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34-718: The reserve land was occupied as a Half-breed tract between about 1814 and 1834, after which Chief Godfroy left because white neighbors repeatedly encroached upon the land, and because of the conditions of the Treaty of 1834 between Indiana and the Miamis who remained. The text of the marker reads: Reserved by U.S. to Chief Francois Godfroy of the Miami Nation of Indians by treaty at St. Mary's, Ohio, 6 October 1818, 3, 840 acres on Salamonie River at La Petite Prairie, Harrison Township, Blackford County; reserve lands sold 1827, 1836. The history of

68-800: A form similar to Indian reservations . A Half-Breed Tract was located in Lee County , Iowa . An 1824 treaty between the Sauk people , the Fox tribe , and the United States set aside a reservation for mixed-blood people related to the tribes. Lying between the Mississippi , and Des Moines rivers and below an eastward extension of the Sullivan Line , the Tract occupied an area of approximately 119,000 acres (480 km ). Under

102-571: A legal entity by 1861. An 1825 treaty with the Kaw Indians reserved land of 1 square mile (2.6 km ) (640 acres) for each of twenty-three Kaw mixed bloods. The tracts were located on the north bank of the Kansas River from present day Topeka to Williamstown . The purpose of granting the land to the mixed-bloods was to gain their support for the treaty in which the Kaw ceded a large amount of land to

136-652: Is Randall Carter. A council of five elected officials, each elected for a four-year term, govern the tribe. Elections are held in August in odd-numbered years. Of the 3,794 enrolled tribal members, 2,557 live in Oklahoma. Membership in the tribe requires a minimum 1/8 blood quantum , with proven descent to ancestors on recognized rolls. The tribe's housing authority is located in Shawnee, Oklahoma . They issue their own tribal vehicle tags and operate eleven smoke shops and two casinos,

170-762: The Arkansas River in Oklahoma in exchange for a reservation in Kansas and Oklahoma. Forty-two tracts of one-square mile each were reserved for the mixed blood children of French traders and Osage women. Most of the tracts were scattered around eastern Kansas but a few were on the Neosho River in Oklahoma. The 1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien specified the following boundaries of a Half-Breed Tract centered around Lake Pepin , as follows: The Sioux bands in council have earnestly solicited that they might have permission to bestow upon

204-675: The Lake Huron and Lake Michigan area, they were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma in the 1870s and are predominantly Sauk. The Sac and Fox Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area (OTSA) is the land base in Oklahoma governed by the tribe. The two other Sac and Fox tribes are the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa and the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska . The Sac and Fox tribes have historically been closely allied, and continue to be in

238-458: The Omaha had a patrilineal system, and considered mixed-race children of European or "white" fathers to be white unless formally adopted into the tribe by a man. Other tribes had matrilineal systems, and children were considered born into the mother's clan and took their status from her. Due to hypodescent (assignment of children of a mixed union to the subordinate group) and the fact that many of

272-536: The mixed-blood population in the Pays d'en Haut region surrounding the Great Lakes were typically the descendants of Native American women and White men, often men of French-Canadian or Scots (including Orcadian ) origin, who dominated early fur trapping and trade. These men lived far from other Europeans. Others had fathers who were American trappers and traders. The children typically grew up in their mother's tribes, where

306-727: The Black Hawk Casino in Shawnee and the Sac and Fox Nation Casino in Stroud. The Stroud casino features the Center Sky Stage, a live entertainment venue. The Sac or Thakiwaki lived near Lake Huron and Lake Michigan at the time of European contact. In 1832 they participated in the Black Hawk War against the United States. Military leader Black Hawk remains a cultural hero today. After the war,

340-616: The Half-Breed Tract, probably in 1837, from a land speculation company. Deeds to most of the land were faulty and could not be held. This left the church with only about 1,000 acres (4.0 km ), including a town called Commerce in Illinois . The Mormons moved to this Illinois site from Far West, Missouri , to escape the Missouri Executive Order 44 issued by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs . The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation

374-732: The Native Americans to establish subsistence farming according to the European-American cultural ways. Not only did the act not recognize Native American culture, but in many places in this arid land, the allotments were too small to be farmed successfully. Their land was allotted under a June 12, 1890 agreement with the Cherokee Commission . (Individual commissions were set up to manage the allotment of lands of various tribes in Native American Territory. Land remaining after

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408-762: The Pappan Ferry in the 1840s, a crossing of the Kansas River used by pioneers heading west on the Oregon Trail . Tract four was allotted to Julie Gonville, the maternal grandmother of Charles Curtis , later elected U.S. Senator from Kansas and the Vice President of the United States. A similar treaty was signed in 1825 between the Osage Indians and the United States. The Osage ceded lands in Missouri, Arkansas, and south of

442-659: The Reserve and of Chief Godfroy is detailed in History of Jay County, Indiana: including its World War record . Unsuccessful efforts were made in the 1960s to turn the reserve into a state park. Efforts were again made in the 2000s, but since it was the habitat of two plants, the frog orchid and the small purple-fringed orchid , on the Endangered Species List , the plans failed. The site once contained many Native American artifacts. Half-breed tract A Half-Breed Tract

476-481: The Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate. The testimony examined the federal government's management of water and natural resources of the Sac and Fox Nation. They testified to the extensive surface damage and permanent contamination of the tribal drinking water, which was destroyed by waterflooding techniques and the injection well process used by the oil companies. These officers also testified to

510-512: The Sioux for having violated the terms of an earlier treaty. The land reclamation followed explorers' identification of the area as a "mineral region" with the prospect that, "lead will be found there, and probably copper also." Sac and Fox The Sac and Fox Nation ( Meskwaki language : Othâkîwaki / Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki ) is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) Indian peoples . Originally from

544-569: The US by treaties forced by European-American encroachment. By an October 11, 1842 treaty they were removed out of the Midwest to a reservation in Kansas. Noted diplomat Jeffrey Deroine , a formerly enslaved man, served as an interpreter for this treaty. By 1889 519 of the tribe were located in Indian Territory, what is now central Oklahoma. On June 10, 1890, they ceded these Indian Territory lands to

578-505: The United States in exchange for annuities. Indian Superintendent William Clark said, "Reserves of this kind ... have a good effect in promoting civilization ... an idea of separate property is imparted without which it is vain to think of improving the minds and morals of the Indian." Several of the Kaw half-breed tracts were to become important sites in Kansas history. In 1827 the Kaw Agency

612-468: The allotments was declared "surplus" by the US and sold, primarily to non-Natives. Under the related Curtis Act of 1898, the tribal government and its institutions were dismantled. The tribe was previously known as the Sac and Fox Tribe of Indians of the Mississippi River. The Sac and Fox tribe had historically occupied large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri, which they gradually ceded to

646-627: The descendants when the tribes ceded communal lands to the U.S. government in exchange for payment. The rights of mixed-blood descendants to payments or a part in decisionmaking were not usually acknowledged. In 1830 the federal government acknowledged this problem by the Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien , which effectively set aside a tract of land for mixed-blood people related to the Oto , Ioway , Omaha , Sac and Fox and Santee Sioux tribes. The treaty granted these "Half-Breed Tracts" as sections of land in

680-443: The fathers and families were offered protection if not full membership. As relations between the United States government and the tribes became more complex, the mixed-race children often were excluded from benefiting both from the federal laws governing Indians and the political rights of their fathers because of discrimination on both sides. The tribes had their own kinship systems and rules of descent and inheritance. For instance,

714-423: The federal government. The administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt established what was called an "Indian New Deal", passing a law to encourage tribes to re-establish self-government. The Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1934 was passed by its legislature in a similar effort. In 1937, the Sac and Fox organized Under these laws and gained federal recognition as a tribe, with an independent relationship to

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748-566: The federal government. They have areas of tribal jurisdiction in Oklahoma, while no longer having a reservation. Under their constitution, they established tribal membership as applying to everyone listed on the tribal Dawes Rolls and their descendants, as long as individuals had a minimum blood quantum of one-eighth Sac and Fox blood (equivalent to one great-grandparent). They recognize that descendants may be brought up as culturally Sac and Fox while having mixed ancestry. The tribe has become increasingly active in asserting its sovereignty since

782-435: The federal management of trust land fees and environmental issues on their land that has been leased for oil production. On May 16, 1989, a tribal representative group that included Elmer Manatowa, Principal Chief; Truman Carter, Treasurer; William Rice, Attorney General; James L. Welsh III, Director of Real Estate; and Curtis Cunard, Petroleum Consultant, testified before the 101st Congress, Special Committee on Investigations of

816-535: The half-breeds of their nation the tract of land within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the place called the Barn , below and near the village of the Red Wing chief , and running back fifteen miles; thence, in a parallel line with Lake Pepin and the Mississippi , about 32 miles, to a point opposite the river aforesaid; the United States agree to suffer said half-breeds to occupy said tract of country; they holding by

850-465: The lack of federal oversight and trust management responsibilities, including fraudulent real estate appraisals of their lands. This historic testimony by the tribe's representatives, the result of their internal investigations, revealed the extensive mismanagement of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and its failure in carrying out trust responsibilities. This was one of a series of suits by tribes against

884-648: The late 20th century. In 1983, the tribal government established its own system for registering vehicles and issuing license plates for tribal members. The state of Oklahoma tried to collect registration fees anyway, and the tribe sued. The US Supreme Court ruled in the tribe's favor of its independent sovereignty on May 17, 1993, in Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Sac & Fox Nation . Other tribes have since established their own systems for vehicle registration on tribal lands. The Sac and Fox Nation celebrate May 17 as "Victory Day." Tribal officials have concentrated on

918-495: The mixed-race children grew up in tribes on the frontier, Europeans tended to classify them as being more Indian than white. The fact that their fathers lived "outside" civilized society as mountain men contributed to this notion, as well. The Omaha and other tribal leaders advocated setting land aside for the mixed-blood descendants; usually the intent was to award land to male heads of families. The relationship between mixed-bloods and their ancestral tribes particularly affected

952-419: The original treaty, the half-breed people had the right to occupy the soil, but individuals could not buy or sell the land. In 1834 Congress repealed the rule. Immediately afterward, claim jumpers claimed much of the land. The government gave away mixed-blood peoples' claims to the land, effectively ending the provisions of the Half-Breed Tract by 1841. Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Jr. purchased parts of

986-472: The present day. They speak very similar Algonquian languages , which are sometimes considered to be two dialects of the same language, rather than separate languages. Thakiwaki and Sa ki wa ki mean "people coming forth from the water". The Sac and Fox Nation is headquartered in Stroud, Oklahoma , and their tribal jurisdictional area covers Lincoln , Payne , and Pottawatomie counties. Their Principal Chief

1020-412: The same title, and in the same manner that other Indian titles are held. This description includes a large part of what is now Wabasha County, Minnesota , and some part of Goodhue County, Minnesota . Despite the petitions of several "half-breed" landowners, who had by then lived there for more than twelve years, the U.S. government took the land in 1852 under the premise of serving as restitution against

1054-575: The tribe relocated several times from Illinois to Iowa , Kansas , and finally Indian Territory in the 1870s. Their current lands were part of the larger, historical Sac and Fox Reservation of 1867–1891, which was 480,000 acres (1,900 km ) and established by the United States to provide land to the tribes. But by the late 19th century, U.S. policy changed again. Under the Dawes Act of 1887, these tribal land holdings were divided into 160-acre allotments for individual households, intended to encourage

Godfroy Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-694: Was a segment of land designated in the western states by the United States government in the 19th century specifically for Métis of American Indian and European or European-American ancestry, at the time commonly known as half-breeds . The government set aside such tracts in several parts of the Midwestern prairie region, including in Iowa Territory , Nebraska Territory , Kansas Territory , Minnesota Territory , and Wisconsin Territory . Historically,

1122-606: Was established on July 15, 1830. The tract's eastern border was the Missouri River, and the property extended inland for 10 miles (16 km). The north/south borders were between the Little Nemaha River to the north and the Great Nemaha River , near Falls City to the south. Owners were never required to live on their property and many eventually sold their lands to whites. Nebraska's Half-Breed Tract vanished as

1156-465: Was founded on Tract number 23, allotted to Joseph James, Jr. Here lived the Government Agent to the Kaw; the government farmer Daniel M. Boone, son of the famous pioneer, Daniel Boone ; a blacksmith; several mixed-blood Kaw-French traders, and White Plume , recognized by the U.S. government as the head chief of the Kaw. Tract number three, located on the site of Topeka, was to become the site of

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