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71-449: From May to December, the southern right whales migrate to Golfo Nuevo to breed, drawing numerous tourists through Madryn. The bight was named Bahía Sin Fondo ("Bottomless Bay"; French : Baie Sans Fond or Sansfond ) by Ferdinand Magellan when he visited it in 1520. In the 18th century, Welsh colonists renamed it Bahía Nueva ( Welsh : Bae Newydd ), whence its current name. It

142-446: A t e s {\displaystyle n.states} , c i occupies a range from 1 to ( n . s t a t e s − 1 ) / ( n . t a x a − ⌈ n . t a x a / n . s t a t e s ⌉ ) {\displaystyle (n.states-1)/(n.taxa-\lceil n.taxa/n.states\rceil )} . The retention index (RI)

213-445: A metric to measure how consistent a candidate cladogram is with the data. Most cladogram algorithms use the mathematical techniques of optimization and minimization. In general, cladogram generation algorithms must be implemented as computer programs, although some algorithms can be performed manually when the data sets are modest (for example, just a few species and a couple of characteristics). Some algorithms are useful only when

284-571: A centre for whale watching. During the Southern Hemisphere winter months (June – October) the southern right whales migrate to the coastal waters of South Africa, with more than 100 whales known to visit the Hermanus area. Whilst in the area, the whales can be seen with their young as they come to Walker Bay to calve and mate. Many behaviours such as breaching, sailing, lobtailing, or spyhopping can be witnessed. In False Bay whales can be seen from

355-537: A character in a phylogenetic analysis as they do not contribute anything to our understanding of relationships. However, homoplasy is often not evident from inspection of the character itself (as in DNA sequence, for example), and is then detected by its incongruence (unparsimonious distribution) on a most-parsimonious cladogram. Note that characters that are homoplastic may still contain phylogenetic signal . A well-known example of homoplasy due to convergent evolution would be

426-422: A dataset, the degree to which each character carries phylogenetic information, and the fashion in which additive characters are coded, rendering it unfit for purpose. c i occupies a range from 1 to 1/[ n.taxa /2] in binary characters with an even state distribution; its minimum value is larger when states are not evenly spread. In general, for a binary or non-binary character with n . s t

497-520: A female was seen to accompany a lone humpback whale calf although the actual relationship of this pair is unclear. Southern right whales display strong maternal fidelity to their calving grounds. Calving females are known to return to calving grounds at 3-year intervals. The most commonly observed calving interval is 3 years, but intervals can range from 2 to 21 years. Calving takes place between June and November in calving grounds between 20 and 30° S. In Australia, southern right whales have shown

568-500: A hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other evolutionary narratives about ancestors. Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters, DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational phylogenetics are now very commonly used in

639-457: A larger clade. The incongruence length difference test (ILD) is a measurement of how the combination of different datasets (e.g. morphological and molecular, plastid and nuclear genes) contributes to a longer tree. It is measured by first calculating the total tree length of each partition and summing them. Then replicates are made by making randomly assembled partitions consisting of the original partitions. The lengths are summed. A p value of 0.01

710-452: A more and more popular way to infer phylogenetic hypotheses. Using a parsimony criterion is only one of several methods to infer a phylogeny from molecular data. Approaches such as maximum likelihood , which incorporate explicit models of sequence evolution, are non-Hennigian ways to evaluate sequence data. Another powerful method of reconstructing phylogenies is the use of genomic retrotransposon markers , which are thought to be less prone to

781-779: A node branches off is analogous to an evolutionary branching – the diagram can be read left-to-right, much like a timeline. The following cladogram of the family Balaenidae serves to illustrate the current scientific consensus as to the relationships between the southern right whale and the other members of its family.   E. glacialis North Atlantic right whale   E. japonica North Pacific right whale   E. australis southern right whale   B. mysticetus bowhead whale Other junior synonyms for E. australis have included B. antarctica (Lesson, 1828), B. antipodarum (Gray, 1843), Hunterus temminckii (Gray, 1864), and E. glacialis australis (Tomilin, 1962) (see side panel for more synonyms). Like other right whales,

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852-596: A preference for calving grounds along coastlines with high wave energy, such as the Head of the Bight . Here, the sound of breaking waves may mask the sound of the whales' presence, and so protect infants and calving cows from predators such as killer whales . Deep waters alongside shallower calving grounds may serve as training grounds for calves to build up their stamina ahead of migration. Females give birth to their first calf when they are between eight and ten years old. A single calf

923-848: A renowned whale researcher. Southern right whales have been spotted in very small numbers off Mozambique and Madagascar. Whales were historically seen in large numbers at various locations such as off the coast of Durban , in Delagoa/Maputo Bay , Inhaca Island , Ponta do Ouro , and around the Bazaruto Archipelago . The first sighting off Mozambique since the end of whaling was in 1997. In recent years, more whales seem to migrate further north to calve, such as at Île Sainte-Marie , Antongil Bay , Fort Dauphin Toliara , Anakao , Andavadoaka , and Antsiranana Bay , at Madagascar's northern tip. Infrequent sightings have been confirmed off

994-474: A scenic flight over the marine park. A more accessible South Australian location for viewing whales is Encounter Bay where the whales can be seen just off the beaches of the Fleurieu Peninsula , centred around the surfing town of Middleton . The whales have established a newer nursery-ground near Eyre Peninsula , especially at Fowlers Bay . Numbers are much smaller at these locations compared to those in

1065-594: A second split, into the northern and southern groups, preventing them from interbreeding. In 2002, the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) accepted Rosenbaum's findings, and recommended that the Eubalaena nomenclature be retained for this genus. The cladogram is a tool for visualising and comparing the evolutionary relationships between taxa . The point where

1136-529: A southern suburb of Adelaide, and remained in the shallows off the beach for some time, attracting large crowds. Whale numbers are scarcer in Victoria , where the only established breeding ground which whales use each year, in very small numbers, is at Warrnambool . However, as the whales do seem to be increasing in number generally, but not showing any dramatic increases at Warrnambool, they may be extending their wintering habitats into other areas of Victoria, where

1207-516: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Southern right whale The southern right whale ( Eubalaena australis ) is a baleen whale , one of three species classified as right whales belonging to the genus Eubalaena . Southern right whales inhabit oceans south of the Equator, between the latitudes of 20° and 60° south. In 2009 the global population was estimated to be approximately 13,600. Right whales were first classified in

1278-410: Is a character state that is shared by two or more taxa due to some cause other than common ancestry. The two main types of homoplasy are convergence (evolution of the "same" character in at least two distinct lineages) and reversion (the return to an ancestral character state). Characters that are obviously homoplastic, such as white fur in different lineages of Arctic mammals, should not be included as

1349-480: Is a sign that they are slowly recovering from their earlier exploitation to near extinction. Southern right whales in Australian waters show higher rate of recoveries, as they have increased from 2,100 whales in 2008 to 3,500 in 2010. Two genetically distinct groups inhabit Australian waters: the southwestern population of 2,900 whales - in 2012 currently holding the majority of the overall Australian population - and

1420-475: Is born after a gestation period of one year, about 1 short ton (0.91 t) in weight and 4–6 m (13–20 ft) in length. The calf usually remains with its mother during the first year of its life, during which time it will double in length. This species has been recognized to nurse unrelated orphans on occasions. Like right whales in other oceans, southern right whales feed almost exclusively on zooplankton , particularly krill. They feed just beneath

1491-561: Is important in the mating process. The proportion and numbers of molten-coloured individuals are notable in this species compared with the other species in the Northern Hemisphere. Some whales remain white even after growing up. Life span is not clear although whales seem to reach over 100 years old. Like other right whales, they are rather active on the water surface and curious towards human vessels. Southern rights appear to be more active and tend to interact with humans more than

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1562-561: Is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade , a group of organisms with a last common ancestor . There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent

1633-411: Is obtained for 100 replicates if 99 replicates have longer combined tree lengths. Some measures attempt to measure the amount of homoplasy in a dataset with reference to a tree, though it is not necessarily clear precisely what property these measures aim to quantify The consistency index (CI) measures the consistency of a tree to a set of data – a measure of the minimum amount of homoplasy implied by

1704-592: Is under threat from an increase in shipping lanes and the fishing industries. 124 sightings in total were recorded during the period 1964–2008. Aside from vagrants' records, Peru's coastlines possibly host one of the northernmost confirmed range of the species along with Gabon, Senegal , Tanzania , Brazilian coasts, Madagascar, Indian Ocean, western Australia, Kermadec Islands, and tropical waters including South Pacific Islands . The Alfaguara project targeting cetaceans in Chiloe may possibly target this species as well in

1775-526: Is usually done by comparison to the character states of one or more outgroups . States shared between the outgroup and some members of the in-group are symplesiomorphies; states that are present only in a subset of the in-group are synapomorphies. Note that character states unique to a single terminal (autapomorphies) do not provide evidence of grouping. The choice of an outgroup is a crucial step in cladistic analysis because different outgroups can produce trees with profoundly different topologies. A homoplasy

1846-730: The River Derwent in Tasmania complained that sounds of cavorting whales kept them awake at night. In July 1804, clergyman Robert Knopwood claimed that in crossing the River Derwent, "we passed so many whales that it was dangerous for the boat to go up the river unless you kept very near the shore". By the 1890s southern right whales had been brought to the brink of extinction, with over 25,000 whales killed in Australia and New Zealand. Studies of population structure and mating systems have shown that

1917-412: The 1980s. Historical records suggest that this whale's regular range could have once reached further northwards up the coasts of Cape Fria (northern Namibia) and Angola as far as Baia dos Tigres (Tiger Bay). Whaling is known to have been carried out off the coast of Gabon , for example at Cape Lopez , and there have been a few confirmed and unconfirmed sightings including one by Jim Darling,

1988-409: The Bight, with an average of a couple of whales per day, but as of 2009 there were regular sightings of more than ten whales at a time off Basham Beach, near Middleton. The South Australian Whale Centre at Victor Harbor has information on the history of whaling and whale-watching in the area, and maintains an on-line database of whale sightings. In June 2021 a female gave birth off Christies Beach ,

2059-513: The North Atlantic right whale. Genetic differences between E. japonica (North Pacific) and E. australis (South Pacific) are much smaller than other baleen whales represent among different ocean basins. It is believed that the right whale populations first split because of the joining of North and South America when the Panama isthmus formed. The rising temperatures at the equator then created

2130-624: The Uruguayan parliament approved the creation of a whale sanctuary off Latin America to aid the recovery of the population. The creation of this protected area had been prevented for nearly a decade by pro-whaling nations such as Japan. For the critically endangered Chile/Peru population, the Cetacean Conservation Center (CCC) has been working on a separate programme for right whales. This population, containing no more than 50 individuals,

2201-531: The central northern Indian Ocean and recent sightings among near-equatorial regions. If the sighting off Kiribati was truly of E. australis , this species may have crossed the Equator on irregular occasions and their original distributions might have been much broader and more northerly distributed than is currently believed. A stranding of a 21.3 m (71 feet) right whale at Gajana , northwestern India in November 1944

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2272-431: The character, "presence of wings". Although the wings of birds, bats , and insects serve the same function, each evolved independently, as can be seen by their anatomy . If a bird, bat, and a winged insect were scored for the character, "presence of wings", a homoplasy would be introduced into the dataset, and this could potentially confound the analysis, possibly resulting in a false hypothesis of relationships. Of course,

2343-434: The characteristic data are molecular (DNA, RNA); other algorithms are useful only when the characteristic data are morphological. Other algorithms can be used when the characteristic data includes both molecular and morphological data. Algorithms for cladograms or other types of phylogenetic trees include least squares , neighbor-joining , parsimony , maximum likelihood , and Bayesian inference . Biologists sometimes use

2414-537: The closely related North Atlantic and the North Pacific right whales , displaying only minor skull differences. It may have fewer callosities on its head than North Atlantic and more on its lower lips than the two northern species. The biological functions of callosities are unclear, although protection against predators has been put forward as the primal role. An adult female is 15 m (49 ft) and can weigh up to 47 tonnes (46 long tons; 52 short tons), with

2485-542: The coasts of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Namibia, Mozambique, Peru, Tristan de Cunha , Uruguay, Madagascar, New Zealand and South Africa; whales have also been known to winter in sub-Antarctic regions. It appears that the South American, South African and Australasian groups intermix very little if at all, because maternal fidelity to feeding and calving habitats is very strong. The mother also passes these choices to her calves. Right whales do not normally cross

2556-618: The critically endangered southeastern group, counting only dozens to 300 individuals. Right whales can be found in many parts of southern Australia, where the largest population is found at the Head of the Bight in South Australia , a sparsely populated area south of the middle of the Nullarbor Plain . Over 100 individuals are seen there annually from June to October. Visitors can view the whales from cliff-top boardwalks and lookouts, with whales swimming almost directly below, or by taking

2627-685: The dataset). The rescaled consistency index (RC) is obtained by multiplying the CI by the RI; in effect this stretches the range of the CI such that its minimum theoretically attainable value is rescaled to 0, with its maximum remaining at 1. The homoplasy index (HI) is simply 1 − CI. This measures the amount of homoplasy observed on a tree relative to the maximum amount of homoplasy that could theoretically be present – 1 − (observed homoplasy excess) / (maximum homoplasy excess). A value of 1 indicates no homoplasy; 0 represents as much homoplasy as there would be in

2698-401: The early whaling days, they were all thought to be a single species, Balaena mysticetus . The southern right whale was initially described as Balaena australis by Desmoulins in 1822. Eventually, it was recognised that bowheads and right whales were different, and John Edward Gray proposed the genus Eubalaena for the right whale in 1864. Later, morphological factors such as differences in

2769-628: The eastern side of the Strait of Magellan , especially near Cape Virgenes and Punta Dungeness , as the number of sightings increases. It is unknown whether these increases are due to re-colonisation by whales from the Patagonian population. Occurrences of brindle individuals have been confirmed from this population as well. Historically, populations of southern right whales in Oceanian regions were robust. Early settlers of Wellington , New Zealand, and

2840-517: The future since calving activities have been confirmed in Chiloé Archipelago . Foraging grounds of this population is currently undetected, but possibly Chiloé and down south of Caleta Zorra to southern fiords such as from Penas Gulf to Beagle Channel although numbers of confirmations are small in the Beagle Channel . Hopes are arising for the establishment of a new tourism industry on

2911-534: The generation of cladograms, either on their own or in combination with morphology. The characteristics used to create a cladogram can be roughly categorized as either morphological (synapsid skull, warm blooded, notochord , unicellular, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA, or other genetic information). Prior to the advent of DNA sequencing, cladistic analysis primarily used morphological data. Behavioral data (for animals) may also be used. As DNA sequencing has become cheaper and easier, molecular systematics has become

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2982-436: The genus Balaena in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus , who at the time considered all right whales (including the bowhead) to be a single species. In the 19th and 20th centuries the family Balaenidae was the subject of great taxonometric debate. Authorities have repeatedly recategorised the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale, as one, two, three or four species, either in a single genus or in two separate genera. In

3053-522: The island of Mayotte . Whales were historically taken off the coast of Tanzania, and may still be present occasionally around Zanzibar . Due to illegal whaling by the USSR , the recovery of many stocks including the population off Tristan da Cunha and adjacent areas such as Gough Island has been severely hindered, resulting in relatively few numbers of visiting animals. Based on catch records and recent observations, right whales may be seen as far north as

3124-867: The islands of Saint Helena and Ascension Island . In Brazil, more than 300 individuals have been cataloged through photo identification (using head callosities) by the Brazilian Right Whale Project, maintained jointly by Petrobras (the Brazilian state-owned oil company), and the conservation group, the International Wildlife Coalition . The State of Santa Catarina hosts a concentration of breeding and calving right whales from June to November, and females from this population also calve off Argentinian Patagonia and Uruguay . In recent years, possibly due to changing habitat environments by human activities and conflicts with local fisheries,

3195-735: The lagoon of Lagoa dos Patos . Recent studies also show a decrease in the number of sightings along the southeastern Brazilian coast, which includes the highly urbanized States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Further north, small numbers of whales migrate every year to winter or calve in Bahia , in particular at the Abrolhos Archipelago . Here, certain individuals are recorded returning at intervals of 3 or 4 years. Whaling records including those prior to Maury and Townsend indicate that right whales were once more frequent visitors further north, for example at Salvador, Bahia . Argentina hosts

3266-477: The larger records of 17.5–18 m (57–59 ft) in length and 80 tonnes (79 long tons; 88 short tons) or up to 90 tonnes (89 long tons; 99 short tons) in weight, making them slightly smaller than other right whales in the Northern Hemisphere . The testicles of right whales are likely to be the largest of any animal, each weighing around 500 kg (1,100 lb). This suggests that sperm competition

3337-606: The number of whales visiting the coasts is decreasing. Sighting in locations other than Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul remain sporadic, such as along Cidreira , Rio de Janeiro coasts like Sepetiba Bay ( pt ), Cabo Frio , Macaé , Prado, Bahia , Castelhanos Bay in Ilha Bela , São Paulo coasts such as within Ilha Anchieta State Park , Honey Island, and bays and estuaries of Paranaguá and Superagui National Park , Paraná , and even entering into

3408-554: The numbers of sightings are slowly increasing. These areas include around Melbourne , such as in Port Phillip Bay , along Waratah Bay , at Ocean Grove , Warrnambool, on Mornington Peninsula , in Apollo Bay , and on Gippsland coasts and at Wilsons Promontory . Cladogram A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram

3479-705: The only reason a homoplasy is recognizable in the first place is because there are other characters that imply a pattern of relationships that reveal its homoplastic distribution. A cladogram is the diagrammatic result of an analysis, which groups taxa on the basis of synapomorphies alone. There are many other phylogenetic algorithms that treat data somewhat differently, and result in phylogenetic trees that look like cladograms but are not cladograms. For example, phenetic algorithms, such as UPGMA and Neighbor-Joining, group by overall similarity, and treat both synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies as evidence of grouping, The resulting diagrams are phenograms, not cladograms, Similarly,

3550-796: The other two northern species. One behaviour unique to the southern right whale, known as tail sailing , is that of using their elevated flukes to catch the wind, remaining in the same position for a considerable amount of time. It appears to be a form of play and is most commonly seen off the coast of Argentina and South Africa. Some other species such as humpback whales are also known to display. Right whales are often seen interacting with other cetaceans, especially humpback whales and dolphins . There have been records of southern rights and humpbacks thought to be involved in mating activities off Mozambique , and along Bahia , Brazil. On several occasions, calving mothers have been recorded to nurse non-offspring calves along with their own calves. Additionally,

3621-521: The overall population size of the species is predicted to be at less than 50% of its pre-whaling state by 2100 due to heavier impacts of whaling and slower recovery rates. Since hunting ceased, the population is estimated to have grown by 7% a year. The southern right whale spends summer in the far Southern Ocean feeding, probably close to Antarctica . If the opportunity arises, feeding can occur even in temperate waters such as along Buenos Aires . It migrates north in winter for breeding and can be seen by

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3692-499: The problem of reversion that plagues sequence data. They are also generally assumed to have a low incidence of homoplasies because it was once thought that their integration into the genome was entirely random; this seems at least sometimes not to be the case, however. Researchers must decide which character states are "ancestral" ( plesiomorphies ) and which are derived ( synapomorphies ), because only synapomorphic character states provide evidence of grouping. This determination

3763-436: The program settles on a local minimum rather than the desired global minimum. To help solve this problem, many cladogram algorithms use a simulated annealing approach to increase the likelihood that the selected cladogram is the optimal one. The basal position is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. A basal clade is the earliest clade (of a given taxonomic rank[a]) to branch within

3834-405: The results of model-based methods (Maximum Likelihood or Bayesian approaches) that take into account both branching order and "branch length," count both synapomorphies and autapomorphies as evidence for or against grouping, The diagrams resulting from those sorts of analysis are not cladograms, either. There are several algorithms available to identify the "best" cladogram. Most algorithms use

3905-488: The shore from July to October while both Plettenberg Bay and Algoa Bay are also home to the southern right whales from July to December. They can be viewed from land as well as by boat with licensed operators conducting ocean safaris throughout the year. Recent increases in numbers of whales visiting the north-eastern part of South Africa, the so-called Dolphin Coast such as around Ballito and off Umdloti Beach , indicates

3976-597: The skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale—one in the Northern Hemisphere, the other in the Southern Ocean . As recently as 1998, Rice, in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification, Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution , listed just two species: Balaena glacialis (all of the right whales) and Balaena mysticetus (the bowheads). In 2000, Rosenbaum et al. disagreed, based on data from their genetic study of DNA samples from each of

4047-400: The southern right whale is readily distinguished from others by the callosities on its head, a broad back without a dorsal fin , and a long arching mouth that begins above the eye. Its skin is very dark grey or black, occasionally with some white patches on the belly. The right whale's callosities appear white due to large colonies of cyamids ( whale lice ). It is almost indistinguishable from

4118-441: The southern whale population at 10,000. An estimate of 7,000 followed a March 1998 IWC workshop. Researchers used data about adult female populations from three surveys (one in each of Argentina, South Africa and Australia, collected during the 1990s) and extrapolated to include unsurveyed areas, number of males and calves using available male:female and adult:calf ratios to give an estimated 1999 figure of 7,500 animals. Recovery of

4189-483: The southwest Australian and New Zealand populations are genetically differentiated. The results of satellite tracking suggest that there are at least some interactions between populations in Australia and New Zealand, but the extent of this is unknown. The two groups may share migratory corridors and calving grounds. The return of southern right whales to the Derwent River and other parts of Australia in recent decades

4260-460: The term parsimony for a specific kind of cladogram generation algorithm and sometimes as an umbrella term for all phylogenetic algorithms. Algorithms that perform optimization tasks (such as building cladograms) can be sensitive to the order in which the input data (the list of species and their characteristics) is presented. Inputting the data in various orders can cause the same algorithm to produce different "best" cladograms. In these situations,

4331-406: The tree. It is calculated by counting the minimum number of changes in a dataset and dividing it by the actual number of changes needed for the cladogram. A consistency index can also be calculated for an individual character i , denoted c i . Besides reflecting the amount of homoplasy, the metric also reflects the number of taxa in the dataset, (to a lesser extent) the number of characters in

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4402-423: The user should input the data in various orders and compare the results. Using different algorithms on a single data set can sometimes yield different "best" cladograms, because each algorithm may have a unique definition of what is "best". Because of the astronomical number of possible cladograms, algorithms cannot guarantee that the solution is the overall best solution. A nonoptimal cladogram will be selected if

4473-416: The warm equatorial waters to connect with the other species and (inter)breed: their thick layers of insulating blubber make it difficult for them to dissipate their internal body heat in tropical waters. Based on historical records and unconfirmed sightings in modern periods, E. australis transits may sometimes occur through equatorial waters. Whaling records for the hemisphere include a whaling ground in

4544-516: The water's surface, holding their mouths partly open and skimming water continuously while swimming. They strain the water out through their long baleen plates to capture their prey. A southern right whale's baleen can measure up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) long, and is made up of 220-260 baleen plates. The global population of southern right whales was estimated at 13,611 in 2009. An estimate published by National Geographic in October 2008 put

4615-458: The whale populations. Genetic evidence now shows that the northern and southern populations of right whale have not interbred for between 3 million and 12 million years, confirming the southern right whale as a distinct species. The northern Pacific and Atlantic populations are also distinct, with the North Pacific right whale being more closely related to the southern right whale than to

4686-589: The whales' normal ranges are expanding and that re-colonising historical habitats will likely continue as more whales migrate further north. In Namibia, the majority of confirmed whales are restricted to the south of Luderitz , on the southwestern coast. Only a handful of animals venture further north to historical breeding grounds such as at Walvis Bay, but their numbers are slowly increasing. Until illegal hunting ceased, whales were rare along Namibian shores, with no sighting recorded north of Orange River until 1971. Calving activities were first confirmed as recently as

4757-527: The world's largest breeding population of southern right whales at Península Valdés , Chubut province , with over 2000 estimated individuals gathering on the gulfs of the peninsula during breeding season. The whales are considered a "natural monument" and protected under Argentine law, and there is a developed whale-watching tourism around them. During the 2012 annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission's Scientific Committee, data

4828-513: Was also sometimes known as Bahía de San Matías (" Saint Matthew 's Bay"). The gulf was surveyed by Robert Fitzroy in HMS Beagle in 1834. Golfo Nuevo was also the scene of a series of mysterious submarine contacts in 1958 and 1960. 42°42′S 65°36′W  /  42.700°S 65.600°W  / -42.700; -65.600 This article about a place in Chubut Province , Argentina

4899-756: Was presented regarding the continued phenomenon of southern right whale strandings and high rate of mortality at Península Valdés . Between 2003 and 2011, a total of 482 dead right whales were recorded at Península Valdés. There were at least 55 whale deaths in 2010, and 61 in 2011. As in previous years, the vast majority of strandings were calves of the season. There have been increasing sightings in various other locations in recent years, such as on Golfo San Jorge , Tierra del Fuego , Puerto Deseado , Mar del Plata , Miramar, Buenos Aires , and Bahía Blanca . In Uruguay, coastal areas such as Punta del Este host congregating sites for whales in breeding seasons, but these are not likely to be calving grounds. In 2013

4970-399: Was proposed as an improvement of the CI "for certain applications" This metric also purports to measure of the amount of homoplasy, but also measures how well synapomorphies explain the tree. It is calculated taking the (maximum number of changes on a tree minus the number of changes on the tree), and dividing by the (maximum number of changes on the tree minus the minimum number of changes in

5041-701: Was reported, but the true identity of this animal is unclear. Aside from impacts on whales and environments caused by mankind, their distributions and residences could be largely affected by presences of natural predators or enemies, and similar trends are also probable for other subspecies. Many locations throughout the Southern Hemisphere were named after current or former presences of southern rights, including Walvis Bay , Punta Ballena , Right Whale Bay , Otago Harbour , Whangarei Harbour , Foveaux Strait , South Taranaki Bight , Moutohora Island and Wineglass Bay . Hermanus in South Africa has become known as

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