of copper at Burra in 1845. After retirement as governor in 1841, Gawler devoted his time to religious and charitable works. In 1845, Gawler wrote
3528-460: The British could keep an army of nearly 1,000 soldiers in the field continuously. Heke's confidence waned after he was wounded in battle with Tāmati Wāka Nene and his warriors, and by the realisation that the British had far more resources than he could muster; his enemies included some Pākehā Māori supporting colonial forces. After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Heke and Kawiti were ready for peace. It
3626-523: The British government was now financially responsible for the pay, clothing and equipment of the troops in the service of the British Crown . Colonels were also no longer permitted to profit directly from the sale of officer commissions in their regiments. A lieutenant-colonel commanded the regiment in battle. By the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars , the title "colonel of the regiment" had become
3724-597: The Crown. The potential for conflict between the Māori and settlers was exacerbated as the British authorities progressively eased restrictions on land sales after an agreement at the end of 1840 between the company and Colonial Secretary Lord John Russell , which provided for land purchases by the New Zealand Company from the Crown at a discount price, and a charter to buy and sell land under government supervision. Money raised by
3822-528: The Flagstaff War. In a letter of 25 June 1846 to William Ewart Gladstone , the Colonial Secretary in Sir Robert Peel 's government, Governor Grey referred to the land acquired by the CMS missionaries and commented that "Her Majesty's Government may also rest satisfied that these individuals cannot be put in possession of these tracts of land without a large expenditure of British blood and money". By
3920-454: The Governor and his representatives having the sole right to buy and sell land from the Māori. Māori were eager to sell land, and settlers eager to buy. Grey took pains to tell Māori that he had observed the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi , assuring them that their land rights would be fully recognised. In the Taranaki district, Māori were very reluctant to sell their land, but elsewhere Grey
4018-609: The Māori. On 18 November 1845 George Grey arrived in New Zealand to take up his appointment as governor, where he was greeted by outgoing Governor FitzRoy, who worked amicably with Grey before departing in January 1846. At this time, Hōne Heke challenged the British authorities, beginning by cutting down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill at Kororareka . On this flagstaff the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand had previously flown; now
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4116-531: The New Zealand Company purported to purchase approximately 20 million acres (8 million hectares) in Nelson , Wellington, Whanganui and Taranaki . Disputes arose as to the validity of purchases of land, which remained unresolved when Grey became governor. The company saw itself as a prospective government of New Zealand and in 1845 and 1846 proposed splitting the colony in two, along a line from Mokau in
4214-655: The Royal Air Force maintained the rank of colonel. During this period, groups were often commanded by RAF colonels. The rank of colonel was superseded by that of group captain on 1 August 1919. When badges of rank were introduced for field officers in 1810, full colonels were designated with a crown and star worn on shoulder epaulettes . In 1855, after the Crimean War , new dress regulations were published which specified changes where rank would be worn. Thereafter full colonels wore half-inch regimental pattern laces on upper and lower collar, with one crown and one star. In 1880
4312-528: The area. The Hutt Valley campaign was followed by the Wanganui campaign from April to July 1847. In January 1846 fifteen chiefs of the area, including Te Rauparaha, had sent a combined letter to the newly arrived Governor Grey, pledging their loyalty to the British Crown. After intercepting letters from Te Rauparaha , Grey realised he was playing a double game. He was receiving and sending secret instructions to
4410-404: The brave natives whom they have advised and misled. Cowards and knaves in the full sense of the terms, they have pursued their traitorous schemes, afraid to risk their own persons, yet artfully sacrificing others for their own aggrandizement, while, probably at the same time, they were most hypocritically professing most zealous loyalty. Official communications also blamed the CMS missionaries for
4508-453: The elected ministry, led by the Premier , controlled the colonial government's policy on Māori land. The short-term effect of the treaty was to prevent the sale of Māori land to anyone other than the Crown. This was intended to protect Māori from the kinds of shady land purchases which had alienated indigenous peoples in other parts of the world from their land with minimal compensation. Before
4606-542: The end of his first term as governor, Grey had changed his opinion as to the role of the CMS missionaries, which was limited to attempts to persuade Hōne Heke bring an end to the fighting with the British soldiers and the Ngāpuhi, led by Tāmati Wāka Nene , who remained loyal to the Crown. Grey was "shrewd and manipulative" and his main objective was to impose British sovereignty over New Zealand, which he did by force when he felt it necessary. But his first strategy to attain land
4704-436: The first time, requiring Māori to pass an English-language test to be able to participate in the new colonial government. In his instructions to Grey, Colonial Secretary Earl Grey (no relation to George Grey) sent the 1846 Constitution Act with instructions to implement self-government. George Grey responded to Earl Grey that the Act would lead to further hostilities and that the settlers were not ready for self-government. In
4802-537: The fledgling police force , promoting its commander Henry Inman . Gawler appointed more colonial officials, took part in exploration, and improved the facilities at Port Adelaide during his tenure as governor. The first permanent Government House was built, which is now the East Wing of the present building. The South Australian Company 's greatest source of revenue, the sale of land, had largely dried up due to surveying delays in 1838. The rapid increase in population in 1839 and 1840 due to immigration greatly added to
4900-460: The founders of South Australia. The town of Gawler was named after him, as well as the adjoining river . The Gawler Ranges at the north end of Eyre Peninsula are also named after him by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1839. Gawler's reputation was somewhat tarnished by his involvement in the Maria massacre in 1840. Derby's Town and County Museum in the 1830s included Gawler in its list of principal benefactors. Gawler had contributed
4998-415: The government from sales to the company would be spent on assisting migration to New Zealand. The agreement was hailed by the company as "all that we could desire ... our Company is really to be the agent of the state for colonizing NZ." The Government waived its right of pre-emption in the Wellington region, Wanganui and New Plymouth in September 1841. Following his term as Governor of South Australia, Grey
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#17328594707795096-425: The government. Tāmihana returned to his rohe to stop a planned uprising. Tāmihana sold the Wairau land to the government for 3,000 pounds. Grey spoke to Te Rauaparaha and persuaded him to give up all outstanding claims to land in the Wairau valley. Then, realising he was old and sick he allowed Te Rauparaha to return to his people at Ōtaki in 1848. Auckland was made the new capital in March 1841 and by
5194-554: The governor, meaning control of Māori affairs and land remained outside of the elected ministry. This quickly became a point of contention between the Governor and the colonial parliament, who retained their own "Native Secretary" to advise them on "native affairs". In 1861, Governor Grey agreed to consult the ministers in relation to native affairs, but this position only lasted until his recall from office in 1867. Grey's successor as governor, George Bowen , took direct control of native affairs until his term ended in 1870. From then on,
5292-425: The hip during a skirmish with Aboriginal people , the party gave up. After being picked up by HMS Beagle and the schooner Lynher , they were taken to Mauritius to recover. Lieutenant Lushington was then mobilised to rejoin his regiment in the First Anglo-Afghan War . In September 1838 Grey sailed to Perth hoping to resume his adventures. In February 1839 Grey embarked on a second exploration expedition to
5390-420: The honorific title "Colonel of Marines" to post-captains as a reward for highly distinguished service. It was a salaried sinecure position with no additional obligations outside a captain's normal naval duties. He would lose this title and its additional pay upon reaching flag rank . Horatio Nelson was given such a colonelcy in 1795, two years before he reached flag rank. From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919,
5488-456: The illegal retribution exacted by Major Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran on an Aboriginal tribe, some of whose members had murdered all 25 survivors of the Maria shipwreck. Grey was governor during another mass murder: the Rufus River Massacre , of at least 30 Aboriginals, by Europeans, on 27 August 1841. Governor Grey sharply cut spending. The colony soon had full employment, and exports of primary products were increasing. Systematic emigration
5586-428: The insignia was moved to the shoulder boards when in full dress , and full colonels were given an extra star. The pattern of a crown above two stars has remained the identifying insignia from 1880 to the present day although it has variously been worn on the shoulder, cuff and chest. During World War I, colonels wore the following cuff badges: The insignia is two diamond-shaped pips (properly called "Bath Stars") below
5684-428: The land claimants, such as the New Zealand Company, and vigorously attacked Governor Grey's administration, while The New Zealander , supported the ordinary settler and the Māori. The northern war adversely affected business in Auckland, such that The Southern Cross stopped publishing from April 1845 to July 1847. Hugh Carleton , who also became a politician, was the editor of The New Zealander then later established
5782-501: The land in the Supreme Court, and when Williams refused to give up the land unless the charges were retracted, he was dismissed from the CMS in November 1849. Governor Grey's first term of office ended in 1853. In 1854 Williams was reinstated to CMS after Bishop Selwyn later regretted the position and George Grey addressed the committee of the CMS and requested his reinstatement. When he returned to New Zealand in 1861 for his second term as governor, Sir George and Henry Williams meet at
5880-461: The local Māori who were attacking settlers. In a surprise attack on his pā at Taupo (now named Plimmerton ) at dawn on 23 July, Te Rauparaha, who was now quite elderly, was captured and taken prisoner. The justification given for his arrest was weapons supplied to Māori deemed to be in open rebellion against the Crown. However, charges were never laid against Te Rauparaha so his detention was declared unlawful. While Grey's declaration of Martial law
5978-436: The north, where he was again wrecked with his party, again including Surgeon Walker, at Kalbarri . They were the first Europeans to see the Murchison River , but then had to walk to Perth , surviving the journey through the efforts of Kaiber, a Whadjuk Noongar man (that is, indigenous to the Perth region), who organised food and what water could be found (they survived by drinking liquid mud). At about this time, Grey learnt
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#17328594707796076-567: The number of Pākehā came to equal the number of Māori , at around 60,000 each. Settlers were keen to obtain land and some Māori were willing to sell, but there were also strong pressures to retain land – in particular from the Māori King Movement . Grey had to manage the demand for land for the settlers to farm and the commitments in the Treaty of Waitangi that the Māori chiefs retained full "exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties." The treaty also specifies that Māori will sell land only to
6174-566: The potato crop they had planted on the land. He also gave them 300 acres at Kaiwharawhara by the modern ferry terminal. Chief Taringakuri agreed to these terms. But when the settlers tried to move onto the land they were frightened off. On 27 February the British and their Te Ati Awa allies burnt the Māori Pā at Maraenuku in the Hutt Valley, which had been built on land that the settlers claimed to own. The Ngati Rangatahi retaliated on 1 and 3 March by raiding settlers' farms, destroying furniture, smashing windows, killing pigs, and threatening
6272-442: The proposition that Jewish settlement was already under way. In 1850 Gawler retired from the army. In the same year, he wrote Present State of Moral Principle in the Supreme Government of the British Colonial Empire , in which he petitioned the Queen seeking redress for the injustices done to him by successive secretaries of state. Accusing George Grey of dishonesty, he claimed that it had been through his efforts that South Australia
6370-454: The rank of colonel pre-dates the establishment of the United Kingdom. In the mid-17th century, the regiments of the New Model Army were commanded by colonels. The British Army has historically been organized around the regiment, with each regiment being raised, uniformed, and equipped either directly by the crown or by a nobleman. The colonels nominally commanding these regiments (usually the noblemen who raised them) often had little to do with
6468-429: The regiment is expected to work closely with a regiment and its regimental association . Regiments or units may have an honorary colonel , which is solely a ceremonial rank, that can also be held by a civilian, with no military service. If the appointment is held by a member of the Royal Family it is known as royal honorary colonel . Certain units may have one or more deputy colonels . The Royal Navy once conveyed
6566-438: The regiment's actual activities, either because they contemporaneously served as general officers or because they were essentially mere financiers. The day to day command of the regiment was left to a lieutenant colonel or major. By the end of the 17th century in Great Britain, the "colonel of a regiment" was often a titled person who had been given royal permission to raise it for service and command it in battle. As such, he
6664-430: The role of Resident Commissioner , taking over from the first incumbent, James Hurtle Fisher . Gawler and his wife and children arrived on the Pestonjee Bomanjee on 12 October 1838, after a four-month journey via Tenerife and Rio de Janeiro . Gawler found the colony had almost no public finances, underpaid officials and 4000 immigrants living in makeshift accommodation. He was allowed a maximum of £12,000 expenditure
6762-419: The settlement, and the select committee on South Australia reported that the critics of his expenditure were "unable to point out any specific item by which it could have been considerably reduced without great public inconvenience". Much of Gawler's expenditure was on works of both immediate and long-lasting benefit to the Colony and the State, such as the Great Eastern Road . Many modern historians put him among
6860-427: The settlers with death if they gave the alarm. They murdered Andrew Gillespie and his son. 13 families of settlers moved into Wellington for safety. Governor Grey proclaimed martial law on 3 March. Sporadic fighting continued, including a major attack on a defended position at Boulcott's Farm on 6 May. On 6 August 1846, one of the last engagements was fought – the Battle of Battle Hill – after which Te Rangihaeata left
6958-402: The time Grey was appointed governor in 1845, it had become a commercial centre as well as including the administrative institutions such as the Supreme Court . After the conclusion of the war in the north, government policy was to place a buffer zone of European settlement between the Ngāpuhi and the city of Auckland. The background to the Invasion of Waikato in 1863 also, in part, reflected
7056-586: The time he departed for New Zealand in 1845. Grey was the most influential figure during the European settlement of New Zealand . Governor of New Zealand initially from 1845 to 1853, he was governor during the initial stages of the New Zealand Wars . Learning Māori to fluency, he became a scholar of Māori culture , compiling Māori mythology and oral history and publishing it in translation in London. He developed
7154-453: The treaty had been finalised the New Zealand Company had made several hasty land deals and shipped settlers from Great Britain to New Zealand, hoping the British would be forced to accept its land claims as a fait accompli , in which it was largely successful. In part, the treaty was an attempt to establish a system of property rights for land with the Crown controlling and overseeing land sale to prevent abuse. Initially, this worked well with
7252-400: The unemployment problem. Droughts in other Australian colonies in 1840, before South Australia was self-sufficient in food, drove up the cost of living rapidly. Gawler increased public expenditure to stave off collapse, which resulted in bankruptcy and changes to the way the colony was run. Over £200,000 had been spent and the land fund in London had been exhausted. A£155,000 loan was approved by
7350-496: The west to Cape Kidnappers in the east – with the north reserved for Māori and missionaries. The south would become a self-governing province, known as "New Victoria" and managed by the company for that purpose. Britain's Colonial Secretary rejected the proposal. The company was known for its vigorous attacks on those it perceived as its opponents – the British Colonial Office , successive governors of New Zealand, and
7448-599: The world's largest rivers might drain into the Indian Ocean in North-West Australia; if that were found to be the case, the region it flowed through might be suitable for colonisation. Grey, with Lieutenant Franklin Lushington, of the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot , offered to explore the region. On 5 July 1837, they sailed from Plymouth in command of a party of five, the others being Lushington; Dr William Walker,
7546-626: Was John Gray , who was Owen Wynne Gray's son from his second marriage. Grey was sent to the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in Surrey, and was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1826. Early in 1830, he was gazetted ensign in the 83rd Regiment of Foot . In 1830, his regiment having been sent to Ireland, he developed much sympathy with the Irish peasantry whose misery made
7644-400: Was "the only cheap and brilliantly successful new colony in modern history". Gawler spent his last years at Southsea , where he died of pneumonia on 7 May 1869. He was buried at Portsmouth . Gawler's work was long misjudged, largely because his successor Grey, in his dispatches, made the worst of his predecessor's acts, without suggesting the difficulties under which he had worked. Gawler
7742-412: Was Tāmati Wāka Nene they approached to act as intermediary in negotiations with Governor Grey, who accepted the advice of Nene that Heke and Kawiti should not be punished for their rebellion. The fighting in the north ended and there was no punitive confiscation of Ngāpuhi land. Colonists arrived at Port Nicholson, Wellington in November 1839 in ships charted by the New Zealand Company . Within months
7840-460: Was a "great British proconsul", although he was also temperamental, demanding of associates, and lacking in some managerial abilities. For the wars of territorial expansion against Māori which he started, he remains a controversial and divisive figure in New Zealand. Grey was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the only son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Grey, of the 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot , who
7938-468: Was a gallant and energetic officer who, when he found the settlers faced with disaster, saw at once what it was necessary to do, and saved the colony. Mills however, accepts the view that Gawler had been guilty of carelessness and extravagance and cannot be wholly acquitted of blame, though the extraordinary difficulties with which he was faced are acknowledged. Charles Sturt and other men at the time generally agreed that his administration had greatly benefited
8036-629: Was a solicitor in the South Australian Land Titles Office from 1858 to 1884. One of his grandsons, Douglas Gawler , was a member of parliament in Western Australia . Colonel (United Kingdom) Colonel ( Col ) is a rank of the British Army and Royal Marines , ranking below brigadier , and above lieutenant colonel . British colonels are not usually field commanders; typically they serve as staff officers between field commands at battalion and brigade level. The insignia
8134-569: Was appointed the third Governor of New Zealand in 1845. During the tenure of his predecessor, Robert FitzRoy , violence over land ownership had broken out in the Wairau Valley in the South Island in June 1843, in what became known as the Wairau Affray (FitzRoy was later dismissed from office by the Colonial Office for his handling of land issues). It was only in 1846 that the war leader Te Rauparaha
8232-502: Was arrested and imprisoned by Governor Grey without charge, which remained controversial amongst the Ngāti Toa people. In March 1845, Māori chief Hōne Heke began the Flagstaff War , the causes of which can be attributed to the conflict between what the Ngāpuhi understood to be the meaning of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) and the actions of succeeding governors of asserting authority over
8330-450: Was asked by Governor Grey how far he was expected to abide by the Treaty of Waitangi . The direct response in the Queen's name was: You will honourably and scrupulously fulfil the conditions of the Treaty of Waitangi... Following the election of the first parliament in 1853, responsible government was instituted in 1856. The direction of "native affairs" was kept at the sole discretion of
8428-490: Was buried at the West Terrace Cemetery . It was not a happy marriage. Grey, obstinate in his domestic affairs as in his first expedition, accused his wife unjustly of flirting with Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Keppel on the voyage to Cape Town taken in 1860; he sent her away. Per her obituary, she was an avid walker, reader of literature, devout churchwoman, exceptional hostess and valued friend in her life away from him. It
8526-739: Was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1848). When Grey was knighted he chose Tāmati Wāka Nene as one of his esquires. Grey gave land for the establishment of Auckland Grammar School in Newmarket , Auckland in 1850. The school was officially recognised as an educational establishment in 1868 through the Auckland Grammar School Appropriation Act of the Provincial Government . Chris Laidlaw concludes that Grey ran
8624-668: Was created to "facilitate the admission of the unsworn testimony of Aboriginal inhabitants of South Australia and parts adjacent", stipulated that unsworn testimony given by Australian Aboriginals would be inadmissible in court. A major consequence of the act in the following decades in Australian history was the frequent dismissal of evidence given by Indigenous Australians in massacres perpetrated against them by European settlers . Grey served as Governor of New Zealand twice: from 1845 to 1853 , and from 1861 to 1868. During this time, European settlement accelerated, and in 1859
8722-531: Was directed against the colonial forces with the CMS missionaries trying to persuade Heke to end the fighting. Despite the fact that Tāmati Wāka Nene and most of Ngāpuhi sided with the government, the small and ineptly led British had been beaten at Battle of Ohaeawai . Backed by financial support, far more troops, armed with 32-pounder cannons that had been denied to FitzRoy, Grey ordered the attack on Kawiti 's fortress at Ruapekapeka on 31 December 1845. This forced Kawiti to retreat. Ngāpuhi were astonished that
8820-541: Was educated by a tutor, then at a school in Cold Bath, Islington . Two years were then spent at the Royal Military College , Great Marlow , where he was a diligent and clever student. In October 1810, Gawler obtained a commission as an ensign in the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot and in January 1812 went to the Peninsular War . He was a member of a storming party at Badajoz , and was wounded and saved from death by
8918-454: Was killed at the Battle of Badajoz in Spain just a few days before. His mother, Elizabeth Anne née Vignoles , on the balcony of her hotel in Lisbon, overheard two officers speak of her husband's death and this brought on the premature birth of the child. She was the daughter of a retired soldier turned Irish clergyman, Major later Reverend John Vignoles. Grey's grandfather was Owen Wynne Gray ( c. 1745 – 6 January 1819). Grey's uncle
9016-478: Was much more successful, and nearly 33 million acres (130,000 km ) were purchased from Māori, with the result that British settlements expanded quickly. Grey was less successful in his efforts to assimilate Māori; he lacked the financial means to realise his plans. Although he subsidised mission schools, requiring them to teach in English, only a few hundred Māori children attended them at any one time. During Grey's first tenure as Governor of New Zealand, he
9114-445: Was noted that she had keen insight into character. After their separation, Grey began the habitual abuse of opium , and struggled to regain his tenacity in maintaining peace between indigenous people and British colonisers. Grey adopted Annie Maria Matthews (1853–1938) in 1861, following the death of her father, his half-brother, Sir Godfrey Thomas. She married Seymour Thorne George on 3 December 1872 on Kawau Island . Grey
9212-473: Was required to cover all costs of the regiment's equipment, uniforms and wages as well as select its officers. Until the late 18th century most British regiments were commonly known by the name of the colonelcy, for example Lord Churchill's Dragoons (1683–1685) or Elliot's Light Horse (1759–66). By the start of the American Revolutionary War most English and Welsh regiments in
9310-552: Was resumed at the end of 1844. Gawler, to whom Grey ascribed every problem in the colony, undertook projects to alleviate unemployment that were of lasting value. The real salvation of the colony's finances was the discovery of copper at Burra Burra in 1845. In 1844, Grey enacted a series ordinances and amendments first entitled the Aborigines' Evidence Act and later known as the Aboriginal Witnesses Act . The act, which
9408-470: Was the third Governor of South Australia , from May 1841 to October 1845. Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord John Russell , was impressed by Grey's report on governing indigenous people. This led to Grey's appointment as governor. Grey replaced George Gawler , under whose stewardship the colony had become bankrupt through massive spending on public infrastructure. Gawler was also held responsible for
9506-418: Was to attack the close relationship between missionaries and Māori, including Henry Williams who had relationships with chiefs. In 1847 William Williams published a pamphlet that defended the role of the CMS in the years leading up to the war in the north. The first Anglican bishop of New Zealand , George Selwyn , took the side of Grey in relation to the purchase of the land. Grey twice failed to recover
9604-409: Was within his authority, internment without trial would only be lawful if it had been authorised by statute. Te Rauparaha was held prisoner on HMS Driver , then he was taken to Auckland on HMS Calliope where he remained imprisoned until January 1848. His son Tāmihana was studying Christianity in Auckland and Te Rauparaha gave him a solemn message that their iwi should not take utu against
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