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36-622: One of the most important and popular chronicles in Nepalese history is by this name. This vamshavali was previously called Bendall Vaṃśāvalī , as Prof. Cecil Bendall found the manuscript "in the cold weather of 1898–99 in Kathmandu 's Durbar Library" or the Bir Library. This was later, and popularly, called the Gopālarājavaṃśāvalī by scholars as Baburam Achayra and Yogi Naraharinath to name

72-591: A caitya Bhaṭṭāraka in Sinaguṃ vihāra ( Svayambhū ) and set up stone water-conduit. He also installed a big trident at northern side of Śrī Paśupati . Śrī Mānadeva unknowingly killed his father and observed penance at Guṃ vihāra and consecrated a caitya and Śrī Māneśvarīdevī temple. He regulated land measurements and rent, and started the tradition of celebrating Holi . Śrī Gaṇadeva offered treasury to Śrī Paśupati Bhaṭṭāraka to cause rainfall and propitiated Mahānāga after three years of drought. Gopāla s vanquished

108-529: A few, as a hand-written catalog list of the library termed the manuscript Gopālavaṃśādi prācīna rājavaṃśāvalī (गोपालवंशादि प्राचीन राजवंशावली), meaning ancient royal vamshavali starting with Gopala dynasty. Pant, however, questions if this could be called a vamshavali proper, as the chronicler never mentions it thus. The original copy of Gopal Raj Vamshavali is now stored at National Archives, Kathmandu in an "unsatisfactory" state, in contrast to an "excellent" condition, when Prof. Cecil Bendall found it at

144-500: A great famine and epidemic spread. A great earthquake in NS 375 (1255 AD) brought a "lot of suffering" to propitiate which annual lakṣahoma and fortnightly pakṣaśrāddha were performed. The Khaśa s under Jayatāri (Jitārimalla) entered the valley for the first time from west in NS 408 (1288 AD) and were massacred in large number; next they set the villages on fire. The Tirhutiyā s entered the valley in NS 411 (1291 AD). Sultān Shams Ud-dīn raided

180-701: A habitable land. According to Gopal Banshawali, Krishna cut the gorge with his Sudarshana Chakra to let the water out. He then handed the drained valley to the Gopal Vansi people, who were nomadic cow herders. Kathmandu valley is bowl-shaped. Its central lower part stands at 1,425 m (4,675 ft). Kathmandu valley is surrounded by five mountain ranges: Shivapuri hills (at an elevation of 2,732 m (8,963 ft)), Phulchowki (2,762 metres or 9,062 feet), Nagarjun (2,128 metres or 6,982 feet), Champadevi (2,278 m (7,474 ft)) and Chandragiri (2,551 m (8,369 ft)). The major river flowing through

216-492: A lot to reflect about the past in a broader sense. In Nepal , such chronicles are abundant and historically important, but yet least researched. This sector is yet to be explored fully and is probable to mirror interesting and near-to-credible (or sometimes highly credible) information about the past. The vaṃśāvalī s, etymologically, refer only to the list of people of certain vaṃśa s ( gotra or clan, ancestry in general). Rājavaṃśāvalī Rājās of Jājarkoṭ Alongside

252-738: A personal diary for the language and verses in Sanskritlanguage is faulty, and that the King could have easily found any other pundits, much well-versed in Sanskrit, had he commissioned it himself. The missing first folios would perhaps have a lot to tell about the Gopal Raj Vamshavali, but the knowledge of this chronicle begins only of Licchavi period. Penned during the reign of King (Jaya-)Sthiti Malla (1382–1395 AD), details of his reign are abundantly found in this Gopal Raj Vamshavali. The sources for

288-696: A sophisticated urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. They are known for their contributions to art, sculpture, architecture, culture, literature, music, industry, trade, agriculture and cuisine, and have left their mark on the art of Central Asia. Newa architecture consists of the pagoda , stupa , shikhara , chaitya and other styles. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina and Japan. The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet

324-460: Is a cultural and political hub of Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley was accorded the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year 1979. This is an incomplete alphabetical list of notable temples and monuments in Kathmandu Valley. Seven of these are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . This valley hosts a UNESCO World Heritage Site with seven preserved locations: the centers of

360-457: Is the most developed and the largest urban agglomeration in Nepal with a population of about 5 million people. The urban agglomeration of Kathmandu Valley includes the cities of Kathmandu , Lalitpur , Bhaktapur , Changunarayan , Budhanilkantha , Tarakeshwar , Gokarneshwar , Suryabinayak , Tokha , Kirtipur , Madhyapur Thimi , and others. The majority of offices and headquarters are located in

396-484: The Indian sub-continent are called the vamsavali ( IAST : vaṃśāvalī , Devanagari : वंशावली). They bear special significance in the study of Nepalese history and its historical tradition. In continuation to the itihāsa - purāṇa tradition as prevalent in the Indian sub-continent , these writings have mostly been referred to, where there is an absence of other historical sources. As a distinct historical narrative, they have

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432-582: The Nepal Mandala . Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital, when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Patan , were established. Until the 1960s, the Kathmandu Valley was known as the Nepala Valley or Nepa Valley . In 1961 the valley was listed as Kathmandu District , which began referring to the valley as Kathmandu Valley. The term Nepa Valley is still used among Newar people and local governments, while senior citizens still tend to refer to

468-613: The Nepal Valley or Nepa Valley ( Nepali : नेपाः उपत्यका , Nepal Bhasa : 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑑅 𑐐𑐵𑑅, नेपाः गाः), National Capital Area, is a bowl-shaped valley located in the Himalayan mountains of Nepal . It lies at the crossroads of ancient civilizations of the Indian subcontinent and the broader Asian continent, and has at least 130 important monuments, including several pilgrimage sites for Hindus and Buddhists . The valley holds seven World Heritage Sites within it. The Kathmandu Valley

504-670: The Sanskrit and the Newari sections. However, this is another popular division of the Gopal Raj Vamshavali: Malla (1985), however, sees no difference between V 2 and V 3 ; therefore he classifies it as only Vaṃśāvalī 1 and Vaṃśāvalī 2 particularly referring to the use of two different languages and styles. The Gopal Raj Vamshavali dates back to the 14th century during the time of King (Jaya-)Sthiti Malla (1382–1395). Pant argues that this chronicle could have been made as

540-591: The Kathmandu Valley is the Bagmati River. The valley is made up of the Kathmandu District , Lalitpur District and Bhaktapur District covering an area of 220 square miles (570 km ). The valley consists of the municipal areas of Kathmandu, Patan , Bhaktapur, Kirtipur and Madhyapur Thimi ; the remaining area is made up of a number of municipalities and rural municipalities in Lalitpur district. The valley

576-403: The Kathmandu Valley. The 1500-year history of funerary architecture in the valley provides some of the finest examples of stone architecture found in the subcontinent. A caitya is placed in almost all courtyards in cities like Patan . Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley are important sources for the history of Nepal. Kathmandu Valley has total population of 2,996,341. In 2015,

612-522: The Kathmandu Valley. According to Swayambhu Puran , the Kathmandu Valley was once a lake, deemed by scientists as Paleo Kathmandu Lake . The hill where the Swayambu Stupa rests had lotus plants with flowers in bloom. One story says that the God Manjusri cut a gorge at a valley called Kashapaal (later called Chobhar) with a sword called Chandrahrasha and drained away the waters in order to establish

648-763: The Solar Line and ruled for three generations. Again, the Licchavis ruled. Śrī Aṃśuvarmā founded Rājavihāra , and started system of grammar and other branches of learning. They were from a different scion. Thereafter, the Solar dynasty ruled over Nepal again. Śrī Narendradeva initiated the festival of Śrī Lokeśvara of Bungamati and Śrī Bālārjunadeva offered his crown to Buṅga Lokeśvara Bhaṭṭāraka . Śrī Mānadeva constructed market-place; Śrī Guṇakāma deva constructed rest house and performed koti - homa (crore homa s); Śrī Lakṣmīkāma deva sponsored ceremonies to bring peace in

684-500: The city of Patan that are said to have been erected by Charumati , a purported daughter of the Maurya emperor Ashoka , in the third century BCE, attest to the ancient history present within the valley. As with the tales of the Buddha's visit, there is no evidence supporting Ashok's visit, but the stupas probably date to that century. The Licchavis , whose earliest inscriptions date to 464, were

720-533: The entry of King Jayasthiti Malla's reign could be what the chronicler himself saw; entries previous to it could have been sourced from other historical writings, as most are provided with full pañcaṅga details with fumbled chronology. Varied themes can be sorted out from this Gopal Raj Vamshavali—from that of political to religious and social works. A few of such themes for the Gopal Raj Vamshavali are listed here under: Chronicles of Nepal There are bodies of texts that reflect distinct classical narrative in

756-471: The events from 177 NS (1057 AD), which Malla (1985) categorizes as Vaṃśāvalī 2 from folio 31. With full details of astrological dates ( pañcāṅga s), this part describes the stories of birth, deaths and marriages of different kings. In addition, it also covers events of political conflicts, religious contributions, construction works and disaster relief. Considering the language of this Gopal Raj Vamshavali, it can be divided broadly into two sections, viz.

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792-453: The indigenous inhabitants and the creators of the historic civilization of the valley. Their language is today known as Nepal Bhasa . They are understood to be the descendants of the various ethnic and racial groups that have inhabited and ruled the valley in the two-millennium history of the place. Scholars have also described the Newars as a nation . They have developed a division of labour and

828-414: The kingdom and reduced the whole Nepal valley in ashes, including breaking of the Śrī Paśupatināṭh icon to three pieces. Śrī Jayasthitirājamalla, brought by Śrī Devaladevī, became King upon marriage with Rājalladevī. By the grace of Svayambhū , he made several reforms. Next is described the installment of four Nārāyaṇas in all four directions. Following this, there is a detailed description of

864-503: The list in the table, in the collection of Hodgson are following vaṃśāvalīs as specified by Hasrat: [The no./vol. refers to the codes in Hodgson collection.] Shreṣṭha (2012) mentions of 101 different vaṃśāvalī manuscripts preserved at National Archives, some of which are named after kings, gods, particular caste groups or places. Following is the list he provides: He also gives the main text of another vamsavali, viz. Harsiddhivaṃśāvalī. In

900-483: The microfilm collections at Nepāl Archives under Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project, are also the vamsavalis collection, as published in a catalog (Part 2) under the subjects Itihāsa 1-5 Lagat (pp. 1–41) and Itihas Tādapatra (pp. 42–46), collected with the code, name of the vamsavali, film number, condition, script, number of folios, size, language and others. Kathmandu Valley The Kathmandu Valley ( Nepali : काठमाडौं उपत्यका ), also known as

936-551: The nation (200 NS). In the same line, Śrī Bhāskaradeva sold paternal crown and destroyed the image of Śrī Māneśvarī Bhaṭṭāraka , for which he suffered a great deal. In the same line, Śrī Śivadeva completed the (re-)construction of temple of Śrī Paśupati Bhaṭṭāraka and temple of the Eastern mountain ( Changu ), four-storeyed royal palace with five courtyards, canals at Balkhu river, water-conduits, wells and tanks. He brought silver and gold coins in use. With Śrī Arimalladeva's reign,

972-631: The next rulers of the valley and had close ties with the Gupta Empire of India. The Mallas ruled the Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding area from the 12th until the 18th century CE, when the Shah dynasty of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered the valley as he created present-day Nepal. His victory in the Battle of Kirtipur was the beginning of his conquest of the valley. The Newars are

1008-443: The three primary cities, Kathmandu Hanuman Dhoka, Patan Durbar Square and Bhaktapur Durbar Square , the two most important Buddhist stupas, Swayambhunath and Boudhanath and two famous Hindu shrines, Pashupatinath temple and Changu Narayan . In 2003, UNESCO listed the sites as being "endangered" out of concern for the ongoing loss of authenticity and the outstanding universal value of the cultural property. The endangered status

1044-520: The turn of the 19th century. With the advent of Kali Yuga in the primordial kingdom of Yudhisthira , Śrī Bhṛṅgāreśvara Bhaṭṭāraka emerged. There, ṛṣi (saint) Gautama came and established Gautameśvara and other deities. Gopāla s (cow-herds) came to the valley and in the Gopāla-vaṃśa , eight kings ruled for 505 years 3 months. Thereafter, Mahiṣapāla (buffalo-herd) kings ruled up to 3 generations for 161 years 2 months. The Kiratas conquered

1080-824: The valley and ruled up to 32 generations for 1958 years 2 months. Thereafter the Solar Line ruled Vimalanagarī (Vaisali?) and Nepal by defeating the Kirata kings. To name some important contributions, Śrī Supuṣpadeva enforced the varṇa system and constructed temple of Śrī Paśupati Bhaṭṭāraka . He built a town dedicated to the Lord, enforced all laws and ruled with justice. Similarly, Śrī Bhāskaradeva observed penance at Paśupati , by merit of which he conquered Kāñcinagara Maṇḍala up to southern sea. Likewise, King Śrī Haridattavarmā constructed Lord Viṣṇu Bhaṭṭāraka temple in all four śikhara-pradeśa (hillocks). Śrī Viśvadeva consecrated

1116-601: The valley as Nepal . The term Swaniga ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶𑐐𑑅, स्वनिगः) is used to refer to three cities namely Yén (Kathmandu), Yala (Lalitpur) and Khwapa (Bhaktapur) The Pahari name Kathmandu comes from a structure in the Durbar Square called by the Sanskrit name Kāsṣtha mandapa "Wooden shelter". This unique temple , also known as the Maru Sattal , was built in 1596 by King Lakshmi Narasimha Malla. The entire structure contained no iron nails or supports and

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1152-584: The valley, making it the economic hub of Nepal. It is popular with tourists for its unique architecture, and rich culture which includes the highest number of jatras (festivals) in Nepal. Kathmandu Valley itself was referred to as "Nepal Proper" by British historians. As per the World Bank, the Kathmandu Valley was one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in South Asia with 2.5 million population by 2010 and an annual growth rate of 4%. In 2015, Kathmandu Valley

1188-509: Was Araniko , a Newar who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. He is known for building the white stupa at the Miaoying Temple in Beijing . At present, people from other parts of Nepal tend to migrate to the valley for a better life due to its high level of cultural and economic development. Even with urbanization taking place, the Newars have sustained their culture in

1224-455: Was hit by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake . The earthquake caused thousands of deaths and the destruction of many infrastructure across the Kathmandu Valley, which included the towns of Lalitpur, Kirtipur , Madhyapur Thimi , Changunarayan , and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu is also the largest city in the Himalayan hill region . Historically, the valley and adjoining areas made up a confederation known as

1260-492: Was lifted in 2007. In the past, Tibetan Buddhist Masters including Marpa, Milarepa, Rwa Lotsava, Ras Chungpa, Dharma Swami, XIII Karmapa, XVI Karmapa and several others visited and travelled in the Kathmandu Valley. However, the largest group of Tibetans came in the 1960s. Many settled around the Swayambhunath and Boudhanath Stupas. Many other famous Lamas known throughout the world have their Buddhist monasteries and centers in

1296-428: Was made entirely from wood. Legend has it that the timber used for this two-story pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The Kathmandu Valley may have been inhabited as early as 300 BCE, since the oldest known objects in the valley date to a few hundred years BCE. The earliest known inscription is dated 185 CE. The oldest firmly dated building in the earthquake-prone valley is over 2,000 years old. Four stupas around

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