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179-518: The global justice movement describes the loose collections of individuals and groups—often referred to as a “ movement of movements ”—who advocate fair trade rules and oppose current institutions of global economics such as the World Trade Organization . The movement is often labeled the anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media. Those involved, however, frequently deny that they are anti-globalization, insisting that they support

358-477: A shock therapy , which rapidly transformed Chile from an economy with a protected market and strong government intervention into a liberalized, world-integrated economy, where market forces were left free to guide most of the economy's decisions. Inflation was tempered, falling from over 600% in 1974, to below 50% by 1979, to below 10% right before the economic crisis of 1982 ; GDP growth spiked (see chart) to 10%. however, inequality widened as wages and benefits to

537-415: A "slowly unfolding economic disaster" and bequeathed to the world increased inequalities, societal divisions, economic misery and a lack of meaningful politics. The Great Depression in the 1930s, which severely decreased economic output throughout the world and produced high unemployment and widespread poverty , was widely regarded as a failure of economic liberalism . To renew the damaged ideology,

716-657: A 3-metre (10 ft) high wall around the portion of the city where the Summit of the Americas was being held, which only residents, delegates to the summit, and certain accredited journalists were allowed to pass through. On June 15 and 16, 2001, a strong demonstration took place in Göteborg during the meeting of the European Council in the Swedish city, coinciding with protests against

895-613: A centrist political movement from modern American liberalism in the 1970s. According to political commentator David Brooks , prominent neoliberal politicians included Al Gore and Bill Clinton of the Democratic Party of the United States. The neoliberals coalesced around two magazines, The New Republic and the Washington Monthly , and often supported Third Way policies. The "godfather" of this version of neoliberalism

1074-441: A certain set of economic beliefs. The colloquium defined the concept of neoliberalism as involving "the priority of the price mechanism, free enterprise, the system of competition, and a strong and impartial state". According to attendees Louis Rougier and Friedrich Hayek , the competition of neoliberalism would establish an elite structure of successful individuals that would assume power in society, with these elites replacing

1253-507: A civilian-military regime. Shortly after the inauguration of Fujimori, his government received a $ 715 million grant from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on 29 September 1990 for the Policy Analysis, Planning and Implementation Project (PAPI) that was developed "to support economic policy reform in the country". De Soto proved to be influential to Fujimori, who began to repeat de Soto's advocacy for deregulating

1432-529: A class action lawsuit still pending. In April 2000, around 10,000 to 15,000 protesters demonstrated at the IMF, and World Bank meeting (official numbers are not tallied). International Forum on Globalization (IFG) held training at Foundry United Methodist Church . Police raided the Convergence Center, which was the staging warehouse and activists' meeting hall on Florida Avenue on April 15. The day before

1611-446: A disunified multitude : humans coming together for shared causes, but lacking the complete sameness of the notion of "the people". Neoliberal Neoliberalism is both a political philosophy and a term used to signify the late-20th-century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism . The term has multiple, competing definitions, and is often used pejoratively. In scholarly use,

1790-415: A drop in the real salary of the working class. They also liberalized trade policy so that foreign goods could freely enter the country. Argentina's industry, which had been on the rise for 20 years after the economic policies of former president Arturo Frondizi , rapidly declined as it was not able to compete with foreign goods. Following the measures, there was an increase in poverty from 9% in 1975 to 40% at

1969-426: A global 'free market'. Naomi Klein states that the three policy pillars of neoliberalism are " privatization of the public sphere, deregulation of the corporate sector, and the lowering of income and corporate taxes , paid for with cuts to public spending ". According to some scholars, neoliberalism is commonly used as a pejorative by critics, outpacing similar terms such as monetarism , neoconservatism ,

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2148-438: A government-appointed commission that ensured Pinochet would remain as president for a further eight years—with increased powers—after which he would face a re-election referendum. The Chicago Boys were given significant political influence within the military dictatorship , and they implemented sweeping economic reform . In contrast to the extensive nationalization and centrally planned economic programs supported by Allende,

2327-578: A group of 25 liberal intellectuals, including a number of prominent academics and journalists like Walter Lippmann , Friedrich Hayek , Ludwig von Mises , Wilhelm Röpke , Alexander Rüstow , and Louis Rougier , organized the Walter Lippmann Colloquium , named in honor of Lippmann to celebrate the publication of the French translation of Lippmann's pro- market book An Inquiry into the Principles of

2506-479: A new concept of justice, alongside some old notions, underlies many critical ideas and practices developed in this movement. S. A. Hamed Hosseini coins this new mode of conceiving justice as accommodative justice and argues that both the unique nature of the movement and the global complexities of the post- Cold War era account for the rise of such a notion. According to him, "this new concept of justice has emerged from many activists’ experiences of and reflections on

2685-680: A new constitution to replace the Pinochet-era constitution, which entrenched certain neoliberal principles into the country's basic law, won with 78% of the vote. However, in September 2022 , the referendum to approve a rewritten the constitution was rejected with 61% of the vote. Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto , the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), began to receive assistance from Ronald Reagan 's administration, with

2864-406: A new mode of activist knowledge ( accommodative consciousness ), and a new format of solidarity, interactive solidarity . Some activists, notably David Graeber , see the movement as opposed instead to neoliberalism or " corporate globalization ". He argues that the term "anti-globalization" is a term coined by the media, and that radical activists are actually more in favor of globalization, in

3043-628: A philosophy that was more moderate than entirely Laissez-faire free-market capitalism and favored using state policy to temper social inequality and counter a tendency towards monopoly. In 1976, the military dictatorship 's economic plan led by José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz was the first attempt at establishing a neoliberal program in Argentina. They implemented a fiscal austerity plan that reduced money printing in an attempt to counter inflation. In order to achieve this, salaries were frozen; however, they were unable to reduce inflation, which led to

3222-671: A reduction in the rate of inflation , though Peru's poverty rate remained largely unchanged with over half of the population living in poverty in 1998. According to the Foundation for Economic Education , USAID, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Nippon Foundation also supported the sterilization efforts of the Fujimori government. E. Liagin reported that from 1993 to 1998, USAID "basically took charge of

3401-514: A thrown rock. Some protesters destroyed the windows of storefronts of businesses owned or franchised by targeted corporations such as a large Nike shop and many Starbucks windows. The mayor put the city under the municipal equivalent of martial law and declared a curfew . As of 2002 , the city of Seattle had paid over $ 200,000 in settlements of lawsuits filed against the Seattle Police Department for assault and wrongful arrest, with

3580-424: A variety of names based on its general advocation for social change, justice, and radical activism, and its general opposition to capitalism, neoliberalism , and corporate globalization. Activists also resisted using a name conferred by corporate media to smear the intention of their protests. Some activists were also not necessarily against globalization. Many participants (see Noam Chomsky's quotes above) consider

3759-453: A widening of the global wealth gap . A report by Jean Ziegler , UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food , notes that "millions of farmers are losing their livelihoods in the developing countries, but small farmers in the northern countries are also suffering" and concludes that "the current inequities of the global trading system are being perpetuated rather than resolved under the WTO, given

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3938-405: A world ruled by the capitalist system. Pacifist and anti-imperialist traditions have strongly influenced the movement. Critics of United States foreign policy such as Noam Chomsky , Susan Sontag , and anti-globalist pranksters The Yes Men are widely accepted inside the movement. Although they may not recognize themselves as antiglobalists and are pro-capitalism, some economists who don't share

4117-412: Is a social movement critical of economic globalization . The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement , alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist movement, anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization. There are many definitions of anti-globalization. Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas. What

4296-541: Is actually support for alter-globalization . Several influential critical works have inspired the anti-globalization movement. No Logo , the book by the Canadian journalist Naomi Klein who criticized the production practices of multinational corporations and the omnipresence of brand-driven marketing in popular culture , has become "manifesto" of the movement, presenting in a simple way themes more accurately developed in other works. In India some intellectual references of

4475-444: Is broadly defined as the extension of competitive markets into all areas of life, including the economy , politics and society . The Handbook of Neoliberalism Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls , deregulating capital markets , lowering trade barriers " and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity , state influence in

4654-461: Is distinct from liberalism insofar as it does not advocate laissez-faire economic policy, but instead is highly constructivist and advocates a strong state to bring about market-like reforms in every aspect of society. Anthropologist Jason Hickel also rejects the notion that neoliberalism necessitates the retreat of the state in favor of totally free markets, arguing that the spread of neoliberalism required substantial state intervention to establish

4833-408: Is enough") and principally aimed at cancelling the debt contracted by southern countries. A demonstration gathered 10,000 people and an important concert was held in la Bastille square with 200,000 people. It was the first anti-G7 event, fourteen years before that of Washington. The main political consequence was that France took position to favor debt cancellation. The 50th anniversary of the IMF and

5012-715: Is near the Latin American average, Chile still has one of the highest Gini coefficients in the OECD , an organization of mostly developed countries that includes Chile but not most other Latin American countries. Furthermore, the Gini coefficient measures only income inequality ; Chile has more mixed inequality ratings in the OECD's Better Life Index , which includes indexes for more factors than only income, like housing and education . Additionally,

5191-449: Is opposed to globalization, that is, international integration. Surely not the left and the workers movements, which were founded on the principle of international solidarity—that is, globalization in a form that attends to the rights of people, not private power systems. By 2002, many parts of the movement showed wide opposition to the impending invasion of Iraq . Many participants were among those 11 million or more protesters that on

5370-528: Is shared is that participants oppose large, multinational corporations having unregulated political power, exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards, labour hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty. Some commentators have variously characterized changes in

5549-504: Is supposed to promote an example of this emphasis, bringing activists together from around the world to focus on shared philosophy and campaigning, others, like South African politician Andile Mngxitama see the World Social Forum as mostly dominated by Northern NGOs, donors and activists, and argue that Southern representation is largely organized via Northern donors and their NGOs. Mngxitama also expressed that popular organizations in

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5728-509: The AFL–CIO , and other unauthorized marches by assorted affinity groups who converged around the Convention Center. The protesters and Seattle riot police clashed in the streets after police fired tear gas at demonstrators who blocked the streets and refused to disperse. Over 600 protesters were arrested and thousands were injured. Three policemen were injured by friendly fire , and one by

5907-646: The Asia-Pacific , the Middle East , and China implementing significant neoliberal reform. Additionally, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank encouraged neoliberal reforms in many developing countries by placing reform requirements on loans, in a process known as structural adjustment . Neoliberal ideas were first implemented in West Germany . The economists around Ludwig Erhard drew on

6086-506: The Great Recession . In sum, the neoliberal policies of the 1980s and 1990s—initiated by a repressive authoritarian government —transformed the Chilean economy from a protected market with high barriers to trade and hefty government intervention into one of the world's most open free-market economies. Chile experienced the worst economic bust of any Latin American country during

6265-541: The Green Movement that is now available on the Internet has been perhaps more influential than any printed book. Although over the past years more emphasis has been given to the construction of grassroots alternatives to (capitalist) globalization, the movement's largest and most visible mode of organizing remains mass decentralized campaigns of direct action and civil disobedience. This mode of organizing, sometimes under

6444-628: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank , that took place in West Berlin in 1988, saw strong protests that can be categorized as a precursor of the anti-globalization movement. One of the main and failed objectives (as it was to be so many times in the future) was to derail the meetings. A counter summit against G7 was organized in Paris in July 1989. The event was called "ça suffit comme ça" ("that

6623-437: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization , undermine local decision-making. Corporations that use these institutions to support their own corporate and financial interests, can exercise privileges that individuals and small businesses cannot, including the ability to: The movement aims for an end to the legal status of " corporate personhood " and the dissolution of free market fundamentalism and

6802-586: The Latin American debt crisis (several years into neoliberal reform), but also had one of the most robust recoveries, rising from the poorest Latin American country in terms of GDP per capita in 1980 (along with Peru) to the richest in 2019. Average annual economic growth from the mid-1980s to the Asian crisis in 1997 was 7.2%, 3.5% between 1998 and 2005, and growth in per capita real income from 1985 to 1996 averaged 5%—all outpacing Latin American averages. Inflation

6981-459: The National Endowment for Democracy 's Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding. The economic policy of President Alan García distanced Peru from international markets, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country. Under García, Peru experienced hyperinflation and increased confrontations with the guerrilla group Shining Path , leading

7160-737: The Nobel Prize in Economics ) proposal for a tax on financial transactions (called, after him, the Tobin tax ) has become part of the agenda of the movement. Also, George Soros , Joseph E. Stiglitz (another Economic Sciences Nobel prize winner, formerly of the World Bank, author of Globalization and Its Discontents ) and David Korten have made arguments for drastically improving transparency , for debt relief , land reform , and restructuring corporate accountability systems. Korten and Stiglitz's contribution to

7339-873: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and free trade treaties like the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Trans Pacific Trade Agreement (TPPA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the World Economic Forum (WEF). In light of

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7518-632: The Social Forums . However, although formal power is often situated in the global South, the resources of North-based NGOs give these disproportionate power to often informally marginalize popular organizations from the South. The global justice movement claims to place a significant emphasis on transnational solidarity uniting activists in the Global South and Global North . While the World Social Forum

7697-529: The United States , the Chilean armed forces and national police overthrew the Allende government in a coup d'état . They established a repressive military junta , known for its violent suppression of opposition , and appointed army chief Augusto Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation. His rule was later given legal legitimacy through a controversial 1980 plebiscite , which approved a new constitution drafted by

7876-586: The Washington Consensus and "market reform" in much scholarly writing. The Handbook of Neoliberalism , for instance, posits that the term has "become a means of identifying a seemingly ubiquitous set of market-oriented policies as being largely responsible for a wide range of social, political, ecological and economic problems". Its use in this manner has been criticized by those who advocate for policies characterized as neoliberal. The Handbook , for example, further argues that "such lack of specificity [for

8055-733: The Washington consensus . The term "anti-globalization" does not distinguish the international leftist anti-globalization position from a strictly nationalist anti-globalization position. Many nationalist movements, such as the French National Front , Austrian Freedom Party , the Italian Lega Nord , the Greek Golden Dawn or the National Democratic Party of Germany are opposed to globalization, but argue that

8234-592: The World Bank , which was celebrated in Madrid in October 1994, was the scene of a protest by an ad hoc coalition of what would later be called anti-globalization movements. Starting from the mid-1990s, Annual Meetings of the IMF and the World Bank Group have become center points for anti-globalization movement protests. They tried to drown the bankers' parties in noise from outside and held other public forms of protest under

8413-633: The World Bank . In France the well-known monthly paper Le Monde Diplomatique has advocated the antiglobalization cause and an editorial of its director Ignacio Ramonet brought about the foundation of the association ATTAC . Susan George of the Transnational Institute has also been a long-term influence on the movement, as the writer of books since 1986 on hunger, debt, international financial institutions and capitalism. The works of Jean Ziegler , Christopher Chase-Dunn , and Immanuel Wallerstein have detailed underdevelopment and dependence in

8592-505: The economic policy of classical liberalism. In the context of policymaking, the term neoliberalism is often used to describe a paradigm shift that followed the failure of the post-war consensus and neo-Keynesian economics to address the stagflation of the 1970s. The collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War also facilitated the rise of neoliberalism in the United States and around

8771-415: The globalization of communication and people and oppose only the global expansion of corporate power . The term further indicates an anti-capitalist and universalist perspective on globalization, distinguishing the movement from those opponents of globalization whose politics are based on a conservative defence of national sovereignty . It is, however, argued by some scholars of social movements, that

8950-657: The "clearest repudiation of the country's establishment". In the 1960s, Latin American intellectuals began to notice the ideas of ordoliberalism ; they often used the Spanish term "neoliberalismo" to refer to this school of thought. They were particularly impressed by the social market economy and the Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") in Germany and speculated about the possibility of accomplishing similar policies in their own countries. Neoliberalism in 1960s Argentina meant

9129-490: The 1980s, "have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have more than halved poverty rates," and some scholars have even called the period the " Miracle of Chile ". Other scholars have called it a failure that led to extreme inequalities in the distribution of income and resulted in severe socioeconomic damage. It is also contested how much these changes were the result of neoliberal economic policies and how much they were

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9308-454: The 1990s, Chile maintained high growth, averaging 7.3% from 1990 to 1998. Eduardo Aninat, writing for the IMF journal Finance & Development , called the period from 1986 to 2000 "the longest, strongest, and most stable period of growth in [Chile's] history." In 1999, there was a brief recession brought about by the Asian financial crisis , with growth resuming in 2000 and remaining near 5% until

9487-581: The Annual Meetings of IMF and World Bank in the streets of Washington, D.C. Protesting groups included the Anti-Capitalist Convergence , the Mobilization for Global Justice. 649 people were reported arrested, five were charged with destruction of property, while the others were charged with parading without a permit, or failing to obey police orders to disperse. At least 17 reporters were in

9666-561: The Chicago Boys implemented rapid and extensive privatization of state enterprises, deregulation, and significant reductions in trade barriers during the latter half of the 1970s. In 1978, policies that would further reduce the role of the state and infuse competition and individualism into areas such as labor relations, pensions, health and education were introduced. > Additionally, the central bank raised interest rates from 49.9% to 178% to counter high inflation. These policies amounted to

9845-481: The English-language study of political economy. According to one study of 148 scholarly articles, neoliberalism is almost never defined but used in several senses to describe ideology, economic theory, development theory, or economic reform policy. It has become used largely as a term of abuse and/or to imply a laissez-faire market fundamentalism virtually identical to that of classical liberalism – rather than

10024-561: The German neoliberals, his name was only occasionally mentioned in conjunction with neoliberalism during this period due to his more pro-free market stance. During the military rule under Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990) in Chile, opposition scholars took up the expression to describe the economic reforms implemented there and its proponents (the Chicago Boys ). Once this new meaning was established among Spanish-speaking scholars, it diffused into

10203-680: The Good Society . Meeting in Paris in August 1938, they called for a new liberal project, with "neoliberalism" one name floated for the fledgling movement. They further agreed to develop the Colloquium into a permanent think tank based in Paris called the Centre International d'Études pour la Rénovation du Libéralisme. While most agreed that the status quo liberalism promoting laissez-faire economics had failed, deep disagreements arose around

10382-470: The Great Depression while Mises denounced the other faction, complaining that the ordoliberalism they advocated really meant "ordo-interventionism". Divided in opinion and short on funding, the Colloquium was mostly ineffectual; related attempts to further neoliberal ideas, such as the effort by Colloque-attendee Wilhelm Röpke to establish a journal of neoliberal ideas, mostly floundered. Fatefully,

10561-522: The Italian economist Maffeo Pantaleoni , with the term néo-libéralisme previously existing in French; the term was later used by others, including the classical liberal economist Milton Friedman in his 1951 essay "Neo-Liberalism and its Prospects". In 1938 at the Colloque Walter Lippmann , the term neoliberalism was proposed, among other terms, and ultimately chosen to be used to describe

10740-584: The Peruvian economy. Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with The New York Times describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman", while others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori. In a recommendation to Fujimori, de Soto called for a "shock" to Peru's economy. The policies included a 300% tax increase, unregulated prices and privatizing two-hundred and fifty state-owned entities. The policies of de Soto led to

10919-667: The US, some organizations like the National Lawyer's Guild and, to a lesser extent, the American Civil Liberties Union , provide legal witnesses in case of law enforcement confrontation. Protesters often claim that major media outlets do not properly report on them; therefore, some of them created the Independent Media Center , a collective of protesters reporting on the actions as they happen. The Annual Meetings of

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11098-412: The WSF is little more than an 'NGO fair' driven by Northern NGOs and donors most of which are hostile to popular movements of the poor. After the Second World War, North Korea followed a policy of anti-globalization. However, in recent decades have shown a distinctive rise in globalization movements in North Korea, introducing a number of reforms in areas such as technology and trade. The reform that had

11277-419: The actual summits, this motivates the mobilizations and gives them a visible, short-term purpose. This form of publicity is expensive in police time and the public purse. Rioting has occurred at some protests, for instance in Genoa, Seattle and London – and extensive damage was done to the area, especially targeting corporations, including McDonald's and Starbucks restaurants. Despite, or perhaps because of,

11456-592: The aggressive use of export subsidies by some developed nations to make their agricultural products more attractive on the international market are major causes of declines in the agricultural sectors of many developing nations. Through the Internet , a movement began to develop in opposition to the doctrines of neoliberalism which were widely manifested in the 1990s when the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) proposed liberalization of cross-border investment and trade restrictions through its Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). This treaty

11635-417: The alternative to globalization is the protection of the nation-state . Other groups, influenced by the Third Position , are also classifiable as anti-globalization. However, their overall world view is rejected by groups such as Peoples Global Action and anti-fascist movements such as antifa . In response, the nationalist movements against globalization argue that the leftist anti-globalization position

11814-449: The anti-globalism) represent the reconstructed forms of old and new left ideologies, respectively, in the context of current globalization, only the third one has shown the capacity to respond more effectively to the intellectual requirements of today's global complexities . Underlying this vision is a new conception of justice, coined accommodative justice by Hosseini, a new approach towards cosmopolitanism ( transversal cosmopolitanism ),

11993-462: The banner of the Peoples' Global Action network, tries to tie the many disparate causes together into one global struggle. In many ways the process of organizing matters overall can be more important to activists than the avowed goals or achievements of any component of the movement. At corporate summits, the stated goal of most demonstrations is to stop the proceedings. Although the demonstrations rarely succeed in more than delaying or inconveniencing

12172-409: The benefits are concentrated in Lima." In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru compounded these disparities, with political scientist Professor Farid Kahhat of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru stating that, "market reforms in Peru have yielded positive results in terms of reducing poverty ... But what the pandemic has laid bare, particularly in Peru, is that poverty was reduced while leaving

12351-474: The classical liberal notion that competition drives economic prosperity. However, they argued that a laissez-faire state policy stifles competition, as the strong devour the weak since monopolies and cartels could pose a threat to freedom of competition. They supported the creation of a well-developed legal system and capable regulatory apparatus. While still opposed to full-scale Keynesian employment policies or an extensive welfare state , German neoliberal theory

12530-401: The complexities of globalization". Important organizational pillars of the movement are Via Campesina , the family farmers' international; Peoples' Global Action , a loose collection of often youthful groups (NB the apostrophe correctly indicates involvement of peoples, rather than people); Jubilee 2000 , the Christian-based movement for relieving international debt; Friends of the Earth ,

12709-548: The conference center from three directions: one engaging in various forms of civil disobedience (the Yellow march), one (the Pink/Silver march) advancing through " tactical frivolity " (costume, dance, theatre, music, and artwork), and one (the Blue march) engaging in violent conflicts with the baton-armed police, with the protesters throwing cobblestones lifted from the street. These demonstrations come to resemble small societies in themselves. Many protesters take training in first aid and act as medics to other injured protesters. In

12888-479: The country towards high levels of instability. The Peruvian armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft an operation – Plan Verde – to overthrow his government. The military's Plan Verde involved the " total extermination " of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians perceived as a drain on the economy, the control or censorship of media in

13067-595: The demonstrations and street actions around the IMF that followed, the number of those arrested grew to 1,300 people. A class action lawsuit was filed for false arrest. In June 2010, the class action suit for the April 15 events called ' Becker, et al. v. District of Columbia, et al .' were settled, with $ 13.7 million damages awarded. On September 11 2000, a meeting of the World Econmic Forum in Melbourne, Australia

13246-531: The developed countries." Economist and political scientist Mark Pennington and NYU professor of economics William Easterly have individually accused Chang of employing strawman arguments , ignoring counter-data , and failing to employ basic scientific controls to his claims. Economist Jagdish Bhagwati argues that reforms that opened up the economies of China and India contributed to their higher growth in 1980s and 1990s. From 1980 to 2000 their GDP grew at average rate of 10 and 6 percent respectively. This

13425-447: The developed world was under threat from collectivist trends, which they outlined in their statement of aims: The central values of civilization are in danger. Over large stretches of the Earth's surface the essential conditions of human dignity and freedom have already disappeared. In others, they are under constant menace from the development of current tendencies of policy. The position of

13604-444: The earliest nations to implement neoliberal reform. Marxist economic geographer David Harvey has described the substantial neoliberal reforms in Chile beginning in the 1970s as "the first experiment with neoliberal state formation", which would provide "helpful evidence to support the subsequent turn to neoliberalism in both Britain... and the United States." Similarly, Vincent Bevins says that Chile under Augusto Pinochet "became

13783-550: The early 1970s. After several years of socialist economic policies under president Salvador Allende , a 1973 coup d'état , which established a military junta under dictator Augusto Pinochet , led to the implementation of a number of sweeping neoliberal economic reforms that had been proposed by the Chicago Boys , a group of Chilean economists educated under Milton Friedman . This "neoliberal project" served as "the first experiment with neoliberal state formation" and provided an example for neoliberal reforms elsewhere. Beginning in

13962-564: The early 1980s, the Reagan administration and Thatcher government implemented a series of neoliberal economic reforms to counter the chronic stagflation the United States and United Kingdom had each experienced throughout the 1970s. Neoliberal policies continued to dominate American and British politics until the Great Recession . Following British and American reform, neoliberal policies were exported abroad, with countries in Latin America ,

14141-548: The economic gap between rich and poor countries, adherents of the movement claim that free trade without measures to protect the environment and the health and wellbeing of workers will merely increase the power of industrialized nations (often termed the "North" in opposition to the developing world's "South"). Proponents of this line of thought refer to the process as polarization and argue that current neo-liberal economic policies have given wealthier states an advantage over developing nations, enabling their exploitation and leading to

14320-513: The economy. It is also commonly associated with the economic policies introduced by Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States. Some scholars note it has a number of distinct usages in different spheres: There is debate over the meaning of the term. Sociologists Fred L. Block and Margaret Somers claim there is a dispute over what to call the influence of free-market ideas which have been used to justify

14499-550: The economy. It would not be until a succession of economic downturns and crises in the 1970s that neoliberal policy proposals would be widely implemented. By this time, neoliberal thought had evolved. The early neoliberal ideas of the Mont Pelerin Society had sought to chart a middle way between the trend of increasing government intervention implemented after the Great Depression and the laissez-faire economics many in

14678-431: The efforts of the Colloquium would be overwhelmed by the outbreak of World War II and were largely forgotten. Nonetheless, the Colloquium served as the first meeting of the nascent neoliberal movement and would serve as the precursor to the Mont Pelerin Society , a far more successful effort created after the war by many of those who had been present at the Colloquium. Neoliberalism began accelerating in importance with

14857-459: The environmentalist international; and some think-tanks like Focus on the Global South and Third World Network, as well as some large internationalist and transnational trade union organisations. Participants include worldwide student groups, NGOs , trade unions, faith-based and peace groups, and publications such as New Internationalist . A loose coordination of the movement is taking place on

15036-445: The epicenter of the community as Europeans dominated the leadership roles. Established during a time when central planning was in the ascendancy worldwide and there were few avenues for neoliberals to influence policymakers, the society became a "rallying point" for neoliberals, as Milton Friedman phrased it, bringing together isolated advocates of liberalism and capitalism . They were united in their belief that individual freedom in

15215-472: The establishment of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, whose founding members included Friedrich Hayek , Milton Friedman , Karl Popper , George Stigler and Ludwig von Mises . Meeting annually, it became a "kind of international 'who's who' of the classical liberal and neo-liberal intellectuals." While the first conference in 1947 was almost half American, the Europeans dominated by 1951. Europe would remain

15394-577: The existing representative democracy acting on the behalf of the majority. To be neoliberal meant advocating a modern economic policy with state intervention . Neoliberal state interventionism brought a clash with the opposing laissez-faire camp of classical liberals, like Ludwig von Mises . Most scholars in the 1950s and 1960s understood neoliberalism as referring to the social market economy and its principal economic theorists such as Walter Eucken , Wilhelm Röpke , Alexander Rüstow and Alfred Müller-Armack . Although Hayek had intellectual ties to

15573-645: The former seeks to disrupt and overcome any institutions which stand in the way. Radhika Desai, director of the Geopolitical Economy Research Group at the University of Manitoba , argues that global capitalism reached its peak in 1914, just prior to the two great wars, anti-capitalist revolutions and Keynesian reforms, and the purpose of neoliberalism was to restore capitalism to the preeminence it once enjoyed. She argues that this process has failed as contemporary neoliberal capitalism has fostered

15752-429: The fringes of Chilean economic and political thought for a number of years, as the presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973) brought about a socialist reorientation of the economy. During the Allende presidency, Chile experienced a severe economic crisis, in which inflation peaked near 150%. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension, as well as diplomatic, economic, and covert pressure from

15931-455: The global South are systematically marginalized or included in a deeply subordinated manner. For this reason, many grassroots movements in the South boycott the forum and the NGOs that gate-keep representation at the forum or, in some instance, actively oppose it as just one more space of domination. Movement of movements The anti-globalization movement , or counter-globalization movement ,

16110-917: The global economy as "turbo-capitalism" ( Edward Luttwak ), " market fundamentalism " ( George Soros ), " casino capitalism " ( Susan Strange ), and as " McWorld " ( Benjamin Barber ). Supporters believe that by the late 20th century those they characterized as "ruling elites" sought to harness the expansion of world markets for their own interests; this combination of the Bretton Woods institutions, states, and multinational corporations has been called " globalization " or "globalization from above." In reaction, various social movements emerged to challenge their influence; these movements have been called "anti-globalization," " alter-globalization " or "globalization from below." People opposing globalization believe that international agreements and global financial institutions, such as

16289-481: The gloves off", goes on to assert that the term was largely unknown by the general public in 1998, particularly in the United States . Lester Spence uses the term to critique trends in Black politics, defining neoliberalism as "the general idea that society works best when the people and the institutions within it work or are shaped to work according to market principles". According to Philip Mirowski , neoliberalism views

16468-437: The government, which was received with disapproval by Fujimori. USAID would go on to assist the Fujimori government with rewriting the 1993 Peruvian constitution, with the agency concluding in 1997 that it helped with the "preparation of legislative texts" and "contributed to the emergence of a private sector advisory role". The policies promoted by de Soto and implemented by Fujimori eventually caused macroeconomic stability and

16647-438: The growth of a view of history which denies all absolute moral standards and by the growth of theories which question the desirability of the rule of law. It holds further that they have been fostered by a decline of belief in private property and the competitive market...[This group's] object is solely, by facilitating the exchange of views among minds inspired by certain ideals and broad conceptions held in common, to contribute to

16826-405: The high interest rates of the period which—while stabilizing inflation—hampered investment and contributed to widespread bankruptcy in the banking industry. Other scholars fault governmental departures from the neoliberal agenda ; for instance, the government pegged the Chilean peso to the US dollar, against the wishes of the Chicago Boys, which economists believe led to an overvalued peso. After

17005-421: The idea that the word is nothing more than a political slur, or a term without any analytic power". Gary Gerstle argues that neoliberalism is a legitimate term, and describes it as "a creed that calls explicitly for unleashing capitalism's power." He distinguishes neoliberalism from traditional conservatism, as the latter values respect for traditions and bolstering the institutions which reinforce them, whereas

17184-401: The ideas of those who attended the 1938 colloquium. As a result, there is controversy as to the precise meaning of the term and its usefulness as a descriptor in the social sciences , especially as the number of different kinds of market economies have proliferated in recent years. Unrelated to the economic philosophy described in this article, the term "neoliberalism" is also used to describe

17363-485: The immediate suffering of poor Peruvians who saw unregulated prices increase rapidly. Those living in poverty saw prices increase so much that they could no longer afford food. The New York Times wrote that de Soto advocated for the collapse of Peru's society, with the economist saying that a civil crisis was necessary to support the policies of Fujimori. Fujimori and de Soto would ultimately break their ties after de Soto recommended increased involvement of citizens within

17542-461: The increased economic freedom he believed the neoliberal reforms had brought had put pressure on the dictatorship over time, resulting in a gradual increase in political freedom and, ultimately, the restoration of democracy. The Chilean scholars Javier Martínez and Alvaro Díaz reject this argument, pointing to the long tradition of democracy in Chile. They assert that the defeat of the Pinochet regime and

17721-477: The individual and the voluntary group are progressively undermined by extensions of arbitrary power. Even that most precious possession of Western Man, freedom of thought and expression, is threatened by the spread of creeds which, claiming the privilege of tolerance when in the position of a minority, seek only to establish a position of power in which they can suppress and obliterate all views but their own...The group holds that these developments have been fostered by

17900-418: The interests of people incidental. That is why the business press, in its more honest moments, refers to the "free trade agreements" as "free investment agreements" (Wall St. Journal). Accordingly, advocates of other forms of globalization are described as "anti-globalization"; and some, unfortunately, even accept this term, though it is a term of propaganda that should be dismissed with ridicule. No sane person

18079-522: The interventionist excesses of the Erhard ministry and the ordoliberals, Mises wrote: "I have no illusions about the true character of the politics and politicians of the social market economy". According to Mises, Erhard's teacher Franz Oppenheimer "taught more or less the New Frontier line of" President Kennedy's "Harvard consultants ( Schlesinger , Galbraith , etc.)". In Germany, neoliberalism at first

18258-432: The label "neoliberalism", criticized that development tendency and pressed for a more limited welfare program. Hayek did not like the expression "social market economy", but stated in 1976 that some of his friends in Germany had succeeded in implementing the sort of social order for which he was pleading while using that phrase. In Hayek's view, the social market economy's aiming for both a market economy and social justice

18437-516: The lack of formal coordinating bodies, the movement manages to successfully organize large protests on a global basis, using information technology to spread information and organize. Protesters organize themselves into " affinity groups ," typically non-hierarchical groups of people who live close together and share a common political goal. Affinity groups will then send representatives to planning meetings. However, because these groups can be infiltrated by law enforcement intelligence, important plans of

18616-650: The larger protest scheduled on April 16, a smaller group of protesters demonstration against the Prison-Industrial Complex in the District of Columbia. Mass arrests were conducted; 678 people were arrested on April 15. Three-time Pulitzer Prize winning, The Washington Post photographer Carol Guzy was detained by police and arrested on April 15, and two journalists for the Associated Press also reported being struck by police with batons. On April 16 and 17

18795-546: The leaders of many democratic countries ( Spain , Italy , Poland and the United Kingdom ) were acting against the wishes of the majorities of their populations in supporting the war. Chomsky asserted that these leaders "showed their contempt for democracy". The economic and military issues are closely linked in the eyes of many within the movement. The movement has no singular name, chiefly because it has no singular leader or consensus to give it one. It has been called

18974-477: The liberal focus on individualism and economic freedom must not be abandoned to collectivism. For decades after the formation of the Mont Pelerin Society , the ideas of the society would remain largely on the fringes of political policy, confined to a number of think-tanks and universities and achieving only measured success with the ordoliberals in Germany , who maintained the need for strong state influence in

19153-442: The market as the greatest information processor, superior to any human being. It is hence considered as the arbiter of truth. Adam Kotsko describes neoliberalism as political theology , as it goes beyond simply being a formula for an economic policy agenda and instead infuses it with a moral ethos that "aspires to be a complete way of life and a holistic worldview, in a way that previous models of capitalism did not." Neoliberalism

19332-455: The methodology used in arriving at the World Bank's statistics and argue that more detailed variables measuring poverty should be studied. According to the Center for Economic and Policy Research , the period from 1980 to 2005 has seen diminished progress in terms of economic growth, life expectancy, infant and child mortality, and to a lesser extent education. One of the most common criticisms of

19511-404: The mid-1980s, after French philosopher Michel Foucault brought attention to it. At a base level we can say that when we make reference to 'neoliberalism', we are generally referring to the new political, economic and social arrangements within society that emphasize market relations, re-tasking the role of the state, and individual responsibility . Most scholars tend to agree that neoliberalism

19690-427: The miserable state of public services unaltered – most clearly in the case of health services." The candidacy of Pedro Castillo in the 2021 Peruvian general election brought attention to the disparities between urban and rural Peruvians, with much of his support being earned in the exterior portions of the country. Castillo ultimately won the election, with The New York Times reporting his victory as

19869-420: The most important old age income source for a majority of the German population, therefore despite liberal rhetoric the 1950s witnessed what has been called a "reluctant expansion of the welfare state". To end widespread poverty among the elderly the pension reform of 1957 brought a significant extension of the German welfare state which already had been established under Otto von Bismarck . Rüstow, who had coined

20048-420: The most isolated society in the world. The global justice movement has been quite successful in achieving some of its key aims, according to academic and global justice movement activist David Graeber. For example, many countries no longer rely on IMF loans and so, by the mid-2000s, IMF lending was at its lowest share of world GDP since the 1970s. Critics assert that the empirical evidence does not support

20227-417: The most significance to North Korea was trade; a change in trading partnerships resulted in the country not only traded with themselves but also with South Korea and China. North Korea introduced these reforms because it was lacking in areas of technology and trade and realized that it could not maintain itself as a society without help from other nations, but even with these new reforms North Korea still remains

20406-419: The motto "50 Years is Enough". While Spanish King Juan Carlos was addressing the participants in a huge exhibition hall, two Greenpeace activists climbed to the top and showered the attendants with fake dollar bills carrying the slogan "No $ s for Ozone Layer Destruction". A number of the demonstrators were sent to the notorious Carabanchel prison . One of the first international anti-globalization protests

20585-399: The movement about the role of the social forums. Some see them as a "popular university", an occasion to make many people aware of the problems of globalization. Others would prefer that delegates concentrate their efforts on the coordination and organization of the movement and on the planning of new campaigns. However it has often been argued that in the dominated countries (most of the world)

20764-511: The movement can be found in the works of Vandana Shiva , an ecologist and feminist, who in her book Biopiracy documents the way that the natural capital of indigenous peoples and ecoregions is converted into forms of intellectual capital , which are then recognized as exclusive commercial property without sharing the private utility thus derived. The writer Arundhati Roy is famous for her anti-nuclear position and her activism against India's massive hydroelectric dam project, sponsored by

20943-546: The movement include involvement in direct actions and street protest. In some Roman Catholic countries such as Italy there have been religious influences, especially from missionaries who have spent a long time in the Third World (the most famous being Alex Zanotelli ). Internet sources and free-information websites, such as Indymedia , are a means of diffusion of the movement's ideas. The vast array of material on spiritual movements, anarchism , libertarian socialism and

21122-586: The movement's opposition to free-trade agreements (which have often been considered part of something called " globalization "), various participants contend they are opposed to only certain aspects of globalization and instead describe themselves, at least in French-speaking organizations, as " anti-capitalist ", "anti- plutocracy ," or "anti- corporate ." Le Monde Diplomatique ' s editor, Ignacio Ramonet 's, expression of "the one-way thought" ( pensée unique ) became slang against neoliberal policies and

21301-540: The movement, which does not necessarily come from its opponents, is simply that the anti-globalization movement lacks coherent goals, and that the views of different protesters are often in opposition to each other. Many members of the movement are also aware of this, and argue that, as long as they have a common opponent, they should march together – even if they don't share exactly the same political vision. Writers Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have together in their books ( Empire and Multitude ) expanded on this idea of

21480-516: The nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy in Peru. During his campaigning for the 1990 Peruvian general election , Alberto Fujimori initially expressed concern against the proposed neoliberal policies of his opponent Mario Vargas Llosa . Peruvian magazine Oiga reported that, following the election, the armed forces were unsure of Fujimori's willingness to fulfill the plan's objectives, though they planned to convince Fujimori to agree to

21659-573: The national health system of Peru" during the period of forced sterilizations. At least 300,000 Peruvians were victims of forced sterilization by the Fujimori government in the 1990s, with the majority being affected by the PNSRPF . The policy of sterilizations resulted in a generational shift that included a smaller younger generation that could not provide economic stimulation to rural areas, making such regions more impoverished. Though economic statistics show improved economic data in Peru in recent decades,

21838-427: The natural environment, human rights (especially workplace rights and conditions) and democratic institutions are likely to be placed at undue risk by globalization unless mandatory standards are attached to liberalization. Noam Chomsky stated in 2002 that: The term "globalization" has been appropriated by the powerful to refer to a specific form of international economic integration, one based on investor rights, with

22017-429: The neoliberal approach of international economic institutions have strongly influenced the movement. Amartya Sen 's Development as Freedom ( Nobel Prize in Economics , 1999), argues that third world development must be understood as the expansion of human capability, not simply the increase in national income per capita, and thus requires policies attuned to health and education, not simply GDP. James Tobin 's (winner of

22196-618: The neoliberal policies of the Chicago boys. Some scholars attribute the successes to the re-regulation of the banking industry and a number of targeted social programs designed to alleviate poverty. Others say that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%. According to Chilean economist Alejandro Foxley , when Pinochet finished his 17-year term by 1990, around 44% of Chilean families were living below

22375-452: The new meaning of neoliberalism became established as common usage among Spanish-speaking scholars, it diffused into the English-language study of political economy . By 1994 the term entered global circulation and scholarship about it has grown over the last few decades. An early use of the term in English was in 1898 by the French economist Charles Gide to describe the economic beliefs of

22554-628: The non-violent protests as a collateral damage provoked by the clash between the law enforcement ranks themselves and the more violent and brutal fringes of protesters, who repeatedly hid themselves amongst peaceful protesters of all ages and backgrounds. Several hundred peaceful demonstrators, rioters, and police were injured and hundreds were arrested during the days surrounding the G8 meeting; most of those arrested have been charged with some form of "criminal association" under Italy's anti- mafia and anti- terrorist laws. The first World Social Forum (WSF) in 2001

22733-464: The operation prior to his inauguration. After taking office, Fujimori abandoned his campaign's economic platform, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by his election competitor Vargas Llosa. With Fujimori's compliance, plans for a coup as designed in Plan Verde were prepared for two years and finally executed during the 1992 Peruvian coup d'état , which ultimately established

22912-585: The parameter of per capita income growth, development economist Ha-Joon Chang argues that considering the record of the last two decades the argument for continuing neoliberal policy prescriptions are "simply untenable", and commented: "It depends on the data we use, but roughly speaking, per capita income in developing countries grew at 3% per year between 1960 and 1980, but has grown only at about 1.5% between 1980 and 2000. And even this 1.5% will be reduced to 1%, if we take out India and China, which have not pursued liberal trade and industrial policies recommended by

23091-501: The participation of 60,000 delegates and ended with a huge demonstration against the war (1,000,000 people according to the organizers). The following ESFs took place in Paris (2003), London (2004), Athens (2006), Malmö (2008), and the latest ESF in Istanbul (2010). In many countries Social Forums of national and local scope were also held. Recently there has been some discussion behind

23270-433: The percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average. The era was also marked by economic instability. Overall, scholars have mixed opinions on the effects of the neoliberal reforms. The CIA World Factbook states that Chile's "sound economic policies", maintained consistently since

23449-583: The poverty line. Despite years of suppression by the Pinochet junta, a presidential election was held in 1988, as dictated by the 1980 constitution (though not without Pinochet first holding another plebiscite in an attempt to amend the constitution). In 1990, Patricio Aylwin was democratically elected, bringing an end to the military dictatorship. The reasons cited for Pinochet's acceptance of democratic transition are numerous. Hayek, echoing arguments he had made years earlier in The Road to Serfdom , argued that

23628-624: The preservation and improvement of the free society. The society set out to develop a neoliberal alternative to, on the one hand, the laissez-faire economic consensus that had collapsed with the Great Depression and, on the other, New Deal liberalism and British social democracy , collectivist trends which they believed posed a threat to individual freedom. They believed that classical liberalism had failed because of crippling conceptual flaws which could only be diagnosed and rectified by withdrawing into an intensive discussion group of similarly minded intellectuals; however, they were determined that

23807-413: The proper role of the state . A group of "true (third way) neoliberals" centered around Rüstow and Lippmann advocated for strong state supervision of the economy while a group of old school liberals centered around Mises and Hayek continued to insist that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. Rüstow wrote that Hayek and Mises were relics of the liberalism that caused

23986-536: The protesters. After the November 2000 G20 protest in Montreal , at which many protesters were beaten, trampled, and arrested in what was intended to be a festive protest, the tactic of dividing protests into "green" (permitted), "yellow" (not officially permitted but with little confrontation and low risk of arrest), and "red" (involving direct confrontation) zones was introduced. In Quebec City , municipal officials built

24165-540: The protests are often not made until the last minute. One common tactic of the protests is to split up based on willingness to break the law. This is designed, with varying success, to protect the risk-averse from the physical and legal dangers posed by confrontations with law enforcement. For example, in Prague during the anti-IMF and World Bank protests in September 2000 demonstrators split into three distinct groups, approaching

24344-505: The radical economic privatization measures of the World Bank , the IMF, and the World Trade Organization. Activists are especially opposed to the various abuses which they think are perpetuated by globalization and the international institutions that, they say, promote neoliberalism without regard to ethical standards or environmental protection. Common targets include the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF),

24523-404: The recession, Chilean economic growth rose quickly, eventually hovering between 5% and 10% and significantly outpacing the Latin American average (see chart). Additionally, unemployment decreased and the percent of the population below the poverty line declined from 50% in 1984 to 34% by 1989. This led Milton Friedman to call the period the " Miracle of Chile ", and he attributed the successes to

24702-542: The result of other factors; in particular, some scholars argue that after the Crisis of 1982 the "pure" neoliberalism of the late 1970s was replaced by a focus on fostering a social market economy that mixed neoliberal and social welfare policies. As a response to the 2019–20 Chilean protests , a national plebiscite was held in October 2020 to decide whether the Chilean constitution would be rewritten. The "approve" option for

24881-497: The retrenchment of New Deal programs and policies since the 1980s: neoliberalism, laissez-faire or "free market ideology". Other academics such as Susan Braedley, Med Luxton, and Robert W. McChesney, assert that neoliberalism is a political philosophy which seeks to "liberate" the processes of capital accumulation . In contrast, Frances Fox Piven sees neoliberalism as essentially hyper- capitalism . Robert W. McChesney , while defining neoliberalism similarly as "capitalism with

25060-525: The return of democracy came primarily from large-scale mass rebellion that eventually forced party elites to use existing institutional mechanisms to restore democracy. In the 1990s, neoliberal economic policies broadened and deepened, including unilateral tariff reductions and the adoption of free trade agreements with a number of Latin American countries and Canada. At the same time, the decade brought increases in government expenditure on social programs to tackle poverty and poor quality housing. Throughout

25239-545: The role of the private sector in the economy and society . Additionally, the neoliberal project is oriented towards the establishment of institutions and is inherently political in nature, extending beyond mere economic considerations. The term is rarely used by proponents of free-market policies. When the term entered into common academic use during the 1980s in association with Augusto Pinochet 's economic reforms in Chile , it quickly acquired negative connotations and

25418-654: The round-up. Protestors sued in Federal Court about the arrests. The D.C. Attorney General had outside counsel investigate apparent destruction of evidence, and forensic investigations continue, and the testimony of the Chief of Police. In 2009, the city agreed to pay $ 8.25 million to almost 400 protesters and bystanders to end a class-action lawsuit over kettling and mass arrests in Pershing Park during 2002 World Bank protests Although local police were surprised by

25597-406: The sense of "effacement of borders and the free movement of people, possessions and ideas" than are the IMF or WTO. He also notes that activists use the terms "globalization movement" and "anti-globalization movement" interchangeably, indicating the confusion of the terminology. The term "alter-globalization" has been used to make this distinction clear. While the term "anti-globalization" arose from

25776-511: The simultaneous visit by George W Bush . Clashes between police and protestors were punctuated by vandalism by the extreme fringes of the demonstrators, the so-called black-blocs . Images of destruction bounced through the mass media, casting a shadow on the movement in the eyes of the public. The Genoa Group of Eight Summit protest from July 18 to 22, 2001, was one of the bloodiest protests in Western Europe's recent history, as evidenced by

25955-468: The size of N30, law enforcement agencies have since reacted worldwide to prevent the disruption of future events by a variety of tactics, including sheer weight of numbers, infiltrating the groups to determine their plans, and preparations for the use of force to remove protesters. At the site of some of the protests, police have used tear gas, pepper spray, concussion grenades, rubber and wooden bullets, night sticks, water cannons, dogs , and horses to repel

26134-445: The society believed had produced the Great Depression. Milton Friedman , wrote in his early essay "Neo-liberalism and Its Prospects" that "Neo-liberalism would accept the nineteenth-century liberal emphasis on the fundamental importance of the individual, but it would substitute for the nineteenth century goal of laissez-faire as a means to this end, the goal of the competitive order", which requires limited state intervention to "police

26313-480: The system, establish conditions favorable to competition and prevent monopoly , provide a stable monetary framework , and relieve acute misery and distress." By the 1970s, neoliberal thought—including Friedman's—focused almost exclusively on market liberalization and was adamant in its opposition to nearly all forms of state interference in the economy. One of the earliest and most influential turns to neoliberal reform occurred in Chile after an economic crisis in

26492-550: The term "anti-globalization" to be a misnomer . The term suggests that its followers support protectionism and/or nationalism , which is not always the case – in fact, some supporters of anti-globalization are strong opponents of both nationalism and protectionism: for example, the No Border network argues for unrestricted migration and the abolition of all national border controls. S. A. Hamed Hosseini (an Australian sociologist and expert in global social movement studies), argues that

26671-517: The term "neoliberal" as an insult or slur used by leftists against liberals and varieties of liberalism that leftists disagree with. British journalist Will Hutton called neoliberal "an unthinking leftist insult" that "stifle[s] debate." On the other hand, many scholars believe it retains a meaningful definition. Writing in The Guardian , Stephen Metcalf posits that the publication of the 2016 IMF paper "Neoliberalism: Oversold?" helps "put to rest

26850-409: The term anti-globalization can be ideal-typically used only to refer to only one ideological vision he detects alongside three other visions (the anti-globalist , the alter-globalist and the alter-globalization ). He argues that the three latter ideal-typical visions can be categorized under the title of global justice movement . According to him, while the first two visions (the alter-globalism and

27029-403: The term is often left undefined or used to describe a multitude of phenomena. However, it is primarily employed to delineate the societal transformation resulting from market-based reforms. Neoliberalism is an economic philosophy that originated among European liberal scholars during the 1930s. It emerged as a response to the perceived decline in popularity of classical liberalism , which

27208-430: The term] reduces its capacity as an analytic frame. If neoliberalism is to serve as a way of understanding the transformation of society over the last few decades, then the concept is in need of unpacking". Historian Daniel Stedman Jones has similarly said that the term "is too often used as a catch-all shorthand for the horrors associated with globalization and recurring financial crises". Several writers have criticized

27387-720: The terms on which they engaged with the global economy. By contrast, the countries that have, by and large, had globalization managed for them by the International Monetary Fund and other international economic institutions have not done so well." According to The Heritage Foundation , development in China was anticipated by Milton Friedman , who predicted that even a small progress towards economic liberalization would produce dramatic and positive effects. China's economy had grown together with its economic freedom . Critics of corporate-led globalization have expressed concern about

27566-543: The theories they had developed in the 1930s and 1940s and contributed to West Germany's reconstruction after the Second World War. Erhard was a member of the Mont Pelerin Society and in constant contact with other neoliberals. He pointed out that he is commonly classified as neoliberal and that he accepted this classification. The ordoliberal Freiburg School was more pragmatic. The German neoliberals accepted

27745-407: The unequal balance of power between member countries." Activists point to the unequal footing and power between developed and developing nations within the WTO and with respect to global trade, most specifically in relation to the protectionist policies towards agriculture enacted in many developed countries. These activists also point out that heavy subsidization of developed nations' agriculture and

27924-405: The views of the anti-globalization movement. These critics point to statistical trends which are interpreted to be results of globalization, capitalism, and the economic growth they encourage: Members of the anti-globalization movement argue that positive data from countries which largely ignored neoliberal prescriptions, notably China, discredits the evidence that pro-globalists present. Concerning

28103-473: The wealth earned between 1990 and 2020 was not distributed throughout the country; living standards showed disparities between the more-developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions while rural provinces remained impoverished. Sociologist Maritza Paredes of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru stated, "People see that all the natural resources are in the countryside but all

28282-546: The weekend of February 15, 2003, participated in global protests against the imminent Iraq war . Other anti-war demonstrations were organized by the antiglobalization movement: see for example the large demonstration, organized against the impending war in Iraq, which closed the first European Social Forum in November 2002 in Florence , Italy . Anti-globalization militants worried for a proper functioning of democratic institutions as

28461-556: The working class were reduced. In 1982, Chile again experienced a severe economic recession . The cause of this is contested but most scholars believe the Latin American debt crisis —which swept nearly all of Latin America into financial crisis—was a primary cause. Some scholars argue the neoliberal policies of the Chicago boys heightened the crisis (for instance, percent GDP decrease was higher than in any other Latin American country) or even caused it; for instance, some scholars criticize

28640-648: The world's first test case for 'neoliberal' economics." The turn to neoliberal policies in Chile originated with the Chicago Boys , a select group of Chilean students who, beginning in 1955, were invited to the University of Chicago to pursue postgraduate studies in economics. They studied directly under Milton Friedman and his disciple, Arnold Harberger , and were exposed to Friedrich Hayek . Upon their return to Chile, their neoliberal policy proposals—which centered on widespread deregulation , privatization , reductions to government spending to counter high inflation, and other free-market policies —would remain largely on

28819-573: The world. The term neoliberalism has become increasingly prevalent in recent decades. It has been a significant factor in the proliferation of conservative and right-libertarian organizations, political parties , and think tanks , and predominantly advocated by them. Neoliberalism is often associated with a set of economic liberalization policies, including privatization , deregulation , consumer choice , globalization , free trade , monetarism , austerity , and reductions in government spending . These policies are designed to increase

28998-535: The wounding of hundreds of policemen and civilians forced to lock themselves inside of their homes and the death of a young Genoese anarchist named Carlo Giuliani —who was shot while trying to throw a fire extinguisher on a policeman—during two days of violence and rioting by groups supported by the nonchalance of more consistent and peaceful masses of protesters, and the hospitalization of several of those peaceful demonstrators just mentioned. Police have subsequently been accused of brutality, torture and interference with

29177-436: Was a muddle of inconsistent aims. Despite his controversies with the German neoliberals at the Mont Pelerin Society, Ludwig von Mises stated that Erhard and Müller-Armack accomplished a great act of liberalism to restore the German economy and called this "a lesson for the US". According to different research Mises believed that the ordoliberals were hardly better than socialists. As an answer to Hans Hellwig's complaints about

29356-582: Was accompanied by reduction of poverty from 28 percent in 1978 to 9 percent in 1998 in China, and from 51 percent in 1978 to 26 percent in 2000 in India. Speaking not only on China but East Asia in general, economist Joseph Stiglitz commented: "The countries that have managed globalization on their own, such as those in East Asia, have, by and large, ensured that they reaped huge benefits and that those benefits were equitably shared; they were able substantially to control

29535-552: Was an initiative of Oded Grajew  [ pt ] , Chico Whitaker , and Bernard Cassen . It was supported by the city of Porto Alegre (where it took place) and the Brazilian Worker's Party . The motivation was to constitute a counter-event to the World Economic Forum held in Davos at the same time. The slogan of the WSF is "Another World Is Possible". An International Council (IC)

29714-474: Was arrested and convicted of throwing a rock at a police officer . The second major mobilization of the movement, known as N30, occurred on November 30, 1999, when protesters blocked delegates' entrance to WTO meetings in Seattle , Washington , USA . The protests forced the cancellation of the opening ceremonies and lasted the length of the meeting until December 3. There was a large, permitted march by members of

29893-512: Was brought under control. Between 1970 and 1985 the infant mortality rate in Chile fell from 76.1 per 1000 to 22.6 per 1000, the lowest in Latin America. Unemployment from 1980 to 1990 decreased, but remained higher than the South American average (which was stagnant). And despite public perception among Chileans that economic inequality has increased, Chile's Gini coefficient has in fact dropped from 56.2 in 1987 to 46.6 in 2017. While this

30072-564: Was disrupted for three days by up to 20,000 protesters. The WEF's Asia Pacific Economic Conference was opposed by a range of groups organising under the umbrella of the S11 alliance, which included anarchist, socialist, environmentalist and other social justice groups. Approximately twenty protesters were arrested and claims were made that 400 were injured by police, including fifty who needed to attend hospital. In September 2002, estimated number of 1,500 to 2,000 people gathered to demonstrate against

30251-399: Was employed principally by critics of market reform and laissez-faire capitalism . Scholars tended to associate it with the theories of economists working with the Mont Pelerin Society , including Friedrich Hayek , Milton Friedman , Ludwig von Mises , and James M. Buchanan , along with politicians and policy-makers such as Margaret Thatcher , Ronald Reagan , and Alan Greenspan . Once

30430-584: Was held again in Porto Alegre and became a rallying point for worldwide protest against the American invasion of Iraq. In 2004 it was moved to Mumbai , India ), to make it more accessible to the populations of Asia and Africa. This Forum had 75,000 delegates. In 2006 it was held in three cities: Caracas , Venezuela , Bamako , Mali , and Karachi , Pakistan . In 2007, the Forum was hosted in Nairobi , Kenya , in 2009 it

30609-498: Was in Belém , Brazil, and in 2011 it was in Dakar , Senegal . In 2012, the WSF returned to Porto Alegre. The idea of creating a meeting place for organizations and individuals opposed to Neoliberalism was soon replicated elsewhere. The first European Social Forum (ESF) was held in November 2002 in Florence . The slogan was "Against the war, against racism and against neo-liberalism". It saw

30788-413: Was inherently social and did not need to be made so. He hoped that growing prosperity would enable the population to manage much of their social security by self-reliance and end the necessity for a widespread welfare state. By the name of Volkskapitalismus , there were some efforts to foster private savings. Although average contributions to the public old age insurance were quite small, it remained by far

30967-407: Was marked by the willingness to place humanistic and social values on par with economic efficiency. Alfred Müller-Armack coined the phrase "social market economy" to emphasize the egalitarian and humanistic bent of the idea. According to Boas and Gans-Morse, Walter Eucken stated that "social security and social justice are the greatest concerns of our time". Erhard emphasized that the market

31146-614: Was organized in dozens of cities around the world on June 18, 1999, with those in London and Eugene , Oregon most often noted. The drive was called the Carnival Against Capital , or J18 for short. The day coincided with the 25th G8 Summit in Cologne, Germany. The protest in Eugene turned into a riot where local anarchists drove police out of a small park. One anarchist, Robert Thaxton ,

31325-430: Was prematurely exposed to public scrutiny and subsequently abandoned in November 1998 in the face of strenuous protest and criticism by national and international civil society representatives. The neoliberal position argued that free trade and reduction of public-sector regulation would bring benefits to poor countries and to disadvantaged people in rich countries. Anti-globalization advocates urge that preservation of

31504-439: Was seen as giving way to a social liberal desire to control markets. This shift in thinking was shaped by the Great Depression and manifested in policies designed to counter the volatility of free markets . One motivation for the development of policies designed to mitigate the volatility of capitalist free markets was a desire to avoid repeating the economic failures of the early 1930s, which have been attributed, in part, to

31683-518: Was set up to discuss and decide major issues regarding the WSF, while the local organizing committee in the host city is responsible for the practical preparations of the event. In June 2001, the IC adopted the World Social Forum Charter of Principles, which provides a framework for international, national, and local Social Forums worldwide. The WSF became a periodic meeting: in 2002 and 2003 it

31862-455: Was synonymous with both ordoliberalism and social market economy. But over time the original term neoliberalism gradually disappeared since social market economy was a much more positive term and fit better into the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) mentality of the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, numerous governments in Latin America adopted neoliberal policies. Chile was among

32041-498: Was the journalist Charles Peters , who, in 1983, published "A Neoliberal's Manifesto". Historian Elizabeth Shermer argued that the term gained popularity largely among left-leaning academics in the 1970s to "describe and decry a late twentieth-century effort by policymakers, think-tank experts, and industrialists to condemn social-democratic reforms and unapologetically implement free-market policies"; economic historian Phillip W. Magness notes its reemergence in academic literature in

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