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44-603: The Julian Alps, the Soča River, and the Vipava Valley are the most prominent natural features of this region. It contributed just over 5% to total national GDP in 2012, but in terms of GDP per capita it ranked fourth in the country. In the same year, disposable income per capita in the region the highest, in second place behind the Central Slovenia Statistical Region . Housing stock estimates indicate that at

88-540: A better designation (despite the prestige of science and of its language). In the case of French , for example, Latin is the superstrate and Gaulish the substrate. Some linguists contend that Japanese (and Japonic languages in general) consists of an Altaic superstratum projected onto an Austronesian substratum. Some scholars also argue for the existence of Altaic superstrate influences on varieties of Chinese spoken in Northern China . In this case, however,

132-475: A discipline, the initial dominant viewpoint was that influences from language contact on phonology and grammar should be assumed to be marginal, and an internal explanation should always be favored if possible. As articulated by Max Mueller in 1870, Es gibt keine Mischsprache ("there are no mixed languages "). In the 1880s, dissent began to crystallize against this viewpoint. Within Romance language linguistics,

176-560: A dominant adstrate in North India . A different example would be the sociolinguistic situation in Belgium , where the French and Dutch languages have roughly the same status, and could justifiably be called adstrates to each other having each one provided a large set of lexical specifications to the other. The term adstratum is also used to identify systematic influences or a layer of borrowings in

220-683: A given language from another language, independently of whether the two languages continue coexisting as separate entities. Many modern languages have an appreciable adstratum from English, due to the cultural influence and economic preponderance of the United States on international markets and previously colonization by the British Empire which made English a global lingua franca . The Greek and Latin coinages adopted by European languages, including English and now languages worldwide, to describe scientific topics, sociology, medicine, anatomy, biology, all

264-423: A location for the 2008 Disney film Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian . The river is also well known for the marble trout ( Salmo marmoratus ); this species is native to rivers of the northern Adriatic basin, and it lives in the upper course of the river. This species is endangered due to the introduction of other non-indigenous trout species sometime between World War I and World War II. The Soca Valley

308-463: A million Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers lost their lives. The Isonzo campaign comprised the following battles: 45°59′40″N 13°38′29″E  /  45.99444°N 13.64139°E  / 45.99444; 13.64139 Stratum (linguistics) In linguistics , a stratum ( Latin for 'layer') or strate is a historical layer of language that influences or is influenced by another language through contact . The notion of "strata"

352-416: A typical case of substrate interference, a Language A occupies a given territory and another Language B arrives in the same territory, brought, for example, with migrations of population. Language B then begins to supplant language A: the speakers of Language A abandon their own language in favor of the other language, generally because they believe that it will help them achieve certain goals within government,

396-474: Is Proto-Indo-European *mori 'sea', found widely in the northern and western Indo-European languages, but in more eastern Indo-European languages only in Ossetic . Although the influence of the prior language when a community speaks, and adopts, a new one may have been informally acknowledged beforehand, the concept was formalized and popularized initially in the late 19th century. As historical phonology emerged as

440-545: Is a 138-kilometre (86 mi) long river that flows through western Slovenia (96 kilometres or 60 miles) and northeastern Italy (43 kilometres or 27 miles). An Alpine river in character, its source lies in the Trenta Valley in the Julian Alps in northwestern Slovenia, at an elevation of 876 metres (2,874 ft). The river runs past the towns of Bovec , Kobarid , Tolmin , Kanal ob Soči , Nova Gorica (where it

484-768: Is a popular tourist destination due to its numerous natural attractions, including the Big Soča Gorge ( Velika korita Soče ), the Little Soča Gorge ( Mala korita Soče ), Kozjak Falls, Virje Falls, and the Tolmin Gorges ( Tolminska korita ). The valley was the stage of major military operations including the twelve battles of the Isonzo on the Italian front in World War I between May 1915 and November 1917, in which over half

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528-637: Is crossed by the Solkan Bridge ), and Gorizia , entering the Adriatic Sea close to the town of Monfalcone . It has a nival-pluvial regime in its upper course and pluvial-nival in its lower course. Prior to the First World War , the river ran parallel to the border between Kingdom of Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . During World War I, it was the scene of bitter fighting between

572-410: Is less common today in standardized linguistic varieties and more common in colloquial forms of speech since modern nations tend to favour one single linguistic variety, often corresponding to the dialect of the capital and other important regions, over others. In India , where dozens of languages are widespread, many languages could be said to share an adstratal relationship, but Hindi is certainly

616-409: Is one of three main types of linguistic interference : substratum interference differs from both adstratum , which involves no language replacement but rather mutual borrowing between languages of equal "value", and superstratum , which refers to the influence a socially dominating language has on another, receding language that might eventually be relegated to the status of a substratum language. In

660-492: Is probably based on the substrate name *Aisontia , presumably derived from the PIE root * Hei̯s- 'swift, rushing', referring to a quickly moving river. Another possible origin is the pre-Romance root * ai̯s- 'water, river'. The present course of the river is the result of several dramatic changes that occurred during the past 2,000 years. According to the Roman historian Strabo ,

704-520: Is rooted in the study of etymology and linguistic typology . The study of unattested substrata often begins from the study of substrate words , which lack a clear etymology. Such words can in principle still be native inheritance, lost everywhere else in the language family, but they might in principle also originate from a substrate. The sound structure of words of unknown origin — their phonology and morphology — can often suggest hints in either direction. So can their meaning: words referring to

748-865: The Sami languages . Relatively clear examples are the Finno-Ugric languages of the Chude and the " Volga Finns " ( Merya , Muromian , and Meshcheran ): while unattested, their existence has been noted in medieval chronicles, and one or more of them have left substantial influence in the Northern Russian dialects . By contrast, more contentious cases are the Vasconic substratum theory and Old European hydronymy , which hypothesize large families of substrate languages across western Europe. Some smaller-scale unattested substrates that remain under debate involve alleged extinct branches of

792-552: The '- logy ' words, etc., are also justifiably called adstrata. Another example is found in Spanish and Portuguese , which contain a heavy Semitic, particularly Arabic, adstratum. Yiddish is a linguistic variety of High German with adstrata from Hebrew and Aramaic , mostly in the sphere of religion, and with Slavic languages , which were linked geographically to Yiddish-speaking villages in Eastern Europe for centuries up until

836-433: The 1881 Lettere glottologiche of Graziadio Isaia Ascoli argued that the early phonological development of French and other Gallo-Romance languages was shaped by the retention by Celts of their "oral dispositions" even after they had switched to Latin. In 1884, Hugo Schuchardt 's related but distinct concept of creole languages was used to counter Mueller's view. In modern historical linguistics, debate persists on

880-566: The Indo-European family, such as " Nordwestblock " substrate in the Germanic languages, and a "Temematic" substrate in Balto-Slavic , proposed by Georg Holzer . The name Temematic is an abbreviation of "tenuis, media, media aspirata, tenuis", referencing a sound shift presumed common to the group. When a substrate language or its close relatives cannot be directly studied, their investigation

924-532: The Norman Conquest of 1066 when use of the English language carried low prestige. The international scientific vocabulary coinages from Greek and Latin roots adopted by European languages (and subsequently by other languages) to describe scientific topics (sociology, zoology, philosophy, botany, medicine, all " -logy " words, etc.) can also be termed a superstratum, although for this last case, " adstratum " might be

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968-410: The Romance branch, profoundly influencing the local speech in the process. A substratum (plural: substrata) or substrate is a language that an intrusive language influences, which may or may not ultimately change it to become a new language. The term is also used of substrate interference, i.e. the influence the substratum language exerts on the replacing language. According to some classifications, this

1012-400: The actual influence of such languages being indeterminate. In the absence of all three lines of evidence mentioned above, linguistic substrata may be difficult to detect. Substantial indirect evidence is needed to infer the former existence of a substrate. The nonexistence of a substrate is difficult to show , and to avoid digressing into speculation, burden of proof must lie on the side of

1056-508: The cars here and in the Lower Sava Statistical Region are also the oldest (on average almost 10 years old in 2013). The Gorizia Statistical Region is split between the traditional Slovene Littoral and Carniola regions. The Gorizia Statistical Region includes six cities and towns , the largest of which is Nova Gorica . The Gorizia Statistical Region comprises the following 13 municipalities : The population in 2020

1100-438: The details of how language contact may induce structural changes. The respective extremes of "all change is contact" and "there are no structural changes ever" have largely been abandoned in favor of a set of conventions on how to demonstrate contact induced structural changes. These include adequate knowledge of the two languages in question, a historical explanation, and evidence that the contact-induced phenomenon did not exist in

1144-618: The end of 2013 the region had the highest share of dwellings with three or more rooms (around 70%). The share of single-room dwellings was less than 10%. Dwellings here are larger than the Slovenian average, with 37 m of usable floor space per person on average. The number of cars per 1,000 population is also the highest in Slovenia, with an average of 100 cars more per 1,000 people than in the Central Sava Statistical Region . However,

1188-545: The first-identified cases of substrate influence is an example of a substrate language of the second type: Gaulish , from the ancient Celtic people the Gauls. The Gauls lived in the modern French-speaking territory before the arrival of the Romans , namely the invasion of Julius Caesar's army. Given the cultural, economic and political advantages that came with being a Latin speaker, the Gauls eventually abandoned their language in favor of

1232-699: The influence of the now extinct North Germanic Norn language on the Scots dialects of the Shetland and Orkney islands. In the Arab Middle East and North Africa , colloquial Arabic dialects, most especially Levantine , Egyptian , and Maghreb dialects, often exhibit significant substrata from other regional Semitic (especially Aramaic ), Iranian, and Berber languages. Yemeni Arabic has Modern South Arabian , Old South Arabian and Himyaritic substrata. Typically, Creole languages have multiple substrata, with

1276-597: The language brought to them by the Romans, which evolved in this region, until eventually it took the form of the French language that is known today. The Gaulish speech disappeared in the late Roman era, but remnants of its vocabulary survive in some French words, approximately 200, as well as place-names of Gaulish origin. It is posited that some structural changes in French were shaped at least in part by Gaulish influence including diachronic sound changes and sandhi phenomena due to

1320-456: The languages they have replaced. Several examples of this type of substratum have still been claimed. For example, the earliest form of the Germanic languages may have been influenced by a non-Indo-European language , purportedly the source of about one quarter of the most ancient Germanic vocabulary. There are similar arguments for a Sanskrit substrate , a Greek one , and a substrate underlying

1364-679: The local population, i.e., the intrusion qualifies as an invasion or colonisation . An example would be the Roman Empire giving rise to Romance languages outside Italy, displacing Gaulish and many other Indo-European languages . The superstratum case refers to elite invading populations that eventually adopt the language of the native lower classes. An example would be the Burgundians and Franks in France, who eventually abandoned their Germanic dialects in favor of other Indo-European languages of

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1408-450: The natural landscape, in particular indigenous fauna and flora, have often been found especially likely to derive from substrate languages. None of these conditions, is sufficient by itself to claim any one word as originating from an unknown substratum. Occasionally words that have been proposed to be of substrate origin will be found out to have cognates in more distantly related languages after all, and therefore likely native: an example

1452-596: The new watercourse into the bed of the lower Natisone. During the next centuries the estuary of this new river—the Soča—;moved eastward until it captured the short coastal Sdobba River, through which the Isonzo now discharges into the Adriatic Sea. The former estuary (of the Aesontius, and the early Isonzo) in the newly formed lagoon of Grado became an independent coastal rivulet. Due to its emerald -green water,

1496-457: The recipient language before contact, among other guidelines. A superstratum (plural: superstrata) or superstrate offers the counterpart to a substratum. When a different language influences a base language to result in a new language, linguists label the influencing language a superstratum and the influenced language a substratum. A superstrate may also represent an imposed linguistic element akin to what occurred with English and Norman after

1540-494: The retention of Gaulish phonetic patterns after the adoption of Latin, calques such as aveugle ("blind", literally without eyes, from Latin ab oculis , which was a calque on the Gaulish word exsops with the same semantic construction as modern French) with other Celtic calques possibly including "oui", the word for yes, while syntactic and morphological effects are also posited. Other examples of substrate languages are

1584-470: The river is marketed as "The Emerald Beauty." It is said to be one of the rare rivers in the world that retain such a colour throughout their length. Giuseppe Ungaretti , one of the greatest Italian poets, describes the Isonzo in the poem "The Rivers". The river inspired the poet Simon Gregorčič to write his best-known poem Soči ( To the Soča ), one of the masterpieces of Slovene poetry. This region served as

1628-730: The river named Aesontius, which in Roman times flowed past Aquileia to the Adriatic Sea, was essentially the Natisone and Torre River system. In 585, a landslide cut off the upper part of the Natisone riverbed, causing its avulsion and subsequent stream capture by the Bontius River. The original subterranean discharge of the Bontius into the Timavo River became obstructed, and another avulsion returned

1672-412: The scholar claiming the influence of a substrate. The principle of uniformitarianism and results from the study of human genetics suggest that many languages have formerly existed that have since then been replaced under expansive language families, such as Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Uralic or Bantu. However, it is not a given that such expansive languages would have acquired substratum influence from

1716-430: The substratum one (the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists) applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture. In order for the intrusive language to persist, the substratum case, the immigrant population will either need to take the position of a political elite or immigrate in significant numbers relative to

1760-472: The superstratum refers to influence, not language succession. Other views detect sub strate effects. An adstratum (plural: adstrata) or adstrate is a language that influences another language by virtue of geographic proximity, not by virtue of its relative prestige. For example, early in England 's history, Old Norse served as an adstrate, contributing to the lexical structure of Old English . The phenomenon

1804-607: The two countries, culminating in the Battle of Caporetto in October and November 1917. The river was recorded in antiquity as Aesontius , Sontius , and Isontius . Later attestations include super Sontium (in 507–11), a flumine Isontio (1028), in Lisonçum (1261), an die Ysnicz (1401), and an der Snicz (ca. 1440). The Slovene name Soča is derived from the form *Sǫťa , which was borrowed from Latin (and Romance) Sontius . In turn, this

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1848-407: The workplace, and in social settings. During the language shift, the receding language A still influences language B, for example, through the transfer of loanwords , place names , or grammatical patterns from A to B. In most cases, the ability to identify substrate influence in a language requires knowledge of the structure of the substrate language. This can be acquired in numerous ways: One of

1892-646: Was 118,041. It has a total area of 2,325 km. Employment structure: 59% services, 37.8% industry, 3.2% agriculture. It attracts 9.8% of the total number of tourists in Slovenia, most being from Italy (41.5%) and Slovenia (20.7%). 46°03′00″N 13°53′00″E  /  46.05000°N 13.88333°E  / 46.05000; 13.88333 So%C4%8Da Soča ( Slovene: [ˈsoːtʃa] , in Slovene ) or Isonzo ( Italian: [iˈzontso] , in Italian ; other names: Friulian : Lusinç ; German : Sontig ; Latin : Aesontius or Isontius )

1936-543: Was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829–1907), and became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors in 1932. Both concepts apply to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of migration . Whether the superstratum case (the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears) or

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