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38-423: In 1452, a year after the completion of Goryeosa compilation, Kim Jong-seo and 27 other historians authored a 35-volume complementary summary of Goryeosa, Goryeosajeolyo (Essentials of Goryeo History). Goryeosajeolyo is written in chronological order, deviating from Chinese historiography that divides sections into important subjects (e.g., kings, traitors, notable officials, chronology, and monographs) and thus

76-418: A breach in his relations with his son ( Chungseon , r.   1298, r.  1308–1313 ). Repeated misfortunes occurred during the reign of King Chungseok ( r.  1313–1330 , r.  1332–1339 ) and after, slowly depleting the country until the reign of King Gongmin ( r.  1351–1374 ). Then, with the false kings, the country's very foundation fell into the utmost danger. At that hour,

114-418: A game of go ( baduk ) or chess ( janggi ). Savage foreign enemies invaded repeatedly, cutting the people down like grass. In this hard time, it fell to King Wonjong ( r.  1259–1274 ) to quell a large rebellion, preserving, albeit barely, the great calling of our ancestors. King Chungnyol ( r.  1274–1308 ) then frittered his time away playing games and banqueting with his sycophants, causing

152-482: A key repository of Korean historical records and a centre for research and publication of an annual journal titled Kyujanggak . It is named after imperial calligraphic works stored there, the kyujang (奎章), which literally means "writings of Kyu ", a scholar-deity, but has come to refer to divinely inspired writings, in particularly, the emperor's. In 1782, the Outer Kyujanggak library (known as Oegyujanggak)

190-411: A negative light. Despite the biases, Goryeosa is generally considered truthful to the original historical sources, and its writing maintains a matter-of-fact tone without embellishments. King Sejong in particular made efforts to shield Goryeosa from political biases. For example, he instructed the historians not to omit or alter historical facts to promote Confucian ideals or to please the new dynasty. As

228-525: A result, Chŏng Mong-ju and Kim Jin-yang remained loyal to Goryeo until the end and opposed Yi Sŏng-gye, yet they are recorded in Goryeosa as loyal honorable subjects. Goryeosa omits accounts of named Buddhist monks of the Goryeo dynasty. Kim Jong-seo (general) Kim Jong-seo ( Korean :  김종서 ; Hanja :  金宗瑞 ; 1383 – 10 November 1453) was a prominent military official and politician of

266-461: A result, King U and King Chang were taken out of the annals of kings ( sega ), put in as biographies ( yeoljeon ), and were treated as false kings with dubious lineage. According to Goryeosa, King U and King Chang were descended, not from the royal Wang family, but from Buddhist monk Shindon . The narrative of Goryeosa depicts early Goryeo as an era of good governance followed by turmoils toward late Goryeo and thus deserving of its overthrow to stabilize

304-565: Is located near Sejong City . Kim Jong-seo was born in 1383 in Gongju , Yanggwang Province as the second son of Kim Su of the Suncheon Kim clan, and Lady Bae of the Seongju Bae clan. He was the third child; having two sisters and two brothers. Kim and his brothers achieved successful political careers: his older brother, Kim Jong-han was a high-ranking official, and his younger brother, Kim Jong-heung

342-512: Is prone to duplicate recording of the same event. The entire Goryeosa, in its original and in modern Korean translation, is currently available online by courtesy of the National Institute of Korean History . Immediately after the founding of Joseon, the compilation of Goryeo history began, a process that spanned 60 years until its completion in 1451. The first historiographical attempt at Goryeo history, Goryeoguksa ( 고려국사 ; 高麗國史 ),

380-664: The Tumen and Yalu rivers and made marauding incursions through the Joseon border. Since the times of the Goryeo period, there were conciliatory efforts through trade as well as attempted suppression of the raiders by force, but the border conflicts did not cease. Early in the Joseon dynasty, the northern part of Yeongbyeon county was lost to the Jurchen invaders. To solve the issue once for all, in 1433, King Sejong sent General Choi Yun-deok to suppress

418-680: The 1613 edition as tangible cultural heritage ( 유형문화유산 ). Another surviving partial edition, housed in the Baeknyeon Buddhist Temple in Nam-gu, Busan , was designated as a cultural heritage material ( 문화유산자료 ) in 2014. Several other editions have survived and are dispersed worldwide, including the one held in Collège de France and another in Cambridge University Library . The modern Korean translation of Goryeosa began in 2001 under

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456-468: The Goryeo dynasty. Meanwhile, historians were split over whether to preserve the imperial language used in the Kingdom of Goryeo or to revise it, aligning with Confucian principles, to that of a tributary state. Sejong was in favor of being truthful to historical facts and ordered the historians not to alter Goryeo lexicon (i.e., 이실직서 ; 以實直書 ). Goryeosajeonmun ( 고려사전문 ; 高麗史全文 ), completed in 1442,

494-613: The Joseon Dynasty . Goryeosa was first printed in 1454, the second year of Danjong 's reign, and widely distributed, but this initial edition did not survive. A remarkably well-preserved complete edition, currently housed in the Seokdang Museum of Dong-a University , is a woodblock-printed replica dating to 1613. It is based on an earlier edition estimated to have been printed in 1482, using 42 metal movable type blocks known as Eulhae-ja ( 을해자 ; 乙亥字 ). In 2010, Busan designated

532-673: The Royal Secretariat (aka Seungjeongwon Ilgi) and Uigwe or "Royal Protocols" of the Joseon Dynasty, that were not looted and remained in Korea. They are among the National treasures of South Korea and are inscribed in UNESCO 's Memory of the World Programme . In addition, it has royal, government, private documents, such as land transactions and power of attorney and maps on natural geography and

570-650: The Seoul National University. The library moved to its present location in 1990 and became independent of the Seoul National University Central Library in 1992. In 1866, during the French campaign against Korea , the troops attacked Ganghwa-do Island and seized a vast amount of silverware, royal artifacts, and 297 volumes of royal Uigwe from the Outer Kyujanggak library and burned down the building. The Korean Government tried to retrieve

608-578: The Wild Jurchens in the Yalu River Basin. In October of the same year, Kim Jong-seo led another expedition to the northern part of Hamgyeong province , where he defeated the Jurchens and strengthened the borders against future attacks. Following King Sejong's death, Grand Prince Suyang 's ill brother, Munjong took the throne but soon died. The crown passed to his 12-year-old son, Danjong . The new king

646-658: The auspices of the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Seokdang Academy of Dong-a University. In 2009, the National Institute of Korean History began providing the gujeom (verbatim) edition ( 구점본 ; 句點本 ), making it accessible online with original images from Kyujanggak . The website expanded in 2010 to include the pyojeom (annotated) edition ( 표점본 ; 標點本 ), which incorporates sentence punctuation, index tags (personal names, place names, titles, official positions), and article titles. During

684-402: The chronicle, especially about his political rival, Chŏng Mong-ju , and suggested the chronicle was not even worth preserving. In 1418, the year of Sejong's coronation, Sejong ordered the revision of Goryeoguksa . He believed that the chronicles of Goryeo history from Taejo's reign had errors and omissions, especially regarding the details and accounts of the periods around the rise and fall of

722-526: The early Joseon dynasty . His ancestral home was Suncheon . He was also known under the names Gukgyeong (國卿) and Jeoljae (節齋), and his posthumous name is Chungik (忠翼). In 1405, he passed the state examination and became a rank 13 official. He served King Sejong the Great as a general during the campaign against the Jurchens . In 1453, he was assassinated on the order of Prince Suyang along with his two sons. His tomb

760-496: The fate of Goryeo passed to its true ruler. Despite the self-serving narrative, particularly regarding late Goryeo society, it provides insight into early Joseon's official stance on the Goryeo dynasty. Another source of bias was neo-Confucianism that started dominating Joseon literati society, although Buddhism continued to have influence in Joseon society well into the mid-1400s. Joseon society's views on family relationships differed from those of Goryeo society. For example, incest

798-411: The final phase between 2014 and 2015, the website began offering a modern Korean translation of Goryeosa. Because Goryeosa was written by the scholar-officials of Goryeo's successor state, Joseon, whose founding monarch deposed King U and assassinated both King U and King Chang , the historians who authored Goryeosa worked intently on creating a narrative arc that legitimized the founding of Joseon. As

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836-475: The founding of the Joseon dynasty. Sejong died a year before the completion of Goryeosa. Since Sejong did not see the completed Goryeosa, it is unknown whether he would have been content with the work; nevertheless, the compilation project ended in 1451, the year of Munjong 's coronation. None of Goryeosa's predecessors are available today, except their forewords that are recorded in the Veritable Records of

874-520: The kingdom. Suyang surrounded himself with trusted allies, including his famous adviser, Han Myeong-hoe , who was the father of two queens: Queen Jangsun , the daughter-in-law of Queen Jeonghui and King Sejo , and Queen Gonghye , the daughter-in-law of Queen Insu and King Deokjong . Han was also an 8th cousin of Queen Insu . Han advised Suyang to take over the government in a coup, and in October 1453, he killed Kim Jongseo and his faction, thereby taking

912-591: The nation took modernization policies and coped with aggressions of Western powers. The court proceeding records, from 1894 to 1910, provide information on life style of people from various walks of life, their way of thinking, and acts of the State. It also includes book titles plates and Naegak illyeok, at 1,249 volumes, a daily record of affairs kept by the Gyujanggak Royal Library from 1779 to 1883. Its contents are not found in other chronological documents covering

950-455: The reins of power into his own hands. After the coup he arrested his own brother, Anpyong, first sending him into exile, then putting him to death. After death, he received posthumous name of Chungik in 1746 during Yeongjo's reign. This Korean biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kyujanggak Kyujanggak ( Korean :  규장각 ; Hanja :  奎章閣 ), also known as Gyujanggak ,

988-682: The return of the Uigwe to mark the centenary of the Japanese annexation of Korea . After a 16-month process 1,200 volumes including 150 Uigwe were returned in December 2011, and subsequently kept at the National Palace Museum of Korea . The collection has over 260,000 items, with many of them digitized and available online. Notably the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (aka Joseon Wangjo Sillok), Daily Records of

1026-632: The royal documents on a five-year renewable loan basis. From April to June 2011, 297 volumes with 191 different Uigwes, were shipped back in four separate installments and subsequently kept at the National Museum of Korea . In 1922, during the Japanese occupation of Korea many volumes of books including 167 of Uigwe , along with some 1,000 other relics, stored at the main Gyujanggak library at Changdeokgung Palace were also taken to Japan. In August 2010, then-Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced

1064-422: The royal documents through a permanent lease, since French law prohibits its national assets being transferred abroad. In 2010, a Seoul-based civic group spearheaded the return but the request to exclude illegally obtained property from its list of national assets was rejected by a Paris court. An agreement was made by President Lee Myung-bak and President Nicolas Sarkozy at the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit to return

1102-410: The same period. The library was used as a filming location, as part of Seoul National University , for Seoul Broadcasting System 's 2008 drama Star's Lover . It was used as the university of Kim Chul Soo's, played by Yoo Ji-tae , employment, his lectures and Lee Ma-ri's, played by Choi Ji-woo , visit to the school. Other locations used included the gallery and museum roads. This is the first time

1140-488: The society, as shown in the foreword of Goryeosa: But later kings lost their way and powerful subjects did as they pleased, raising their own armies to lust after the throne. This began during the reign of King Injong ( r.  1122–1146 ), when the ruler's power was first contested, and it worsened in the reign of King Uijong ( r.  1146–1170 ). After that, heinous traitors cloaked as subjects rose one after another to feign kingship and were removed like pieces in

1178-502: The state of society of Joseon Dynasty. The antique maps include a provincial map of 1872, a plotting-paper map stamped by Bibyeonsa, a Joseon map, and an eight-province map. It also has a database of Government records with 110 volumes in ten kinds kept by each provincial and gun office, 99 collections of compiled official documents, foreign diplomacy documents kept by each province, 149 volumes of foreign trade-related materials, 180 volumes of court proceeding records. The materials depicts how

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1216-601: Was built in the ancient royal palace on Ganghwa-do Island to accommodate an overflow of books from the main Kyujanggak library at Changdeokgung Palace in Seoul , where the royal viewing copies were kept, and most of the viewing copies were transferred there. The library's role underwent various changes after the Gabo Reforms of 1894. In 1922, it was moved under the jurisdiction of Keijo Imperial University , which later gave rise to

1254-431: Was commonplace, and even preferred, among Goryeo's royal family, because marrying non-royals was seen as damaging to the bloodline. Additionally, while both Goryeo and Joseon practiced polygyny, Goryeo's polygyny involved multiple wives of equal status, whereas Joseon's consisted of one wife and many concubines. As a result, Goryeosa portrays certain Goryeo kings who did not fit into Joseon literati's neo-Confucian values in

1292-513: Was led by Chŏng To-jŏn and completed in 1396. However, following Chŏng 's death during the First Strife of the Princes , Jeong's chronicle, Goryeoguksa , faced criticism and controversy for its alleged misrepresentation of Goryeo history. This led to several rounds of revision, years into Sejong 's reign. Sejong in particular criticized Goryeoguksa that Chŏng To-jŏn introduced personal biases into

1330-515: Was the first to result from Sejong's order; however, it became known that Gwon Je, the chief scholar-official responsible for the revision, had tampered with records of his ancestors, especially those of Gwon Su-pyeong. Sejong ordered a revision and required that the revised edition be in the format established by Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian . Sejong also believed the historians portrayed Goryeo unfairly in order to further legitimize

1368-469: Was the magistrate of Yangju . He passed the state examination in 1405 and in 1411 he was posted as a royal inspector to Gangwon Province . In 1433, he was sent by King Sejong the Great to conquer the Manchu . Kim's military campaign captured several castles, pushed north, and restored Korean territory roughly to the present-day border between North Korea and China. The tribe of Wild Jurchens often crossed

1406-699: Was the royal library of the Joseon Dynasty . It was founded in 1776 by order of King Jeongjo of Joseon (as a major policy arm of his government), at which time it was located on the grounds of Changdeokgung Palace . Today known as Kyujanggak Royal Library, the Kyujanggak Archives are maintained by Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at the Seoul National University , located in Sillim-dong , Gwanak-gu in Seoul . The archive functions as

1444-498: Was too young to rule the nation and all political processes were controlled by then- Chief State Councilor Hwangbo In and General Kim Jongseo. As Kim Jongseo and his faction, which included Danjong's guardian Princess Gyeonghye , used the chance to extend the power of court officials against many royal family members, the tension between Kim and Suyang greatly increased; not only Suyang himself, but his younger brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, also sought an opportunity to take control of

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