Misplaced Pages

#921078

26-398: A bilingual glossary is a list of terms in one language defined in a second language or glossed by synonyms (or at least near-synonyms) in another language. In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of study or action. In this sense, the term is related to the notion of ontology . Automatic methods have been also provided that transform

52-500: A glossary sometimes supersede them. In East Asian languages, ruby characters are glosses that indicate the pronunciation of logographic Chinese characters . Starting in the 14th century, a gloze in the English language was a marginal note or explanation, borrowed from French glose , which comes from medieval Latin glōsa , classical glōssa , meaning an obsolete or foreign word that needs explanation. Later, it came to mean

78-426: A marginal or interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text or in the reader's language if that is different. A collection of glosses is a glossary . A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by glossators , is called an apparatus . The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography , and the glossaries so compiled were in fact

104-413: A gloss may be placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed, and not just the overall meaning of the passage. Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of a gloss written in the predominant oral language in all capitals; for example, American Sign Language and Auslan would be written in English. Prosody

130-421: A glossary into an ontology or a computational lexicon. A core glossary is a simple glossary or explanatory dictionary that enables definition of other concepts, especially for newcomers to a language or field of study. It contains a small working vocabulary and definitions for important or frequently encountered concepts, usually including idioms or metaphors useful in a culture. Computational approaches to

156-769: A particular gloss, whose truth was taken to be scriptural. Indeed, in one case, it is generally reckoned that an early gloss explicating the doctrine of the Trinity made its way into the Scriptural text itself, in the passage known as the "three heavenly witnesses" or the Comma Johanneum , which is present in the Vulgate Latin and the third and later editions of the Greek Textus Receptus collated by Erasmus (the first two editions excluded it for lack of manuscript evidence), but

182-458: A particular variant reading, I would later check with the Westcott and Hort text and realize that they had often come to the same decision. (...) Of course, the manuscript discoveries of the past one hundred years have changed things, but it is remarkable how often they have affirmed the decisions of Westcott and Hort. Puskas & Robbins (2012) noted that, despite significant advancements since 1881,

208-684: A simple fingerspelled word, but #JOB indicates a lexicalized unit, produced like J-O-B , but faster, with a barely perceptible O and turning the "B" hand palm side in, unlike a regularly fingerspelled "B". Westcott and Hort The New Testament in the Original Greek is a Greek-language version of the New Testament published in 1881. It is also known as the Westcott and Hort text, after its editors Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828–1892). Textual scholars use

234-445: A statute or regulation by a judge . Judicial glosses are often very important in avoiding contradictions between statutes, and determining the constitutionality of various provisions of law. A gloss, or glosa , is a verse in traditional Iberian literature and music which follows and comments on a refrain (the " mote "). See also villancico . Glosses are of some importance in philology , especially if one language—usually,

260-489: Is absent from all modern critical reconstructions of the New Testament text, such as Westcott and Hort , Tischendorf , and Nestle-Aland . In the medieval legal tradition, the glosses on Roman law and Canon law created standards of reference, so-called sedes materiae 'seat of the matter'. In common law countries, the term "judicial gloss" refers to what is considered an authoritative or "official" interpretation of

286-433: Is often glossed as superscript words, with its scope indicated by brackets. [I LIKE] [WHAT?] , GARLIC. "I don't like garlic." Pure fingerspelling is usually indicated by hyphenation. Fingerspelled words that have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications) are indicated with a hash. For example, W-I-K-I indicates

SECTION 10

#1732844499922

312-462: Is still to this day, even with so many more manuscript discoveries, a very close reproduction of the primitive text of the New Testament. Of course, I think they gave too much weight to Codex Vaticanus alone, and this needs to be tempered. This criticism aside, the Westcott and Hort text is extremely reliable. (...) In many instances where I would disagree with the wording in the Nestle / UBS text in favor of

338-671: Is the Syrian, or Byzantine text-type (eastern), of which the newest example is the Textus Receptus and thus from the critical text view is less likely reliable. The Western text-type is much older, but tends to paraphrase, so according to the critical text view also lacks dependability. The Alexandrian text-type , exemplified in the Codex Ephraemi , exhibits a polished Greek style. The two scholars identified their favorite text type as "Neutral text", exemplified by two 4th-century manuscripts,

364-485: Is widely acknowledged by scholars today." In 1981 Metzger said: The international committee that produced the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, not only adopted the Westcott and Hort edition as its basic text, but followed their methodology in giving attention to both external and internal consideration. Philip Comfort gave this opinion: The text produced by Westcott and Hort

390-589: The Codex Vaticanus (known to scholars since the 15th century), and the Codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859), both of which they relied on heavily (albeit not exclusively) for this edition. This text has only a few changes of the original. This edition is based on the critical works especially of Tischendorf and Tregelles. The minuscules play a minimal role in this edition. Westcott and Hort worked on their Testament from 1853 until its completion in 1881. It

416-665: The Old Latin and the Old Syriac represents the original form of the New Testament text, especially when it is shorter than other forms of the text, such as the majority of the Byzantine text-type . In this they followed one of the primary principles of their fledgling textual criticism, lectio brevior , sometimes taken to an extreme, as in the theory of Western non-interpolations , which has since been rejected. Westcott and Hort distinguished four text types in their studies. The most recent

442-581: The Original Greek . An exception is the text edited by Hermann von Soden . Soden's edition stands much closer to the text of Tischendorf than to the text of Westcott and Hort. All editions of Nestle-Aland remain close in textual character to the text WH. Aland reports that, while NA25 text shows, for example, 2,047 differences from von Soden, 1,996 from Vogels, 1,268 from Tischendorf, 1,161 from Bover, and 770 from Merk, it contains only 558 differences from WH text. According to Bruce M. Metzger , "the general validity of their critical principles and procedures

468-489: The abbreviations " WH " or " WHNU ". It is a critical text , compiled from some of the oldest New Testament fragments and texts that had been discovered at the time. Westcott and Hort state: "[It is] our belief that even among the numerous unquestionably spurious readings of the New Testament there are no signs of deliberate falsification of the text for dogmatic purposes." They find that without orthographic differences, doubtful textual variants exist only in one sixtieth of

494-451: The automated extraction of glossaries from corpora or the Web have been developed in the recent years. These methods typically start from domain terminology and extract one or more glosses for each term of interest. Glosses can then be analyzed to extract hypernyms of the defined term and other lexical and semantic relations. Gloss (annotation) A gloss is a brief notation, especially

520-420: The explanation itself. The Latin word comes from Greek γλῶσσα 'tongue, language, obsolete or foreign word'. In the 16th century, the spelling was refashioned as gloss to reflect the original Greek form more closely. Glosses and other marginal notes were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology and were studied and memorized for their own merit. Many Biblical passages came to be associated with

546-514: The first dictionaries . In modern times a glossary, as opposed to a dictionary, is typically found in a text as an appendix of specialized terms that the typical reader may find unfamiliar. Also, satirical explanations of words and events are called glosses. The German Romantic movement used the expression of gloss for poems commenting on a given other piece of poetry, often in the Spanish Décima style. Glosses were originally notes made in

SECTION 20

#1732844499922

572-825: The language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. The Reichenau Glosses , for example, gloss the Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages , and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations . Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish . Glosses frequently shed valuable light on

598-474: The margin or between the lines of a text in a classical language ; the meaning of a word or passage is explained by the gloss. As such, glosses vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to interlinear translations of a text with cross references to similar passages. Today parenthetical explanations in scientific writing and technical writing are also often called glosses. Hyperlinks to

624-482: The vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax , because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally. In linguistics , a simple gloss in running text may be marked by quotation marks and follow the transcription of a foreign word. Single quotes are a widely used convention. For example: A longer or more complex transcription may rely upon an interlinear gloss . Such

650-402: The whole New Testament (with most of them being comparatively trivial variations), with the substantial variations forming hardly more than one thousandth of the entire text. According to Hort, "Knowledge of Documents should precede Final Judgments upon Readings". The two editors favoured two manuscripts: Vaticanus and Sinaiticus . They also believed that the combination of Codex Bezae with

676-458: Was followed by an Introduction and Appendix by Hort appearing in a second volume in 1882. In 1892, a revised edition was released by F. C. Burkitt . The edition of Westcott and Hort began a new epoch in the history of textual criticism. Most critical editions published after Westcott and Hort share their preference of the Alexandrian text-type and therefore are similar to The New Testament in

#921078