35-419: Several monarchs have used golden coaches . These horse-drawn coaches were made of wood and covered with gold leaf , a solid golden coach would be very expensive and so heavy that it would be a practical impossibility. Although a gilded coach with or without painted panels was a sign of high social and governmental status, the position of the occupants of the coach determines the number of horses that draw
70-458: A biological control for the management of EAB populations in the United States. The public is being cautioned to avoid transporting unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest. Damage occurs when emerald ash borer larvae feed on the inner bark, phloem , inside branches and tree trunks. Feeding on the phloem prevents nutrients and water transportation. If
105-507: A Dutchman, became the Queen’s coachman, and was the first that brought the use of coaches into England.” Another source says it was not until 1580, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , that coaches were introduced to England from France by Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel . These were designed to be pulled by a pair of horses. In 1619 George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham introduced the coach drawn by six horses. A coach with four horses
140-463: A coach or carriage and its horses, their stabling, feeding and maintenance and the associated staff. He was also called a jarvey or jarvie , especially in Ireland . If he drove dangerously fast or recklessly he was a jehu (from Jehu , king of Israel , who was noted for his furious attacks in a chariot (2 Kings 9:20), or a Phaeton (from Greek Phaethon , son of Helios , who attempted to drive
175-671: A considerable litter problem with their seeds. Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes, but belong to the unrelated genus Sorbus in the rose family . The tree's common English name, "ash", traces back to the Old English æsc , which relates to the Proto-Indo-European for the tree, while the generic name originated in Latin from a Proto-Indo-European word for birch. Both words are also used to mean " spear " in their respective languages, as
210-498: A few species. The seeds, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of fruit known as a samara . Some Fraxinus species are dioecious , having male and female flowers on separate plants but sex in ash is expressed as a continuum between male and female individuals, dominated by unisexual trees. With age, ash may change their sexual function from predominantly male and hermaphrodite towards femaleness ; if grown as an ornamental and both sexes are present, ashes can cause
245-401: A front and a back seat inside. The driver has a raised seat in front of the carriage to allow better vision. It is often called a box , box seat, or coach box . There are many types of coaches depending on the vehicle's purpose. In the early 14th century England, coaches would still have been extremely rare. It is unlikely there were more than a dozen, and even then they were very costly until
280-517: A good food source for the frogs, but also reduces its resistance to the ash borer . Species with higher leaf tannin levels (including maples and non-native ash species) are taking the place of native ash, thanks to their greater resistance to the ash borer. They produce much less suitable food for the tadpoles, resulting in poor survival rates and small frog sizes. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures native to North America. This includes
315-498: A main shaft called the perch or reach . A crossbar known as a splinter bar supported the springs. In 1772, Robert Norris described the use of two coaches in Dahomey during a ceremonial procession. They were drawn by 12 men instead of horses probably as a result of the small number of horses in Dahomey. In the 19th century the name coach was used for U.S. railway carriages , and in
350-477: A reduction in the supply of healthy trees, especially in Europe, is making ash an increasingly expensive option. Ash was commonly used for the structural members of the bodies of cars made by carriage builders. Early cars had frames which were intended to flex as part of the suspension system to simplify construction. The Morgan Motor Company of Great Britain still manufactures sports cars with frames made from ash. It
385-589: Is a coach-and-four . A coach together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout . The bodies of early coaches were hung on leather straps. In the eighteenth century steel springs were also used in suspension systems. An advertisement in the Edinburgh Courant for 1754 reads: The Edinburgh stage-coach, for the better accommodation of passengers, will be altered to a new genteel two-end glass coach-machine, hung on steel springs, exceedingly light and easy... Strap suspensions persisted, however;
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#1732848776470420-416: Is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae , and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees , most of which are deciduous trees, although some subtropical species are evergreen trees. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America. The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately compound , though simple in
455-469: Is a tonewood commonly used in the manufacture of electric guitars . It exhibits a pronounced bright tone with a scooped midrange. It is lightweight, easy to work and sand, accepts glue, stain , paint and finish very well and is inexpensive. All this has made it a favourite of large factories mass-producing instruments. The Fender musical instrument company has been continuously and uninterruptedly using Ash to make electric guitars since 1956. Swamp ash
490-562: Is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in the late 1980s to early 1990s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 22 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It threatens some seven billion ash trees in North America. Research is being conducted to determine whether three native Asian wasps that are natural predators of EAB could be used as
525-408: Is also used for making drum shells . Woodworkers generally consider ash a "poor cousin" to the other major open pore wood, oak, but it is useful in any furniture application. Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. Ash is not used much outdoors due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact, meaning it will typically perish within five years. The F. japonica species
560-444: Is favored as a material for making baseball bats by Japanese sporting-goods manufacturers. Its robust structure, good looks, and flexibility combine to make ash ideal for staircases. Ash stairs are extremely hard-wearing, which is particularly important for treads. Due to its elasticity, ash can also be steamed and bent to produce curved stair parts such as volutes (curled sections of handrail) and intricately shaped balusters. However,
595-444: Is used a lot in guitar building because of its figure. It is a choice of material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting edge and sustaining quality. Some Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, (such as Bruce Springsteen 's Telecaster on the Born to Run album cover), as an alternative to alder. Ash
630-638: Is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the blue ash ( F. quadrangulata ) has been used as a source for blue dye . In Sicily, Italy, sugars are obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark. The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue-green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative, demulcent, and weak expectorant. The young seedpods of Ash trees, also known as "keys", are edible for human consumption. In Britain, they are traditionally pickled with vinegar, sugar and spices. In Greek mythology ,
665-553: The Meliae are nymphs associated with the ash, perhaps specifically of the manna ash ( Fraxinus ornus ), as dryads were nymphs associated with the oak . They appear in Hesiod 's Theogony, which states that they were born when drops of Ouranos's blood fell on the earth (Gaia). In Norse mythology , a vast, evergreen ash tree Yggdrasil ("the steed ( gallows ) of Odin "), watered by three magical springs, serves as axis mundi , sustaining
700-625: The fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus , causing ash dieback in a large number of trees since the mid-1990s, particularly in eastern and northern Europe. The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. At the end of October 2012 in the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) reported that ash dieback had been discovered in mature woodland in Suffolk ; previous occurrences had been on young trees imported from Europe. In 2016,
735-428: The 19th century American Concord coaches used leather straps exactly as the first Berline from 1660 did. A coach might have a built-in compartment called a boot , used originally as a seat for the coachman and later for storage. A luggage case for the top of a coach was called an imperial ; the top, roof or second-story compartment of a coach was also known as an imperial. The front and rear axles were connected by
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#1732848776470770-613: The 20th century to motor coaches . See John Taylor (poet) for a very adverse opinion of the arrival of horse drawn coaches in England. There are a number of coach types, including but not limited to: Coach-building had reached a high degree of specialization in Britain by the middle of the 19th century. Separate branches of the trade dealt with the timber, iron, leather, brass and other materials used. And there were many minor specialists within each of these categories. The “body-makers” produced
805-487: The ash is attacked, the branches can die and eventually the whole tree can as well. Ways to detect emerald ash borer infestation include seeing bark peeling off, vertical cracks in the bark, seeing galleries within the tree that contain powdery substance, and D-shaped exit holes on the branches or trunk. Not all of these may be present, but any of these warning signs could be an indication of possible infestation. The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior , has been affected by
840-401: The ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe. Ash is a hardwood and is dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m for Fraxinus americana , and higher at 710 kg/m for Fraxinus excelsior ), tough and very strong but elastic , extensively used for making bows , tool handles, baseball bats , hurleys , and other uses demanding high strength and resilience . Ash
875-433: The body or vehicle itself, while the “carriage-makers” made the stronger timbers beneath and around the body. The timbers used included ash , beech , elm , oak , mahogany , pine , birch and larch . The tools and processes were similar to those used in cabinet-making , plus others specific to coach-making. Making the curved woodwork alone called for considerable skill. Making the iron axels, springs and other metal used
910-402: The chariot of the sun but managed to set the earth on fire). A postilion or postillion sometimes rode as a guide on the near horse of a pair or of one of the pairs attached to a coach, especially when there was no coachman. A guard on a horse-drawn coach was called a shooter . Traveling by coach, or pleasure driving in a coach, as in a tally-ho , was called coaching. In driving a coach,
945-524: The coachman used a coachwhip , usually provided with a long lash. Experienced coachmen never used the lash on their horses. They used the whip to flick the ear of the leader to give them the office to move on, or cracked it next to their heads to request increased speed. A coach horse or coacher bred for drawing a coach is typically heavier than a saddle horse and exhibits good style and action. Breeds have included: Fraxinus Fraxinus ( / ˈ f r æ k s ɪ n ə s / ), commonly called ash ,
980-422: The end of the century. These coaches would have had four six-spoke, six-foot high wheels that were linked by greased axles under the body of the coach and they had no suspension. The chassis was made from oak beams and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses. Kocs
1015-417: The larvae of multiple long-horn beetles , as well as other insects including those in the genus Tropidosteptes , lace bugs , aphids , larvae of gall flies , and caterpillars. Birds are also interested in black, green, and white ash trees. The black ash alone supports wood ducks , wild turkey , cardinals , pine grosbeaks , cedar waxwings , and yellow-bellied sapsuckers , with habitat and food (such as
1050-401: The sap being of interest to the sapsucker) among others. Many mammalian species from meadow voles eating the seeds to white-tailed deer eating the foliage to silver-haired bats nesting will also make use of ash trees. Ash is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species ( butterflies and moths ). The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ), also called EAB,
1085-508: The vehicle. Monarchs have the right to be drawn by eight horses. A prince of the blood royal uses six horses, a nobleman four. Several coaches of former monarchies are stored or exhibited in European or Asian museums. Coach (carriage) A coach is a large, closed, four-wheeled, passenger-carrying vehicle or carriage usually drawn by two or more horses controlled by a coachman , a postilion , or both. A coach has doors in its sides and
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1120-460: The wood is good for shafts. Species are arranged into sections supported by phylogenetic analysis: North American native ash tree species are a critical food source for North American frogs, as their fallen leaves are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water bodies. Lack of tannins in the American ash makes their leaves
1155-402: Was also widely used by early aviation pioneers for aircraft construction. It lights and burns easily, so is used for starting fires and barbecues , and is usable for maintaining a fire, though it produces only a moderate heat. The two most economically important species for wood production are white ash, in eastern North America, and European ash in Europe. The green ash ( F. pennsylvanica )
1190-725: Was the Hungarian post town in the 15th century onwards, which gave its name to a fast light vehicle, which later spread across Europe. Therefore, the English word coach , the Spanish and Portuguese coche , the German Kutsche , the Slovak koč , Czech kočár , and Slovene kočija all probably derive from the Hungarian word "Kocsi", literally meaning "of Kocs". One source says that in, “1564, Boonen,
1225-475: Was the work of the “coach-smith,” one of the most highly paid classes of workmen in London. Lining the interior of the coach with leather and painting, trimming, and decorating the exterior required the work of specialist tradesmen. Building carts and wagons involved similar skills, but of a coarser kind. The business of a coachman, like the pilot of an aircraft, was to expertly direct and take all responsibility for
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