176-741: Goan Catholics ( Goan Konkani : Goenchem Katholik ) are an ethno-religious community of Indian Christians adhering to the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church from the Goa state, in the southern part of the Konkan region along the west coast of India . They are Konkani people and speak the Konkani language . Missionary activities followed soon after the Portuguese conquest of Goa as Pope Nicholas V had enacted
352-668: A distinct culture among other Luso-Asians or Luso-Indian cultures was forged into India after the annexation of Goa and Damaon in 1961. The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in the Persian Gulf countries ; the Lusophone world, especially Portugal , Brazil , Mozambique , and Zanzibar ; the European Union countries ; and the Anglophone world, especially the United Kingdom ,
528-449: A form of classic stage performance with live singing and acting, were written and staged in Goa. The form evolved in the 20th century with pioneer tiatrists such as Jao Agostinho Fernandes (1871–1941). Tiatr's themes include melodramas about family and domestic life, with each lyricist offering his own explanation for life's varied problems. Tiatrists include Prince Jacob and Roseferns , and in
704-530: A four-year term: 14 are directly elected , 12 indirectly elected , and 7 appointed by the Chief Executive. Indirectly elected assemblymen are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups. All directly elected members are chosen with proportional representation . Twelve political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Assembly in
880-517: A high level of autonomy, although still a part of Portugal. Goans moved for work to other parts of the Portuguese Empire, and hence it is possible to find people of Goan descent in the Americas, Africa, Europe, as well as other parts of Asia. A large-scale emigration of Goan Catholics to Bombay (now Mumbai ) began in the 1800s, because of better economic opportunities. At that time Bombay was under
1056-626: A lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in Nagpore , Surat , Cochin , Mangalore , Ahmedabad , Karachi , New Delhi etc. Dialects such as Malvani , Chitpavani, Damani, Koli & Aagri in Maharashtra; are threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani states and territories of India . Konkani belongs to
1232-457: A land area of 32.9 km (12.7 sq mi), it is the most densely populated region in the world. Formerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887. Portugal later gained perpetual colonial rights in
1408-507: A large portion of nonresident workers to live in Zhuhai. Macau has a capitalist service economy largely based on casino gaming and tourism. It is the world's 83rd-largest economy , with a nominal GDP of approximately MOP433 billion (US$ 53.9 billion). The GDP per capita was US$ 69,430 in 2023. Although Macau has one of the highest per capita GDPs, the territory also has a high level of wealth disparity . Macau's gambling industry
1584-574: A lexical fund of its own. The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians. Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas ; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to
1760-593: A major warehouse during the late 16th century, providing a crucial connection in exporting Chinese silk to Japan during the Nanban trade period. Although the Portuguese were initially prohibited from fortifying Macau or stockpiling weapons, the Fortaleza do Monte was constructed in response to frequent Dutch naval incursions . The Dutch attempted to take the city in the 1622 Battle of Macau , but were repelled successfully by
1936-504: A mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab . His death anniversary, 9 April,
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#17328445915782112-466: A mix of neo-Classic and neo-Gothic styles. Contemporary urban and rural housing display a strong Portuguese influence. It shows a variety of laterite brick structures and Mangalore tiled-roofed houses with steeply sloped roofs, design features common to houses in Portugal. Sometimes the walls are made of wooden planks, mud, or brick and stone. Inside the house a spacious hall is present, while outside there
2288-569: A mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit. The overtones of Pali (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary. A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya , which have their roots in Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit
2464-573: A mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam. Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis , who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves. Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It
2640-468: A much greater role in governing the territory during this period; Chinese residents were subject to Qing courts and new construction had to be approved by the resident mandarin beginning in the 1740s. As the opium trade became more lucrative during the 18th century, Macau again became an important stopping point en route to China. Following the First Opium War and the establishment of Hong Kong by
2816-563: A pivotal role in the formation of the state of Goa and in designating their native language Konkani as a scheduled language of India . Diaspora communities in anglophone countries usually speak English as their first language while regarding Konkani as their ancestral language. Some upper class Catholic families in Goa spoke Portuguese as their primary language prior to 1961. Portugal took control of Goa in 1510. The Portuguese soon consolidated their power by imposing their own government and culture through intermarriage and converting
2992-547: A population density of 21,340 people per square kilometre, Macau is the most densely populated region in the world. The overwhelming majority (88.7 per cent) are Chinese , many of whom originate from Guangdong (31.9 per cent) or Fujian (5.9 per cent). The remaining 11.6 per cent are non ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos (4.6 per cent), Vietnamese (2.4 per cent), and Portuguese (1.8 per cent). Several thousand residents are of Macanese heritage, native-born multiracial people with mixed Portuguese ancestry. Of
3168-553: A red dress or sari, known as saddo , at home. Women of the upper strata wore the Fota-Kimao after the Church ceremony. Fota was a blouse made of red velvet and satin with a black border and embroidered with gold thread. Accessories used along with the fota included a variety of jewellery worn on the head, ears, neck, and arms. The fator was an ornament that consisted of a green stone between two corals held by double chains. Together with
3344-451: A share of GDP peaked in 2013 at over 60 per cent, and continues to account for 49.1 per cent of total economic output. The vast majority of casino patrons are tourists from mainland China, making up 68 per cent of all visitors. Casino gaming is illegal in both the mainland and Hong Kong, giving Macau a legal monopoly on the industry in China. Revenue from Chinese high rollers has been falling and
3520-523: A significant infusion of Marathi and Kannada loanwords. The Ethnologue identifies this dialect as the "Goan" dialect. The Goan Catholic dialect is written in the Roman script . Portuguese influence can be seen in the dialect's lexicon and syntax. 1,800 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Goan Catholic dialect. The syntactic patterns adopted from Portuguese include mostly word order patterns, such as
3696-599: A small proportion of Goan Catholics are Delhi , Calcutta , Madras , Pune , Ahmednagar, Hyderabad , Nagpur , Nasik , and Ranchi . Goan Catholics are also found abroad, either as Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin (NRIs), with some people born abroad. They are found in Arab states of the Persian Gulf in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and Kuwait . Some have migrated to
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#17328445915783872-426: A time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which
4048-406: A trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver taels to Ming China. Luso-Canton trade relations were formally reestablished in 1554, and Portugal soon after acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557, agreeing to pay 500 taels of silver as annual land rent. Macau became a stopover on the sea lane that connected Japan with the wider world. The Portuguese could avoid
4224-559: A weekly by Sebastiāo Jesus Dias, Sanjechem Noketr (The Evening Star) (1907) by B. F. Cabral , O Goano (1907) by Honarato Furtado and Francis Futardo, and Ave Maria (1919) edited by Antonio D'Cruz were published in Bombay. In February 1899 Udentenchem Sallok (Lotus of the East) by Eduardo J. Bruno de Souza, the first Konkani periodical, was published as a fortnightly in Poona . The first Konkani book in
4400-437: Is Coloane Alto , 170.6 m (560 ft) above sea level. Urban development is concentrated on peninsular Macau, where most of the population lives. The peninsula was originally a separate island with hilly terrain, which gradually became a tombolo as a connecting sandbar formed over time. Both natural sedimentation and land reclamation expanded the area enough to support urban growth. Macau has tripled its land area in
4576-540: Is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, Nagpur University ) and Jose Pereira (former professor, Fordham University , USA). Another inscription in Nāgarī , of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified. Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and
4752-669: Is a complicated question, since like the Galicia region in Spain , it is not an independent country, but only a part of China. However, the Instituto Internacional de Macau ( 澳門國際研究所 ) and the University of São José are Consultative Observers of the CPLP. The territory is divided into seven parishes. Cotai , a major area developed on reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane , and areas of
4928-629: Is a festival highlighted by dance, drama and music. The Feast of Saint Francis Xavier , one of the major festivals of the Goan Catholics, is celebrated on 3 December annually to honour the saint's death. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Monti Saibinichem Fest in Konkani, Feast of Our Lady of the Mount ) on 8 September is a major festival, especially in Chinchinim . Milagres Saibinichem Fest
5104-481: Is a large porch in front. A plinth that indicates the owner of the house is present in front of the house. Courtyards are present in front of the houses, consisting of a grotto of the Blessed Virgin Mary and a Holy Cross made of hard laterite clay. Coconut, vinegar and spices are common ingredients in most curries. Sorpotel — pork cooked in a spicy sauce — is one of the most popular dishes of
5280-876: Is a registered organisation of Goan Catholics residing in Delhi . In Bangalore, associations such as the Karnataka Goan Association serve the community. The Kuwait Konknni Kendr is a well-known Goan Catholic organisation in Kuwait . The Goan Overseas Association in Toronto , Indian Catholic Association of Central Texas, the Indo-Pakistani Christian Association, and the Canorient Christian Association are popular organisations in North America. In
5456-473: Is also heavily subsidised. Migrant workers living in Macau account for over 25 per cent of the entire workforce. They largely work in lower wage sectors of the economy, including construction, hotels, and restaurants. As a growing proportion of local residents take up employment in the gaming industry, the disparity in income between local and migrant workers has been increasing. Rising living costs have also pushed
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5632-565: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people , primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution , and the official language of the Indian state of Goa . It is also spoken in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Kerala , Gujarat as well as Damaon, Diu & Silvassa . Konkani is a member of
5808-460: Is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy. Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson . Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India , was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and
5984-709: Is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis). Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939. Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar
6160-415: Is dual season dominant – summer (May to September) and winter (December to February) are the longest seasons, while spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November) are relatively brief periods. The summer monsoon brings warm and humid air from the sea, with the most frequent rainfall occurring during the season. Typhoons also occur most often then, bringing significant spikes in rainfall. During
6336-449: Is found in a letter dated 20 November 1555. The local inhabitants believed that the sea goddess Matsu (alternatively called A-Ma) had blessed and protected the harbour and referred to the waters around A-Ma Temple by her name. When Portuguese explorers first arrived in the area and asked for the place name, the locals thought they were asking about the temple and told them it was "Ma Kok" ( 媽閣 ). The earliest Portuguese spelling for this
6512-430: Is heavily influenced by Portuguese styles, a result of being a territory of Portugal for over 450 years. Houses influenced by Indian architecture were inward-looking with small windows and roofed with Mangalore tile . Houses were constructed with walls of wooden planks, mud, laterite brick, or stone. Most of these houses were rebuilt or refurbished from the mid-18th to the 20th century, and replaced by buildings with
6688-526: Is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final. Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada. Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns. The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during
6864-468: Is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā . This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn
7040-525: Is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani, it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri". This old language that
7216-470: Is the feast of Our Lady of Miracles , celebrated at St. Jerome Church (Mapusa) . Contrary to popular belief, Goa Carnival is a commercial festival in Goa. Its current form ( King Momo , floats, etc.) was created only in 1965 to attract tourists. In the past, Goan Catholic women wore a hol , a white sheet over their saris, while going to Church. In the early period of Portuguese rule, Goan Catholic women were married in whites saris ( hol ) and changed into
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7392-598: Is the largest in the world, generating over MOP195 billion (US$ 24 billion) in revenue and about seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Macau's gambling revenue was $ 37 billion in 2018. Taxes from gambling revenues fund a robust welfare system and an annual cash payment to Macau's citizens. The regional economy is heavily reliant on casino gaming. The vast majority of government funding (79.6 per cent of total tax revenue) comes from gaming. Local taxes on personal income, residential property, and retail sales range from non-existent to negligible. Gambling as
7568-447: Is the traditional rice eaten and preferred over raw rice ( Suroi tandull ). Kajel ( Cashew Feni ) (triple-distilled/ tibrad ), Cazulo (double-distilled/ dobrad ), and Urrak ( Arrack ) (single-distilled) liqueurs made from cashew apples; and Maddel ( Coconut Feni ), are a popular alcoholic beverages. Patoleo (sweet rice cakes steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut and palm jaggery ) are prepared on
7744-461: Is very prominent in Konkani. The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum . Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: naall ( coconut ), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice) and mulo ( radish ). Linguists also suggest that
7920-551: Is very similar to Hong Kong's. The regional government is composed of three branches: The Chief Executive is the head of government, and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms. The State Council (led by the Premier of China ) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 400 business, community, and government leaders. The Legislative Assembly has 33 members, each serving
8096-534: Is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on
8272-605: The Bebdo (Drunkard) in 1976 and Pisso (Mad) in the 1970s, while Frank Fernand 's Konkani ballad Claudia from 1966 is popular. The Mando , a contemporary form of dance music, evolved in Salcette in the first half of the nineteenth century out of wedding music , specifically the Ovi . The songs in this style are serene and sedate, generally a monologue in the Bramhin Konkani dialects of
8448-559: The Haijin policies. It was limited only to Macau on a lesser scale while the new dynasty focused on eliminating surviving Ming loyalists . While the Kangxi Emperor lifted the prohibition in 1684, China again restricted trade decades later under the Canton System in 1757. Foreign ships were required to stop first at Macau before further proceeding to Canton . Qing authorities exercised
8624-634: The 2017 election . These parties have aligned themselves into two ideological groups: the pro-establishment (the current government) and pro-democracy camps. Macau is represented in the National People's Congress by 12 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 29 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government . Macau has generally congenial relations with China's central government. Chinese national law does not generally apply in
8800-772: The Anglophone world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, the US, Australia and New Zealand. In 1954 there were around 1,000,000 Goan Catholics in India and 1,800,000 Goan Catholics outside Goa. Before the First Gulf War (1990–1991) there were probably around 150,000 Goans outside India. There are 100,000 Goan Catholics in Portugal. A large number are found in Karachi , Pakistan. Recent emigrants are found in Germany and Austria . In 1999
8976-719: The Archdiocese of Goa and Daman published the Novo Korar ( New Testament ) of the Holy Bible in Konkani. Later, on 4 June 2006, the Archdiocese released the complete Catholic Bible in Konkani employing the Latin alphabet known as Povitr Pustok . In 2018, Archbishop of Goa and Daman Filipe Neri Ferrao launched the Povitr Pustok, a Konkani Bible app , a mobile phone application software with
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#17328445915789152-441: The Chinese Communist Party in exchange for continued administration of Macau. Following the 1974 Carnation Revolution , Portugal formally relinquished Macau as an overseas province and acknowledged it as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration". After China first concluded arrangements on Hong Kong's future with the United Kingdom , it entered negotiations with Portugal over Macau in 1986. These concluded with
9328-445: The Christianisation of Goa during Portuguese rule. Goan Catholics speak the Konkani language which is key to the community's identity. Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages, which is spoken predominantly on the west coast of India. According to linguists this dialect is largely derived from Maharashtri Prakrit and is similar to Bengali in terms of pronunciation. This dialect has
9504-424: The Goa Carnival . Other dances performed at the Goan Carnival are Fulwali, Nistekaram, Vauradi, and Kunbi. The Ghumot is a musical instrument played, especially during weddings, and is used while performing a Mando. The instrument has the form of an earthen pot that is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open. Konkani Plays, known as ‘ Tiatr ’ (theatre),
9680-468: The Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa. Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan . The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include
9856-489: The Indian Anthropological Society , these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau , Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan any more. Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic Munda words in Konkani, like mund , mundkar , dhumak , goem-bab . This substratum
10032-401: The Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages. It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages . Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrit vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over
10208-511: The Konkan division of Maharashtra , the state of Goa and the territory of Daman , the Uttara Kannada , Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka , belagavi , Mysore , and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod , Kochi , Alappuzha , Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam . All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects , pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar. According to
10384-649: The Latin hymn Stabat Mater , is sung during Lent . Jocachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest, composed Riglo Jezu Molliant (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) during his Canara mission. Diptivonti, Sulokinni , an eighteenth-century Konkani hymn, was performed at a concert held in the Holy Spirit Church, Margao, Goa. Other hymns composed by Goan Catholics include Dona Barrete's Papeanchi Saratinni (Sinners Repent), Carlos Jrindade Dias' Sam Jose Bogta Bagvionta , and Fr. Pascal Baylon Dias' San Francisco Xaveria . Konkani pop music became popular after Indian Independence . Chris Perry and Lorna Cordeiro are known for
10560-468: The Macau New Urban Zone do not have defined parishes. Historically, the parishes belonged to one of two municipalities (the Municipality of Macau or the Municipality of Ilhas ) that were responsible for administering municipal services. The municipalities were abolished in 2001 and superseded by the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau in providing local services. Macau is located on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) west of Hong Kong , on
10736-425: The Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga , kulaagra , naralel , tambavem , and tilel . A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says: "jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought
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#173284459157810912-414: The Papal bull of Romanus Pontifex in AD 1455, according to which the patronage for propagation of the Christian faith in the East Indies was granted to the Portuguese crown . Their culture is an amalgam of Konkani and Portuguese cultures, with the latter having a more important role because Goa, Damaon & Diu had been ruled by Portugal from AD 1510–1961. The notion of Goan identity as
11088-592: The Persian Gulf countries , Portugal and the European Union , and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere . Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab 's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and
11264-432: The Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until the 1999 handover to China. Macau is a special administrative region of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of " one country, two systems ". The unique blend of Portuguese and Chinese architecture in the city's historic centre has resulted in its inscription on
11440-401: The Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking . This agreement also prohibited Portugal from ceding Macau without Chinese approval. Despite occasional conflict between Cantonese authorities and the colonial government, Macau's status remained unchanged through the republican revolutions of both Portugal in 1910 and China in 1911 . The Kuomintang further affirmed Portuguese jurisdiction in Macau when
11616-432: The Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau . This licence was renegotiated and renewed several times before ending in 2002 after 40 years. The government then allowed open bidding for casino licences to attract foreign investors. Along with an easing of travel restrictions on mainland Chinese visitors, this triggered a period of rapid economic growth; from 1999 to 2016, Macau's gross domestic product multiplied by 7 and
11792-505: The Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), it was under the jurisdiction of the new Xiangshan County . In 1277, approximately 50,000 refugees fleeing the Mongol conquest of China settled in the coastal area. The first European visitor to reach China by sea was the explorer Jorge Álvares , who arrived in 1513. Merchants first established a trading post in Hong Kong waters at Tamão , present-day Tuen Mun , beginning regular trade with nearby settlements in southern China. Military clashes between
11968-421: The Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages . The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD. There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to
12144-440: The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress can also override territorial judicial processes. In 2021, after similar actions were taken in Hong Kong following the protests associated with the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement, 21 candidates running for office in the territorial elections were disqualified as a result of allegedly failing to support the Basic Law, although no specific violations were noted by
12320-407: The State Council . Further reclamation is underway to develop parts of the Macau New Urban Zone . The territory also has control over part of an artificial island to maintain a border checkpoint for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge . Despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer , Macau has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), characteristic of southern China. The territory
12496-441: The UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005. Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands, Macau, often referred to as the "Las Vegas of the East", since the late 20th century has become a major resort city and a top destination for gambling tourism. Its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . The city has one of the highest GDPs per capita and GDPs per capita by purchasing power parity in
12672-460: The United States of America , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . Christian adherents to the Catholic Church who originate from the present state of Goa , a region on the west coast of India , and their descendants are generally referred to as Goan Catholics. A majority of Goan Catholics belong to the Konkani ethnicity while a smaller proportion are Luso-Indians . Goan Catholics played
12848-665: The Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu , he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.). A hymn from the later 16th century goes vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃. Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo , jī , and jẽ . These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa . The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use. The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ . The pronoun moho , which
13024-612: The World Trade Organization and United Nations . The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations. Public political demonstrations in Macau are generally rare. Macau is not a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , despite Portuguese being one of its official languages. This is due to it not being a sovereign nation, but a subnational division of China. In 2006, during
13200-472: The fator , women wore a set of five intricate chains known as contti , and other chains. Women wore bangles known as nille with matching carap on their ears. They also wore few small chains from the ear to the head, combs made of gold ( dantoni ), silver, or tortoise shell, and rings on every finger. During the later period of Portuguese rule, women got married in Western clothes. The Cordao (wedding necklace)
13376-525: The handover , resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a Portuguese colony. Under these terms and the " one country, two systems " principle, the Basic Law of Macao is the regional constitution . Because negotiations for the Joint Declaration and Basic Law began after transitional arrangements for Hong Kong were made, Macau's structure of government
13552-526: The matchlock musket arquebuses , which they named bird guns , and breech-loading swivel guns , which they named as Folangji ( Frankish ) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the Luso-Chinese agreement (1554) . They rented Macau as
13728-542: The right of abode in Macau and are subject to immigration controls. Public finances are handled separately from the national government, and taxes levied in Macau do not fund the central authority. The Macao Garrison is responsible for the region's defence. Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from
13904-450: The sign of the cross on it. Special commemorative songs called Zoti are sung for the occasion. On the wedding day, the bridal couple receive Besanv (Benediction) ceremoniously from their parents and elders before the families leave their individual homes for the church to celebrate the Resper ( Nuptial Mass ) which is followed by the wedding reception later in the evening. Traditions post
14080-430: The simplified characters used on the mainland. English is considered an additional working language and is spoken by over a quarter of the population (27.5 per cent); 2.8 per cent are native speakers, and 24.7 per cent speak English as a second language. Macanese Patois , a local creole generally known as Patuá , is now spoken only by a few in the older Macanese community. Religion in Macau (2012) According to
14256-682: The 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka , 964,305 in Goa , 399,255 in Maharashtra , and 69,449 in Kerala . It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in
14432-606: The British rule and there existed another established Luso-Indian Catholic community; the Bombay East Indians , who were residents of Portuguese Bombay prior to it being granted to the British East India Company in the 17th century. Since the Goan Catholic and East Indian Catholic communities were converted to Christianity by the Portuguese, the British referred to them as "Portuguese Christians". They congregated in
14608-645: The British, Macau lost its role as a major port. Firecracker and incense production, as well as tea and tobacco processing, were vital industries in the colony during this time. Portugal was able to capitalise on China's postwar weakness and assert its sovereignty; the Governor of Macau began refusing to pay China annual land rent for the colony in the 1840s, and annexed Taipa and Coloane , in 1851 and 1864, respectively. Portugal also occupied nearby Lapa and Montanha . But these were returned to China by 1887, when perpetual occupation rights over Macau were formalised in
14784-522: The Chardo caste were called Gauddos, and formed the fourth group. The artisan converts formed the third-biggest group and were known as Sudirs (labour class). The Dalits or "Untouchables" who converted to Christianity became Mahars and Chamars, who formed the fifth group. They were later merged to the Sudirs. The Christian converts of the aboriginal stock known as Gavddis were termed Kunbi. Although they still observe
14960-894: The Devanagri script, Kristanv Doton ani Katisism by Dr. George Octaviano Pires, was published in Sholapore in 1894. Fr. Ludovico Pereria's monthly Dor Mhoineachi Rotti (Monthly Bread) was published in Karachi in 1915. In 1911 the first Konkani novel, Kristanv Ghorabo (Christian Home), was published. Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as historical awakening in Lambert Mascarenhas ' Sorrowing Lies My Land , feminism in Maria Aurora Couto 's Goa: A Daughters' Story , and fantasy in Nandita da Cunha 's The Magic of Maya . In 1974,
15136-697: The Feasts of San Juanv ( São João ) on 24 June, Maria da Assunção on 15 August, and Konnsachem fest ( harvest festival ) which occurs across Goa during the month of August. Kuswad ( Consoada ) is a term used for the sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas which include Bebinca , Dodol , Bathica , Kulkuls , Neureos , and Perada . Portuguese names, having variants in both Romi Konknni and English, like Mingel ( Michael ) and Magdu ( Magdalene ) are common among Goan Catholics. Portuguese surnames (like Lobo , D’Souza , Rodrigues , Fernandes , and Pinto ) are standard among Goan Catholics because of
15312-440: The Goan Catholic community. Other popular meat preparations include Cabidela , Xacuti , Choris - Pão (spicy pork sausages stuffed in bread), Vindalho , Roast Maas (spicy braised beef), Mitta Maas ( salt pork ), and Leitão Assado ( roasted piglet ). Canja de galinha and Frango à Cafreal are well-known chicken dishes. Fish curry and rice form the staple diet of Goan Catholics. Parboiled rice ( Ukddem tandull ),
15488-665: The Goan Overseas Association, the Canorient Christian Association, and other Goan associations estimated that there were around 23,000 Goan Catholics in Canada, out of which 13,000 were in Ontario . During 1954 it was estimated that there were 20,000 Goan Catholics in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, while 30,000 were living in Pakistan, out of which 10,000 were settled in Karachi. In 1931 it
15664-492: The Government Information Bureau, 80 per cent of the population practices Buddhism , 6.7 per cent follow Christianity and 13.7 per cent follow other religion. Folk practices are also common among the citizens. According to Pew Research Center , Chinese folk religions have the most adherents (58.9 per cent) and are followed by Buddhism (17.3 per cent) and Christianity (7.2 per cent), while 15.4 per cent of
15840-799: The Hindu priestly caste. Brahmin sub-castes (such as the Goud Saraswat Brahmins , the Padyes , the Daivadnyas ), the goldsmiths and some merchants were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonn. The Chardos (the Konkani word for Kshatriyas ) were converts from the Kshatriya (military/ royal class) caste, and included members from the Vaishya Vani caste (merchant class). Those Vaishyas who were not incorporated into
16016-765: The II Ministerial meeting between China and Portuguese Speaking Countries, the CPLP Executive Secretary and Deputy ambassador Tadeu Soares invited the Chief Executive of the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region, Edmund Ho, to request the Associate Observer status for Macau. The Government of Macau has yet to make this request. In 2016, Murade Murargy, then executive secretary of CPLP said in an interview that Macau's membership
16192-490: The Immaculate Conception Church ( Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição Igreja ) was built in 1540. The Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi ( Igreja e Convento de São Francisco de Assis ), Church of Lady of Rosary ( Igreja da Senhora do Rosário ), Church of St. Augustine ( Igreja de Santo Agostinho ), and St. Michael's Church, Anjuna ( Igreja São Miguel em Anjuna ), built in 1613, were also erected during
16368-585: The Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas , who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka . Konkani was never used for official purposes. Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka. Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w- . The Kannada influence
16544-517: The Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani , which utilised
16720-632: The Kshatriyas of Chandor , commemorates the victory of King Harihara II (son of King Bukka I of the Vijaynagar Empire ) over the Chola Empire at Chandrapur fortification in the fourteenth century. Other dances are the Portuguese Corridinho and Marcha. Dulpod is dance music with a quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life. Fell is a music genre performed by men and women during
16896-710: The Ming and Portuguese navies followed the expulsion of the Tamão traders in 1521. Despite the trade ban, Portuguese merchants continued to attempt to settle on other parts of the Pearl River estuary, finally settling on Macau. In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the Battle of Tunmen in Tamão (or Tuen Mun ) in 1521, where
17072-461: The Pearl River and inched towards Quanzhou and Ningbo . But as they failed to establish trading relationships with the Chinese, the Portuguese focused on trade with Japan. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau was created in 1576, and by 1583 the Municipal Council of Macau had been established to handle municipal affairs for the growing settlement. Macau was at the peak of its prosperity as
17248-514: The Philippines, Australia, Vietnam and the Russian Far East led in 2019 to the lowest revenues in three years. Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017. The bulk of these exports were cotton textiles and apparel, but also included toys and electronics. At
17424-536: The Portuguese administration was forced to surrender. On 30 May 1987 Goa was elevated as India's 25th state. According to the 2011 census, Christians formed 26.01% of Goa's total population. According to the 2001 census there were around 359,568 Christians in Goa. Many Goan Catholics live in Mumbai and Bangalore. In the 1960s there were around 100,000 Goan Catholics in Bombay, of which 90,000 were in urban Bombay, and 10,000 in suburban Bombay. Other regions of India which have
17600-568: The Portuguese and rewarded them a trade monopoly in newly discovered areas. Trade was initiated shortly after Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498. The Portuguese Catholic Church was granted the responsibility of proselytizing in Asia by the Pope, and all missionaries had to call at Lisbon before departing for Asia. In Goa different orders were designated different areas, with the Jesuits granted Salsette province in
17776-489: The Portuguese lost two ships. They were also defeated at the Battle of Sincouwaan around Lantau Island , where the Portuguese lost two more ships. Other defeats include Shuangyu in 1548, where several Portuguese were captured, and near Dongshan County in 1549, where two Portuguese junks and Galeote Pereira were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they reverse engineered and mass-produced in China. These included
17952-447: The Portuguese reign. In 1787, some Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organised the unsuccessful Pinto Revolt against the Portuguese. From the 19th century, Catholic Goans started emigrating to British-run cities in India, especially to Mumbai and Bangalore in the 1920s and 1930s. They also started migrating to Portuguese territories ,
18128-475: The Portuguese syntactic patterns. The dialect is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the Hindu Goans not only with respect to Portuguese influence, but also with respect to grammatical and lexical characteristics. The origin of their literature dates to 1563, when the first Konkani grammar was published by Fr Andre Vaz at St Paulo College at Old Goa . In 1567 the first Konkani-Portuguese dictionary
18304-574: The Portuguese. Macau entered a period of decline in the 1640s following a series of catastrophic events for the burgeoning colony: Portuguese access to trade routes was irreparably severed when Japan halted trade in 1639, and after the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640, Portuguese Malacca fell to the Dutch in 1641. Maritime trade with China was banned in 1644 following the Qing conquest under
18480-576: The South Goan villages of Loutolim , Raia, Curtorim , and Benaulim . They are traditionally sung during the Shim (bridal departure) ceremony. Early composers of the Mando were Ligorio de Costa of Courtarim (1851–1919) and Carlos Trindade Dias. Deknni is a semi-classical dance form. One woman starts the dance and is later accompanied by other dancers. The Mussoll ( pestle dance), believed to be first performed by
18656-685: The South, and the Franciscans , the northern province of Bardez. Other orders such as Carmelites , Dominicans , and Augustinians were also present in Portuguese Goa. In 1534 the Diocese of Goa was created from the Diocese of Funchal to serve as a common diocese for the western coast of India, including Goa and the area in and around Bombay. The Portuguese built many churches; the most notable are Basilica of Bom Jesus ( Basílica of Child Jesus ) built during
18832-571: The Treaty of Peking was renegotiated in 1928. During the Second World War , the Empire of Japan did not occupy the colony and generally respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau. However, after Japanese troops captured a British cargo ship in Macau waters in 1943, Japan installed a group of government "advisors" as an alternative to military occupation. The territory largely avoided military action during
19008-679: The United Kingdom, Goan Voice UK, the Young London Goan Society (YLGS), Goan Community Association, and Siolim Association, based in London, are popular organisations. In the Middle East, the Goan Community of Oman is well known. Goan Konkani language Konkani ( Devanagari : कोंकणी , Romi : Konknni , Kannada : ಕೊಂಕಣಿ , Malayalam : കൊങ്കണി , Perso-Arabic : کونکنی ; IAST : Kōṅkṇī , IPA: [kõkɳi] )
19184-594: The United Kingdom, and the United States. According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%). On 1 May 1928, the Archdiocese of Goa was renamed and was promoted to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman ( Goa e Damão ). It is the oldest diocese in terms of activity in the East, with its origins linked to
19360-480: The ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci . The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri . Thus,
19536-584: The archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists. This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari , and Leela Charitra .) Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into
19712-619: The arrival of the Portuguese on the Malabar Coast. The Metropolitan Archbishop of Goa and Daman also uses the title of Primate of the Indies or Primate of the East and honorifically receives the title of Patriarch of the East Indies . After British India gained independence in 1947 , the Portuguese government refused to accept Nehru's demand that they hand over Goa to India. On 18 December 1961 India moved in with troops and after intense warfare,
19888-587: The base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi. Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi . One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī ) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to
20064-401: The bride's forearms are adorned with colourful glass bangles of green, yellow, and red which are symbolic of fertility and married life, Saddo (red or pink dress) ceremony of cutting and sewing the bridal dress, the bridegroom's Hair-cutting ritual, and Bhuim jevon (a ritual meal in honour of the ancestors) or Bhikream jevon (a meal for the poor or beggars). Dennem ( trousseau ) is sent to
20240-716: The bride's home for a celebration the next day. This is known as Apovnnem (invitation) in Konkani and the occasion is called Portovnnem (ceremonial return). Konsachem fest ( harvest festival ) celebrated on 15 August that involves blessing of new harvests are other Goan Catholic celebrations. In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. The Zagor (nocturnal vigil in Konkani), mainly celebrated in Siolim , in Bardez taluka ,
20416-526: The caste system, they consider it the unhappiest heritage of their pre-Christian past. After conversion, the most popular occupation of Goan Catholic men was that of sailor . Others served as government officials for the Portuguese. Goan Catholics also became doctors, architects, lawyers and businessmen. Agriculture was mainly done by rural women because they were skilled farmers. Rural men practised carpentry and other artisanal professions, constructing churches and other structures under Portuguese supervision. In
20592-422: The colony expanded its clothing and textiles manufacturing industry, developed its tourism industry, and legalised casino gaming. However, at the height of the Cultural Revolution , residents dissatisfied with the colonial administration rioted in the 1966 12-3 incident , in which 8 people were killed and more than 200 were injured. Portugal lost full control over the colony afterwards, and agreed to cooperate with
20768-429: The days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of Portuguese and British Empire respectively, and also to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India . The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya , Uganda , Pakistan ,
20944-522: The decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ( NRIs ) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ( immigrants ). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During
21120-403: The economy and taxes corporations at very low rates. Post-handover administrations have generally been more involved in enhancing social welfare to counter the cyclical nature of the gaming industry. Economic growth has been attributed in large part to the high number of mainlander visits to Macau, and the central government exercises a role in guiding casino business growth through its control of
21296-485: The entire Konkani Bible text. Many Indian customs and traditions persist among the Goan Catholics, which are more conspicuous during their marriage festivities. Traditionally, as in other Indian communities, arranged marriages were the norm. Pre-marriage traditions include Soirik ( matrimonial alliance ), Utor ( promise of marriage ), Mudi ( engagement ceremony ), Amontron ( wedding invitation ), Porcond ( bridal shower ), Chuddo (glass bangles) ceremony wherein
21472-457: The first Portuguese newspaper, O Heraldo , was started by Prof. Messias Gomes. It was transformed into an English daily in 1987. Periodicals such as Amcho Ganv (1930) by Luis de Menezes, Vauraddeancho Ixxt (1933), a weekly by Fr. Arcencio Fernandes and Fr. Gracianco Moraes, Aitarachem Vachop , a Konkani weekly run by the Salesians , and Gulab by Fr. Freddy J. da Costa were published in Goa. Konkani-Portuguese periodicals such as O Concani ,
21648-414: The foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara "lord". ) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī: "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" ( Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done). The language of these lines
21824-516: The garrison. Macau residents are not required to perform military service and the law also has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence force is composed entirely of nonresidents. The State Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Macau retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations . The territory negotiates its own trade agreements and actively participates in supranational organisations, including agencies of
22000-536: The groom's house the day before the wedding. The Ros (anointing) ceremony held on the evening before the wedding involves the parents, relatives, and friends blessing the soon-to-be-wed couple before they begin their married life. It is conducted at the bride's and bridegroom's respective homes, who along with their bridesmaids and best men are ceremonially bathed with Apros (first extract of coconut milk ). The bridegroom's/bride's mother dabs her thumb in coconut oil and anoints her son's/daughter's forehead by placing
22176-405: The handover in 1999, manufacturing, financial services, construction and real estate, and gaming were the four largest sectors of the economy. Macau's shift to an economic model entirely dependent on gaming caused concern over its overexposure to a single sector, prompting the regional government to attempt re-diversifying its economy. The government traditionally had a non-interventionist role in
22352-496: The institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy , pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani
22528-399: The instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. Shenoi Goembab , who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at
22704-460: The last century, increasing from 10.28 km (3.97 sq mi) in the late 19th century to 32.9 km (12.7 sq mi) in 2018. Cotai , the area of reclaimed land connecting Taipa and Coloane, contains many of the newer casinos and resorts established after 1999. The region's jurisdiction over the surrounding sea was greatly expanded in 2015, when it was granted an additional 85 km (33 sq mi) of maritime territory by
22880-409: The late seventeenth century, many Goan Catholic women had received education and also became employed as teachers or feitoria workers. Other crafts and industries were nonexistent. On 24 April 1950, Mogacho Aunddo (Desire of Love), the first Konkani film by Al Jerry Braganza , was released at Mapusa , Goa. Frank Fernandes, whose stage name was Frank Fernand (1919–2007; born in Curchorem , Goa),
23056-425: The local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil . Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Coastal Karnataka came about due to
23232-405: The majority of the local population to Catholicism. Many pre-Portuguese Hindu traditions were adapted or retained by the Goan Catholics. This included a variation of the Indian caste system , although it was not practiced rigidly. Throughout the Portuguese Empire a large part of civic administration (e.g. registration of births, marriages and deaths, schools, colleges, hospitals, orphanages, etc.)
23408-427: The merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll , a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967. However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani
23584-438: The past M. Boyer , C. Alvares , and Alfred Rose . On 17 April 1892 the first tiatr Italian Bhurgo by Lucasinho Ribeiro was staged in Mumbai. In 2007, the Government of Goa started the Tiatr Academy to facilitate the development of the Tiart. The tradition Of Voviyo , ancient folk songs that were sung by women during a Ros , began prior to 1510 A.D. The tradition had to be discarded due to Portuguese prosecution, and
23760-504: The placement of the direct and the indirect object and of the adverb after the verb, the placement of the predicate noun after the copula , and the placement of the relative or reduced relative clause after the head noun. There are, however, some transformations as well among these patterns. Such syntactic modification is most evident in this particular dialect. It is observed only in the written word and in formal speech such as sermons . In recent times, more and more periodicals have abandoned
23936-520: The population profess no religious affiliation at all. Small minorities adhering to other religions (less than 1 per cent), including Hinduism , Judaism , and Islam , are also resident in Macau. Life expectancy in Macau was 81.6 years for males and 87.7 years for females in 2018, the fourth highest in the world. Cancer , heart disease , and respiratory disease are the territory's three leading causes of death. Most government-provided healthcare services are free of charge, though alternative treatment
24112-550: The population, 80.1 per cent as a first language and 7.5 per cent as a second language. Only 2.3 per cent can speak Portuguese , the other official language; 0.7 per cent are native speakers, and 1.6 per cent use it as a second language. Increased immigration from mainland China in recent years has added to the number of Mandarin speakers, making up about half of the population (50.4 per cent); 5.5 per cent are native speakers and 44.9 per cent are second language speakers. Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than
24288-496: The pre-historic period and later. Chavada , a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo ), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra , during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740. Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. An inscription at
24464-413: The reception include Hatant dinvcheak (handing over) the bride solemnly by the father or the guardian of the bride to the groom's family, Shim (boundary) ritual which involves crossing an imaginary boundary created by pouring liquor on the ground as the Vor (bridal party) prepare to leave for the groom's house. After the ritual, one or two relatives from the bride's side formally invite the newlyweds to
24640-426: The region, and Macau is treated as a separate jurisdiction. Its judicial system is based on Portuguese civil law , continuing the legal tradition established during colonial rule. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, however, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system. Decisions made by
24816-442: The same churches, attended many of the same religious functions, and shared Portuguese surnames and culture. The British favoured the Goan Christians in administrative jobs, due to their proficiency in western language and culture. The Portuguese came to India with the ambition of capturing the Asian trade to Europe through the Arab world and by-passing the traditional Silk Route from China to Europe. The Portuguese first reached
24992-434: The signing of the 1987 Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau , in which Portugal agreed the handover of the colony in 1999 and China guaranteed Macau's political and economic systems for 50 years after the handover. In the waning years of colonial rule, Macau rapidly urbanised and constructed large-scale infrastructure projects, including the Macau International Airport and a new container port . The handover of Macau
25168-399: The sixteenth century—a UNESCO World Heritage Site dedicated to the Infant Jesus .The church also holds the embalmed body of St. Francis Xavier.—and the Se Cathedral , the largest church in Asia dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria , the construction of which was started in 1562 during the reign of King Dom Sebastião and completed in 1619. It was consecrated in 1640. The Our Lady of
25344-797: The songs now live in the form of archives. The few which still prevail are recited to this day at weddings, expressing lofty sentiments that give vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families and invoke the blessing of God on them. Adeus Korchu Vellu Paulu ("The Farewell Hour is here") Adeus korchu vellu paulo. The time of farewell is now here Ai mhojem kalliz rê fapsota. Oh! my heart begins to fear (Repeat previous two lines) Dispediru korchea vellar, At this moment of saying farewell, Ho sonvsar naka-so disota. In this world I no longer wish to dwell. (Repeat previous two lines) Goan Catholics have also played an important role in Bollywood music . (See Goans in Hindi film music composition ) Goenkaranchi Ekvot
25520-438: The sound of ण at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha , which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani. Although most of
25696-404: The stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan. Though it belongs to
25872-486: The substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada. Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC. Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit ; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus
26048-421: The term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara ; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada . All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian , called Canarim , and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Língua Canarim Brâmana or simply Brâmana de Goa . The latter
26224-518: The territory's electoral commission. The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies. The Identification Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those issued by the mainland or Hong Kong, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country. All travellers between Macau and China and Hong Kong must pass border controls, regardless of nationality. Chinese citizens resident in mainland China do not have
26400-418: The total population (excluding migrants), 49.4 per cent were born in Macau, followed by 43.1 per cent in mainland China. A large portion of the population are Portuguese citizens , a legacy of colonial rule; at the time of the handover in 1999, 107,000 residents held Portuguese passports. The predominant language is Cantonese , a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 87.5 per cent of
26576-428: The unemployment rate dropped from 6.3 to 1.9 per cent. The Sands Macao , Wynn Macau , MGM Macau , and Venetian Macau were all opened during the first decade after liberalisation of casino concessions. Casinos employ about 24 per cent of the total workforce in the region. "Increased competition from casinos popping up across Asia to lure away Chinese high rollers and tourists" in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Nepal,
26752-438: The very small size of a 'microstate' helps central authorities to exercise political control, stifle political pluralism, and monopolize opinions, all of which strengthen regime persistence." Macau is a special administrative region of China , with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government . The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through
26928-430: The war except in 1945, when the United States ordered air raids on Macau after learning that the colonial government was preparing to sell aviation fuel to Japan. In 1950 the US paid Portugal more than US$ 20 million in compensation for the damage during the war. Refugees from mainland China swelled the population as they fled from the Chinese Civil War . Access to a large workforce enabled Macau's economy to grow as
27104-416: The west coast of India in 1498 when Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut . On 25 November 1510 Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur . By 1544 the Portuguese conquered the districts of Bardez , Tiswadi , and Salcette . Pope Nicholas V had enacted the Papal bull Romanus Pontifex in 1455, granting the patronage (" Padroado ") of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to
27280-460: The western side of the Pearl River estuary. It is surrounded by the South China Sea in the east and south, and neighbours the Guangdong city of Zhuhai to the west and north. The territory consists of Macau Peninsula , Taipa , and Coloane . A 1 km (0.39 sq mi) parcel of land in neighbouring Hengqin island that hosts the University of Macau also falls under the regional government's jurisdiction. The territory's highest point
27456-433: The whole territory. During the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the region was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County , Nanhai Prefecture of the province of Guangdong . The region is first known to have been settled during the Han dynasty . It was administratively part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin dynasty (266–420 AD), and alternated under the control of Nanhai and Dongguan in later dynasties. In 1152, during
27632-409: The winter, northern winds from the continent bring dry air and much less rainfall. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded at the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau are 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) on both 2 July 1930 and 6 July 1930 and −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) on 26 January 1948. The Statistics and Census Service estimated Macau's population at 667,400 at the end of 2018. With
27808-425: The world on a per capita basis. Political debates have centred on the region's jurisdictional independence and the central government's adherence of " one country, two systems ". While issues such as national security legislation have been controversial, Macanese residents generally have high levels of trust in the government. Kwong and Wong explain this by comparing Macau to Hong Kong: "The case of Macau shows that
27984-448: The world. It has a very high Human Development Index of 0.925, as calculated by the Government of Macau , and the fourth-highest life expectancy in the world. The territory is highly urbanised, holding the status of the most densely populated territory on Earth; two-thirds of the total land area is built on land reclaimed from the sea . The first known written record of the name "Macau", rendered as "A Ma Gang" ( 亞/阿-媽/馬-港 ),
28160-492: The years. It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers. Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in " Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350). Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani . Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki . Konkani
28336-643: Was Amaquão . Multiple variations were used until Amacão / Amacao and Macão / Macao became common during the 17th century. The 1911 reform of Portuguese orthography standardised the spelling as Macau ; however, the use of Macao persisted in English and other European languages. The Macau Peninsula had many names in Chinese, including Jing'ao ( 井澳/鏡澳 ), Haojing ( 濠鏡 ), and Haojing'ao ( 濠鏡澳 ). The islands Taipa , Coloane , and Hengqin were collectively called Shizimen ( 十字門 ). These names would later become Ou mún ( 澳門 ), Aomen in Mandarin and translating as "bay gate" or "port gate", to refer to
28512-471: Was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for
28688-402: Was a necklace with two black-beaded chains reminiscent of the Hindu Mangalsutra , interspersed with roughly twenty gold coins, which formed a gold pendant, often in the shape of Jesus or the cross. A widow had to wear black clothes for the rest of her life and was not allowed to wear ornaments. Goan Catholics retained the same caste system which their ancestors had followed. A village in Goa
28864-416: Was a renowned film maker and musician and is remembered for his movies like Amchem Noxib (Our Luck) in 1963 and Nirmonn (Destiny) in 1966. Other films produced in Goa include Bhunyarantlo Monis (Cave Man) and Padri (Priest). Remo Fernandes , a singer and musician, was the first person to introduce fusion music in India. The Konkani hymn Asli Mata Dukhest , which was translated into Konkani from
29040-404: Was at midnight on 20 December 1999, after 442 years of Portuguese rule. Following the handover, Macau liberalised its casino industry (which previously operated under a government-licensed monopoly) to allow foreign investors, starting a new period of economic development. The regional economy grew by a double-digit annual growth rate from 2002 to 2014, making Macau one of the richest economies in
29216-411: Was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese and Língua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries. The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Língua Concanim . The name Canarim or Língua Canarim , which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that
29392-488: Was estimated that there were around 1,772 Goan Catholics in Tanzania of which 700 were in Dar es Salaam . In Uganda during 1931, there were around 1,124 Goan Catholics, out of which 500 were settled in its capital of Kampala . Prior to the 1960s it was estimated that there were around 5,000 Goan Catholics in Nairobi , Kenya. By the 20th century there were around 6,000 Goan Catholics in London, while in 2001, 9,000 were present in Swindon , United Kingdom. Goan Architecture
29568-424: Was forecast to fall as much as 10% more in 2019. Economic uncertainty may account for some of the drop, but alternate Asian gambling venues do as well. For example, Chinese visitors to the Philippines more than doubled between 2015 and 2018, since the City of Dreams casino opened in Manila. Casino gambling was legalised in 1962 and the gaming industry initially operated under a government-licensed monopoly granted to
29744-494: Was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim . Finally, on 4 February 1987,
29920-430: Was initially maintained by the Catholic religious orders. Under Portuguese nationality law , Goans born before 19 December 1961 in the then Portuguese territory of Goa are entitled to Portuguese citizenship. As per the law of Portugal ( Jus sanguinis ), this is extended up to two generations, that is to their children and grandchildren. Due to the distance from Portugal, Goans (like the people of Macau and Timor ) had
30096-452: Was known as Ganv , its freeholder was the Ganvkar, and Ganvkari included the Ganvkars' village associations and co-operatives. Village communities were known as Ganvponn , which the Portuguese referred to as Comunidades . The mass was celebrated in Latin; the Homily was delivered to the congregation in Konkani. Native Catholics in rural Goa retained their former Hindu castes. The Bamonns (the Konkani word for Brahmins ) were members of
30272-655: Was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart. The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms. The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani. Examples include: dando , suno , raakhano , dukh , rukhu , manisu (from Prakrit), dandao , sunnao , rakkhakao , dukkhao , vukkhao , vrukkhao , and mannisso . Another example could be
30448-423: Was published by missionary priests at Rachol , Goa. In 1622 Thomas Stephens , an English Jesuit, published Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim (Christian Doctrines in the Canarese Brahmin Language), which was the first book in Konkani and any Indian language. On 22 December 1821 the first periodical, Gazeta de Goa (Goa Gazetteer), edited by Antonio Jose de Lima Leitao, was published. On 22 January 1900
30624-437: Was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the Goa Opinion Poll ). The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. Macau Macau or Macao is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China . With a population of about 710,000 people and
30800-505: Was sidelined. With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi . Suniti Kumar Chatterji , the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state
30976-457: Was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes. There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani: The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh , Oraon , and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto . According to
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