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62-704: The Gold Coast Oceanway is a foreshoreway for use by pedestrians and cyclists along the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia connecting the Point Danger lighthouse on the New South Wales and Queensland border to the Gold Coast Seaway . The network includes 36 kilometres (22 mi) of poor, medium, and high-quality pathways. The 'Gold Coast Oceanway' includes a number of different sections including Travel times and distances for walking journeys along

124-438: A crowded one, and that the car represents progress over the pedestrian . An editor for Architectural Forum magazine (1952–1964), she had no formal training in urban planning, but her work emerged as a founding text for a new way of seeing cities. She felt that the way cities were being designed and built meant that the general public could not develop the social framework needed for effective self-policing. She pointed out that

186-592: A direct influence on crime settings by delineating territories, reducing or increasing accessibility by the creation or elimination of boundaries and circulation networks, and by facilitating surveillance by the citizenry and the police ." He asserted that crime was inversely related to the level of activity on the street and that the commercial strip environment was particularly vulnerable to crime because it thinned out activity, making it easier for people to commit street crime. Angel developed and published CPTED concepts in 1970 in work supported and widely distributed by

248-599: A formal legal injunction that questions the right of local government to allow people to walk along a public road reserve. In 2010, the FERO section of Oceanway was completed as a turf walkway. This section of the Oceanway was completed as a concrete accessible path in 2019. The Gold Coast Oceanway has received a number of awards including Oceanway In Southern England , the term also refers to ancient trackways or green lanes , especially those found on chalk downlands , like

310-561: A greenway as: A linear open space established along either a natural corridor, such as a riverfront, stream valley or ridgeline, or overland along a railroad right-of-way converted to recreational use, a canal , scenic road or other route. It is a natural or landscaped course for pedestrian or bicycle passage; an open-space connector linking parks, nature reserves, cultural features, or historic sites with each other and with populated areas; locally certain strip or linear parks designated as parkway or greenbelt . The term greenway comes from

372-426: A greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea , open to both walkers and cyclists. Foreshoreways resemble promenades and boardwalks . Foreshoreways are usually concerned with the idea of sustainable transport . A foreshoreway is accessible to both pedestrians and cyclists and gives them the opportunity to move unimpeded along the seashore. Dead end paths that offer public access only to

434-430: A linear park along the coast is known as a foreshoreway . [REDACTED] Media related to Greenways at Wikimedia Commons CPTED Crime prevention through environmental design ( CPTED ) is an agenda for manipulating the built environment to create safer neighborhoods . It originated in the contiguous United States around 1960 when urban designers recognized that urban renewal strategies were risking

496-400: A more complex model of behavior in which variable physical environments, offender behavior as individuals, and behavior of individual members of the general public have reciprocal influences on one another. This laid the foundation for Jeffery to develop a behavioral model to predict the effects of modifying both the external and internal environments of individual offenders. By the 1980s,

558-628: A potential offender can easily be observed, identified, and apprehended. Second, people must be willing to intervene or report crime when it occurs. Increasing the sense of security in settings where people live, and work encourages people to take control of the areas and assume a role of ownership. When people feel safe in their neighborhoods, they are more likely to interact with one another and intervene when crime occurs. These remain central to most implementations of CPTED as of 2004 . In 1977, Jeffery's second edition of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design expanded his theoretical approach to embrace

620-546: A reexamination of Jeffery's work. Jeffery continued to expand the multi-disciplinary aspects of the approach, advances which he published, with the last one published in 1990. The Jeffery CPTED model is more comprehensive than the Newman CPTED model, which limits itself to the built environment. Later, CPTED models were developed based on the Newman Model, with criminologist Tim Crowe being the most popular. As of 2004 , CPTED

682-596: A sense of ownership. Owners have a vested interest and are more likely to challenge intruders or report them to the police. Second, the sense of owned space creates an environment where "strangers" or "intruders" stand out and are more easily identified. Natural territorial reinforcement uses buildings, fences, pavement, signs, lighting, and landscape to express ownership and define public, semi-public, and private spaces. Additionally, these objectives can be achieved by assignment of space to designated users in previously unassigned locations. Territorial reinforcement measures make

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744-454: A site's intended users and a greater tolerance of disorder. The Broken Windows Theory is a valuable tool in understanding the importance of maintenance in deterring crime. Broken Windows theory proponents support a zero tolerance approach to property maintenance, observing that a broken window will entice vandals to break more nearby windows. The sooner broken windows are fixed, the less likely such vandalism will occur. Vandalism falls into

806-475: A variety of measures. Image/maintenance and activity support provide the community with reassurance and the ability to inhibit crime through citizen activities. Target hardening strategies work within CPTED, delaying entry sufficiently to ensure a certainty of capture in the criminal mind. Natural surveillance increases the perceived risk of attempting deviant actions by improving the visibility of potential offenders to

868-636: Is already possible to enjoy walking and cycling along the full 36 kilometres (22 mi) Gold Coast Oceanway corridor from Point Danger to the Gold Coast Seaway but many sections are narrow and of low quality. In July 2008 a new section of Oceanway pavement was completed between the Sheraton Mirage Hotel and Seaworld on The Spit . Council will construct the Main Beach South Oceanway between Woodroffe Street and Narrowneck between February and June 2023. In November 2020, Council

930-525: Is not popularly considered to be already a part of CPTED. In 2012, Woodbridge introduced and developed CPTED in prison and showed how design flaws allowed criminals to keep offending. In the 1960s, Elizabeth Wood developed guidelines for addressing security issues while working with the Chicago Housing Authority , emphasizing design features that would support natural survivability. Her guidelines were never implemented, but they stimulated some of

992-531: Is often referred to as the wet-sand area (see Right of way (transit)#Foreshore for a fuller discussion). A linear park is a park in an urban or suburban setting that is substantially longer than it is wide. Some are rail trails ("rails to trails"), that are disused railroad beds converted to recreational use, while others use strips of public land next to canals , streams , extended defensive walls , electrical lines , highways and shorelines . They are also often described as greenways. In Australia,

1054-525: Is popularly understood to refer strictly to the Newman/Crowe type models, with the Jeffery model treated more as a multi-disciplinary approach to crime prevention that incorporates biology and psychology, a situation accepted even by Jeffery himself. (Robinson, 1996). A revision of CPTED, initiated in 1997 and termed 2nd Generation CPTED, adapts CPTED to offender individuality, further indicating that Jeffery's work

1116-534: Is proposed for the dune front area. Residents who currently enjoy beach front property are concerned about CPTED . In 2009, Council resolved to put construction of this section of the Oceanway on hold due to the opposition of beachfront property owners. In 2019 Council was preparing to construct the TD23A Oceanway. This section was completed in 2021 Opening up public access along the beachfront between Flat Rock and Elephant Rock (FERO) Currumbin has been debated in

1178-462: Is vegetated but inappropriate for public use, such as agricultural land. Where the historic rural road network has been enlarged and redesigned to favor high-speed automobile travel, greenways provide an alternative for people who are elderly, young, less mobile or seeking a reflective pace. Tom Turner analyzed greenways in London looking for common patterns among successful examples. He was inspired by

1240-595: The Gold Coast Seaway . The network includes 36 kilometres (22 mi) of poor, medium and high quality pathways. Others include: The Chicago Lakefront Trail , the Dubai Marina , the East River Greenway , New Plymouth Coastal Walkway , and the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway . Public rights of way frequently exist on the foreshore of beaches throughout the world. In legal discussions the foreshore

1302-592: The Palm Beach Parklands including a new upgraded section of Oceanway between Lacey's Lane and Tarrabora Reserve. In 2021, the Palm Beach Oceanway was extended from Tallebudgera Drive to twenty-Third Avenue. Houses and apartments along the central sections of Palm Beach were built further seaward than other parts of the Gold Coast. This means that the remaining dunes are regularly eroded with waves reaching

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1364-493: The United States Department of Justice (Luedtke, 1970). The phrase crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) was first used by C. Ray Jeffery, a criminologist from Florida State University . The phrase began to gain acceptance after publishing his 1971 book of the same name. An often overlooked contribution of Jeffery in his 1971 book is outlining four critical factors in crime prevention that have stood

1426-454: The green in green belt and the way in parkway , implying a recreational or pedestrian use rather than a typical street corridor, as well as an emphasis on introducing or maintaining vegetation, in a location where such vegetation is otherwise lacking. Some greenways include community gardens as well as typical park-style landscaping of trees and shrubs. They also tend to have a mostly contiguous pathway. Greenways resemble linear parks , but

1488-399: The pattern language technique of architect Christopher Alexander . A pattern language is an organized and coherent set of "patterns", each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. Turner concluded there are seven types, or 'patterns', of greenway which he named: In Australia, a foreshoreway (or oceanway) is

1550-442: The social framework needed for self-policing . Architect Oscar Newman created the concept of " defensible space ", developed further by criminologist C. Ray Jeffery, who coined the term CPTED . The growing interest in environmental criminology led to a detailed study of specific topics such as natural surveillance , access control, and territoriality. The " broken window " principle, that neglected zones invite crime, reinforced

1612-541: The Gold Coast Oceanway have been calculated. There are viewing platforms at popular outlooks all along the Oceanway that are accessible for people with a disability and the entire route is serviced by Surfside Buses . The Gold Coast Oceanway logo is made up of a number of elements including The Gold Coast City Council has a program to invest into the quality and capacity of the Gold Coast Oceanway . It

1674-410: The Oceanway was completed between Kirra Point and North Kirra and in 2010 the Oceanway was extended up to Bilinga SLSC. There are many places where a realignment of the Oceanway traffic routes from the landward side of beachfront buildings to the beachfront itself would allow a superior pavement to be constructed. Beachfront residents are concerned that opening up the public land between their houses and

1736-634: The Ridgeway . Greenways are vegetated, linear, and multi-purpose. They incorporate a footpath and/or bikeway within a linear park . In urban design , they are a component of planning for bicycle commuting and walkability . The British organisation Sustrans , which is involved in creating cycleways and greenways, states that a traffic-free route "must be designed on the assumption that everyone will use it", and measures taken "to assist visually and mobility impaired users". The American author Charles Little in his 1990 book, Greenways for America, defines

1798-717: The US Government's largest CPTED technical assistance and training program titled Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Public Housing Technical Assistance and Training Program, funded by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development. During this period, Sorensen worked with Ronald V. Clarke and the Sparta team to develop a new CPTED Curriculum that used Situational Crime Prevention as an underlying theoretical basis for CPTED measures. A curriculum

1860-724: The United States has found that they have decreased robberies between 30% and 84% (Casteel and Peek-Asa, 2000). In terms of effectiveness, a more accurate title for the strategy would be crime deterrence through environmental design. Research demonstrates that offenders might not always be prevented from committing some crimes by using CPTED. CPTED relies upon changes to the physical environment that will cause an offender to make certain behavioral decisions, and some of those decisions will include desisting from crime. Those changes deter rather than conclusively "prevent" behavior. CPTED may stereotype local homeless populations in areas where it

1922-497: The advance of CPTED in the 1980s included: Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach (1990) was Jeffery's final contribution to CPTED. The Jeffery CPTED model evolved to one which assumes that Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (1991) by criminologist Tim Crowe provided a solid foundation for CPTED's progress throughout the 1990s. From 1994 through 2002, Sparta Consulting Corporation, led by Severin Sorensen, CPP, managed

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1984-437: The beach will detract from enjoyment of their property, citing in particular CPTED and coastal erosion concerns. Gold Coast City Council is considering proposals to invest into the quality and capacity of the Gold Coast Oceanway at northern Palm Beach . A controversial area is the TD23A Oceanway between Tallebudgera Drive and 23rd Avenue. The current route for pedestrians is along the busy Gold Coast highway. A new pavement

2046-451: The broken windows category as well. The faster the graffiti is painted over, the less likely one is to repeat it because no one saw what has been done. A positive image in the community shows a sense of pride and self-worth that no one can take away from the property owner. Activity support increases the use of a built environment for safe activities to increase the risk of detecting criminal and undesirable activities. Natural surveillance by

2108-463: The built environment in which those crimes occur. The six main concepts, according to Moffat, are territoriality, surveillance, access control, image/maintenance, activity support, and target hardening. Applying these strategies is crucial when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, whether crime-ridden or not. Natural surveillance and access control strategies limit the opportunity for crime. Territorial reinforcement promotes social control through

2170-553: The community for over a decade. There has been petitions both in support and opposition to opening the public road reserve along the beach so the public can walk along the dunes. The Friends of Currumbin have been quoted in the Sun Newspaper as in support of the public's right of access to the road reserve. Local beachfront property owners are lobbying politicians to ensure the road reserve remains for their exclusive beachfront enjoyment. Opponents to public access along FERO have submitted

2232-425: The construction of the Oceanway along this section of the beach. Sections of the public road reserve (Los Angeles Esplanade) have been fenced off from public access and are vegetated with turf and landscaping that incorporates public road into the private gardens for the adjoining houses. The footpath on the landward side of the houses is narrow and impeded by driveways and powerpoles. In March 2008, works commenced on

2294-456: The decision to offend or not to offend is more influenced by cues to the perceived risk of being caught than by cues to reward or ease of entry. The certainty of being caught is the central deterrence for criminals, not the severity of the punishment. By emphasizing a certainty of capture, criminal actions can be decreased. Consistent with this research, CPTED-based strategies enhance the perceived risk of detection and apprehension. Consistent with

2356-530: The defensible space prescriptions of the 1970s were determined to have mixed effectiveness. They worked best in residential settings, especially where residents were relatively free to respond to cues to increase social interaction. Defensible space design tools were observed to be marginally effective in institutional and commercial settings. As a result, Newman and others moved to improve defensible space, adding CPTED-based features. They also deemphasized less effective aspects of defensible space. Contributions to

2418-400: The end user the least and when the CPTED design process relies upon the combined efforts of environmental designers , land managers, community activists, and law enforcement professionals. These strategies cannot be fulfilled without the community's help, and they require the whole community in the location to make the environment safer. A meta-analysis of multiple-component CPTED initiatives in

2480-420: The general public. Natural surveillance occurs by designing the placement of physical features, activities, and people in such a way as to maximize the visibility of the space and its users, fostering positive social interaction among legitimate users of private and public space . Potential offenders feel increased scrutiny and thus inherently perceive an increase in risk. This perceived increase in risk extends to

2542-463: The intended user feel safe and make the potential offender aware of a substantial risk of apprehension or scrutiny. When people take pride in what they own and take the proper measures to protect their belongings, crime is deterred from those areas because it makes it more of a challenge. Support and maintenance activities complement physical design elements. Maintenance is an expression of ownership of property. Deterioration indicates less control by

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2604-438: The intended users is casual, and there is no specific plan for people to watch out for criminal activity. By placing signs cautioning children to play and signs for certain activities in the area, the citizens of that area will be more involved in what is happening around them. They will be more tuned in to who is and is not supposed to be there and what looks suspicious. CPTED strategies are most successful when they inconvenience

2666-1082: The latter are only found in urban and suburban environments. The European Greenways Association defines it as Communication routes reserved exclusively for non-motorized journeys, developed in an integrated manner which enhances both the environment and quality of life of the surrounding area. These routes should meet satisfactory standards of width, gradient and surface condition to ensure that they are both user-friendly and low-risk for users of all abilities. Though wildlife corridors are also greenways, because they have conservation as their primary purpose, they are not necessarily managed as parks for recreational use, and may not include facilities such as public trails. Charles Little in his 1990 book, Greenways for America", describes five general types of greenways: Greenways are found in rural areas as well as urban. Corridors redeveloped as greenways often travel through both city and country, connecting them together. Even in rural areas, greenways provide residents access to open land managed as parks, as contrasted with land that

2728-474: The need for good property maintenance to assert visible ownership of space. Appropriate environmental design can also increase the perceived likelihood of detection and apprehension, the most significant crime deterrent. There has also been a new interest in the interior design of prisons as an environment that significantly affects offending decisions. Wide-ranging recommendations to architects include planting trees and shrubs, eliminating escape routes, correcting

2790-458: The new forms of urban design broke down many of the traditional controls on criminal behavior, for example, the ability of residents to watch the street and the presence of people using the street both night and day. She suggested that the lack of "natural guardianship" in the environment promoted crime . Jacobs developed the concept that crime flourishes when people do not meaningfully interact with their neighbors. In Death and Life , Jacobs listed

2852-676: The new pathway for pedestrians and cyclists in March 2023. The Surfers South Oceanway was jointly funded by the Queensland Government under its Cycle Network Local Government Grants Program and by the City of Gold Coast. In June 2008, funding from the innovative Wave highrise building in Broadbeach allowed completion of the Oceanway between Kurrawa Parklands and First Avenue, Broadbeach . There are wealthy residents along Hedges Avenue who do not support

2914-468: The ocean are not part of a foreshoreway. A foreshoreway corridor often includes a number of traffic routes that provide access along an oceanfront, including: A major example is The Gold Coast Oceanway along beaches in Gold Coast, Queensland , a shared use pedestrian and cyclist pathway on the Gold Coast, connecting the Point Danger lighthouse on the New South Wales and Queensland border to

2976-422: The offender seems to have been lost, even on those promoting the expansion of CPTED to include social ecology and psychology under the banner of 2nd Generation CPTED. In 2012, Woodbridge introduced and developed the concept of CPTED within a prison environment, a place where crime continues after conviction. Jeffery's understanding of the criminal mind from his study in rehabilitative facilities over forty years ago

3038-416: The original social ecology origins of CPTED, including social and psychological issues beyond the built environment. By 2004 , elements of the CPTED approach had gained wide international acceptance due to law enforcement efforts to embrace it. The CPTED term "environment" is commonly used to refer to the external environment of the place. Jeffery's intention that CPTED also embrace the internal environment of

3100-399: The original thinking that led to CPTED. Jane Jacobs' book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), argued that urban diversity and vitality were being destroyed by urban planners and their urban renewal strategies. She was challenging the basic tenets of urban planning of the time: that neighborhoods should be isolated from each other, that an empty street is safer than

3162-860: The perceived lack of viable and covert escape routes. Mechanical and organizational measures can complement natural surveillance measures. For example, closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras can be added in areas where window surveillance is unavailable. Natural access control limits the opportunity for crime by taking steps to differentiate between public space and private space. Natural access control occurs by selectively placing entrances and exits, fencing, lighting, and landscape to limit access or control flow. Natural access control complements mechanical and operational access control measures, such as target hardening . Territorial reinforcement promotes social control through an increased space definition and improved proprietary concern. An environment designed to delineate private space does two things. First, it creates

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3224-504: The seawalls. The instability of the dunes does not leave much room to construct an Oceanway between the 11th and 21st Avenue groynes . In July 2018, Council commenced construction of the 1.7 km missing link of the Oceanway from Tugun to Bilinga. The section of Oceanway pathway opened by Christmas 2018. In September 2008, works commenced on improving the Southern Points Oceanway between Greenmount and Bilinga . In 2009

3286-736: The specific design features, an emphasis missing in Jeffery's work. Newman's "Defensible Space – Crime Prevention through Urban Design (1972) includes an extensive discussion of crime related to the physical form of housing based on crime data analysis from New York City public housing. "Defensible Space" changed the nature of the crime prevention and environmental design field. Within two years of its publication, substantial federal funding became available to demonstrate and study defensible space concepts. As established by Newman, defensible space must contain two components. First, defensible space should allow people to see and be seen continuously. Ultimately, this diminishes residents' fear because they know that

3348-484: The test of time. These are the degrees to which one can manipulate the opportunity for a crime to occur, the motivation for the crime to occur, the risk to the offender if the crime occurs, and the history of the offender who might consider committing the crime. The first three of these are within the control of the potential victim while the last is not. Jeffery's work was ignored throughout the 1970s for reasons that have received little attention. Jeffery explains that when

3410-504: The three attributes needed to make a city street safe: a clear distinction between private and public space ; diversity of use; and a high level of pedestrian use of the sidewalks . Schlomo Angel pioneered CPTED and studied under noted planner Christopher Alexander . Angel's Ph.D. thesis, Discouraging Crime Through City Planning , (1968), was a study of street crime in Oakland , CA. In it, he states: "The physical environment can exert

3472-528: The use of lighting, and encouraging pedestrian and bicycle traffic in streets. Tests show that the application of CPTED measures reduces criminal activity. CPTED was coined initially and formulated by criminologist C. Ray Jeffery. A more limited approach, termed defensible space , was developed concurrently by architect Oscar Newman. Both men built on the previous work of Elizabeth Wood , Jane Jacobs and Schlomo Angel. Jeffery's book, "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" came out in 1971, but his work

3534-399: The widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most implementations of CPTED by 2004 were based solely upon the theory that the proper design and effective use of the built environment can reduce crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve the quality of life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from committing crimes by manipulating

3596-422: The world wanted prescriptive design solutions, his work presented a comprehensive theory and used it to identify a wide range of crime prevention functions that should drive design and management standards. Concurrent with Jeffery's essentially theoretical work was Oscar Newman and George Rand's empirical study of the crime-environment connection conducted in the early 1970s. As an architect, Newman emphasized

3658-623: Was consulting with the community about constructing the Oceanway between Laycock Street Surfers Paradise and First Avenue Broadbeach. In 2021, a group of beach front landowners has sought a court injunction to stop construction near their homes. The Court challenge was not successful. Council has now constructed the Surfers South Oceanway, and the Minister for Transport and Main Roads, Mark Bailey, and local divisional councillor, Darren Taylor, opened

3720-753: Was developed and trained for public and assisted housing stakeholders, and follow-up CPTED assessments were conducted at various sites. The Sparta-led CPTED projects showed statistical reductions in self-reported FBI UCR Part I crimes between 17% and 76% depending on the basket of CPTED measures employed in specific high-crime, low-income settings in the United States. In 1996, Oscar Newman published an update to his earlier CPTED works, titled, Creating Defensible Space , Institute for Community Design Analysis, Office of Planning and Development Research (PDR), US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). In 1997, Greg Saville and Gerry Cleveland, 2nd Generation CPTED, wrote an article exhorting CPTED practitioners to consider

3782-491: Was ignored throughout the 1970s. Newman's book, "Defensible Space: – Crime Prevention through Urban Design " came out in 1972. His principles were widely adopted but with mixed success. The defensible space approach was subsequently revised with additional built environment approaches supported by CPTED. Newman represented this as CPTED and credited Jeffery as the originator of the CPTED term. Newman's CPTED-improved defensible space approach enjoyed broader success and resulted in

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3844-652: Was now being used to reduce crime in those same types of facilities. Woodbridge showed how prison design allowed offending to continue and introduced changes to reduce crime. CPTED techniques are increasingly benefiting from integration with design technologies. For instance, models of proposed buildings developed in Building Information Modeling may be imported into video game engines to assess their resilience to different forms of crime. CPTED strategies rely on influencing offender decisions that precede criminal acts. Research into criminal behavior shows that

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