Misplaced Pages

#124875

57-435: Glasses , also known as eyeglasses and spectacles , are vision eyewear with clear or tinted lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes , typically utilizing a bridge over the nose and hinged arms, known as temples or temple pieces, that rest over the ears. Glasses are typically used for vision correction , such as with reading glasses and glasses used for nearsightedness ; however, without

114-455: A diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can be made in a DIY fashion by making small holes in a piece of card which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms. Glasses may also house other corrective or assistive devices. After

171-410: A circular lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there are few restrictions, allowing for many trendy and fashionable shapes. Higher power lenses can distort peripheral vision and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape

228-486: A conical back surface and a cylindrical front with opposing axis in order to create a power progression. While there were several intermediate steps (H. Newbold appears to have designed a similar lens to Aves around 1913), there is evidence to suggest that Duke Elder in 1922 developed the world's first commercially available PAL (Ultrifo) sold by "Gowlland of Montreal". This was based on an arrangement of aspherical surfaces. The Carl Zeiss AG & Varilux lenses were

285-528: A full-sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding flash. Nylon frames are usually used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well as in front of the eyes. Sunglasses provide more comfort and protection against bright light and often against ultraviolet (UV) light. To properly protect

342-413: A progressive lens design, an eyecare practitioner will usually ask the customer some questions about their lifestyle, which coupled with prescription restrictions or recommendations and cost can establish the suitability of various models of progressive lens. Different lenses have different glazing restrictions, lens material availabilities, maximum and minimum fitting heights, prescription ranges and as such

399-473: A recent ophthalmic prescription are required. People who need glasses to see often have corrective lens restrictions on their driver's licenses that require them to wear their glasses every time they drive or risk fines or jail time. Some militaries issue prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically GI glasses . Many state prisons in the United States issue glasses to inmates, often in

456-432: A separate set of glasses for focusing on close by objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from drugstores , and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these have a pair of simple lenses of equal power, and so will not correct refraction problems like astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to

513-700: A strap to prevent the glasses from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their neck to prevent the loss and breaking of the glasses. Sunglasses allow for better vision in bright daylight and are used to protect one's eyes against damage from excessive levels of ultraviolet light . Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; photochromic glasses are clear or lightly tinted in dark or indoor conditions, but turn into sunglasses when they come into contact with ultraviolet light. Most over-the-counter sunglasses do not have corrective power in

570-650: A wide range of fashions are available, using plastic, metal, wire, and other materials for frames. Glasses can be marked or found by their primary function, but also appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification. Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors by bending the light entering the eye in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as nearsightedness (myopia) , farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism . The ability of one's eyes to accommodate their focus to near and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over forty years old

627-404: Is presbyopia , which is caused by the eye's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to accommodate (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more refracting) lens than the other. Corrective lenses bring the image back into focus on

SECTION 10

#1732858564125

684-454: Is "single vision", which has a uniform refractive index . For people with presbyopia and hyperopia , bifocal and trifocal glasses provide two or three different refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous gradient. Lenses can also be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to be more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices. Reading glasses provide

741-409: Is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses. The development of the first eyeglasses took place in northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century. Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed " sunglasses " for eye protection, without any corrective properties. For example, flat panes of smoky quartz were used in 12th-century China , and

798-517: Is filtered so that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the type of signal they were designed for. Anaglyph 3D glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and green. A polarized 3D system on the other hand uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters . Head-mounted displays can filter

855-545: Is mistakenly claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such evidence appears in his accounts. Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported. Visual perception Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

912-432: Is no measurable UV light from computer monitors. The problem of computer vision syndrome (CVS) can result from focusing the eyes on a screen for long, continuous periods. Many times the glasses do not appear to have much of a tint, or, if any, a slight yellow tint, but they may be more heavily tinted. Long hours of computer use (not blue light) may cause eye strain. Many eye symptoms caused by computer use will lessen after

969-403: Is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision ... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him." Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of

1026-475: Is produced from a so-called semi-finished lens. The semi-finished lens is molded with an asymmetrical power pattern on the front. On the back side a custom surfacing is made to adjust the power for each patient. This method is however problematic, especially for astigmatic prescriptions. The reason being that the semi-finished front pattern is designed for a spherical prescription. Freeform designs are tailored to each prescription and do not have this problem. Since

1083-404: Is used. However, if the lens is too small, it can drastically reduce the field of view. Bifocal , trifocal , and progressive lenses generally require a taller lens shape to leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being

1140-448: The College of Optometrists (UK) is that "the best scientific evidence currently available does not support the use of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to improve visual performance, alleviate the symptoms of eye fatigue or visual discomfort, improve sleep quality or conserve macula health." The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses that is designed to hold

1197-613: The Inuit have used snow goggles for eye protection. The earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 by Roger Bacon . The first eyeglasses were estimated to have been made in Central Italy , most likely in Pisa or Florence , by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa ( c.  1255 –1311) wrote "It

SECTION 20

#1732858564125

1254-454: The "night mode" of different operating systems, which can usually be activated outside of nighttime hours. The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) does not recommend special eyewear for computer use, although it recommends using prescription glasses measured specifically for computer screen distance (depending on individuals, but possibly 20–26 inches from the face), which are not the same as "blue-light blocking" glasses. The position of

1311-518: The 12th century, coinciding with the development of " reading stones ". There are claims that single lens magnifying glasses were being used in China during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127). Robert Grosseteste 's treatise De iride ( On the Rainbow ), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon

1368-524: The 1930s to assist people bedbound by chronic illness or spinal injury, recumbent glasses have more recently been marketed not simply as an assistive device but also as 'lazy glasses'. They do not assist with vision, although they can be worn over regular corrective glasses. Yellow-tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform a slight color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain from lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective non-prescription glasses. Depending on

1425-496: The 1980s, manufacturers have been able to minimize unwanted aberrations by: Today the complex surfaces of a progressive lens can be cut and polished on computer-controlled machines, allowing 'freeform surfacing', as opposed to the earlier casting process, thus explaining the difference in price. In short, the price is based on the technology used and the year the lens came to market. Peripheral Distortion: Progressive lenses suffer regions of aberrations and geometric distortions in

1482-574: The Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart." Venice quickly became an important center of manufacture, especially due to using the high-quality glass made at Murano . By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice governing

1539-408: The basic fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by four-bar linkage . For example, sun lenses could be easily lifted up and down while mixed with myopia lenses that always stay on. Presbyopia lenses could be also combined and easily removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses. These glasses are often used for drivers going through tunnels, with

1596-513: The cardinal Hugh de Saint-Cher reading in a scriptorium . Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen , Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging . Although concave lenses for myopia (near-sightedness) had made their first appearance in

1653-759: The company, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens , fluorescent lighting , and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain. These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames. By the end of the 2010s, eyeglasses that filter out blue light from computers , smartphones and tablets are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns about problems caused by blue light overexposure. The problems claimed range from dry eyes to eye strain , sleep cycle disruption, up to macular degeneration which can cause partial blindness. They may also block out ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, there

1710-434: The corrective glass and improve aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars , or may be attached to existing glasses. Recumbent or prism glasses are glasses that use a prism with a 90° refraction to allow the wearer to read or view a screen while lying on their back. Developed by Liverpudlian ophthalmologist Andrew McKie Reid in

1767-415: The design of the lens) narrow fields of view, clear vision in one eye only, on-axis blur, and the need to alter the natural head position in order to see clearly. Cost: Progressive lenses are more expensive than bifocal and single-vision lenses due to higher manufacturing and fitting costs. Some research has been conducted to reduce the fabrication cost by precision injection molding. When recommending

Glasses - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-454: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 754669126 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:36:04 GMT Progressive lenses The first patent for a PAL was British Patent 15,735, granted to Owen Aves with a 1907 priority date. This patent included the manufacturing process and design which was however never commercialized. Unlike modern PALs, it consisted of

1881-465: The development of the transistor in the 1940s, combined eyeglass-hearing aids became popular. With thick-rimmed glasses the fashion at the time, a hearing aid could be concealed in the temple part of the frame. These fell out of fashion after the 1970s, but there are still occasions when combined eyeglass-hearing aids may be useful. Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect

1938-609: The eye from flying debris or other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are also safety glasses for welding , which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where

1995-454: The eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the entire light spectrum that poses a danger. Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm

2052-689: The eyes in general work asymmetrically. When you look to your right, your right eye views distal ( i.e. looking through the lens near to the arm of the spectacles) while your left eye views nasal ( i.e. looking through the lens near to the bridge). Modern sophisticated progressive lenses are designed asymmetrically for greater patient acceptance and include special designs to cater to many separate types of wearer application: for example progressive addition lenses may be designed with distance to intermediate or intermediate to near prescriptions specifically for use as an occupational lens, or to offer enlarged near and intermediate view areas. The typical progressive lens

2109-483: The first PAL of modern design. Bernard Maitenaz, patented Varilux in 1953, and the product was introduced in 1959 by Société des Lunetiers (now Essilor). The first Varilux lenses' surface structure was however still close to a bifocal lens, with an upper, aberration-free half of the surface for far vision and a rather large "segment" for clear near vision. The breakthrough in user adaptation and comfort, as well as peripheral and dynamic vision however occurred in 1972 with

2166-553: The floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen , a convent near Celle in Germany; they have been dated to circa 1400. The world's first specialist shop for spectacles—what we might regard today as an optician —opened in Strasbourg (then Holy Roman Empire , now France) in 1466. The 17th-century claim by Francesco Redi that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses in the 13th century has been exposed as erroneous. Marco Polo

2223-414: The form of clear plastic aviators. Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they do not have to be custom-manufactured for every person). Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create

2280-400: The introduction of Varilux 2, for which Maitenaz created a totally aspheric design and manufacturing process. Carl Zeiss AG developed freeform technology in 1983 with its own patented progressive series Gradal HS. Early progressive lenses were relatively crude designs. Right and left were identical variable power lenses with distance and reading power centers in the upper and lower part of

2337-431: The lens, respectively. The glazing was made to accommodate eye position changes from distance viewing to reading. The point of reading is about 14 mm below and 2 mm to the nasal side in comparison to distance viewing. By tilting the reading power towards the nasal side in perfect symmetry, appropriate reading power was given to the wearer. The symmetric design, however, was difficult to accept for patients, because

Glasses - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-462: The lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors. Various metals and alloys may be used to make glasses, such as gold, silver, aluminum, beryllium , stainless steel , titanium , Monel , and nickel titanium . Natural materials such as wood, bone, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones may also be used. Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from

2451-495: The lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have photophobia as a primary symptom (like certain migraine disorders) often wear sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, even indoors and at night. Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example, 3D glasses for 3D films ( stereoscopy ). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Even with glasses used for vision correction,

2508-473: The light more tolerable. Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to another pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear contact lenses to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used. The double frame uplifting glasses have one moving frame with one pair of lenses and

2565-404: The mid-15th century, it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia. Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses riveted together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under

2622-530: The most efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either round , oval , panto, rectangular , octagonal , or square . It was not until glasses began to be seen as an accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional. Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently

2679-405: The periphery, leading to poor vision when turning the eyes down and to the sides. Different designs of progressive lenses have more or less of this distortion. Fitting: Progressive lenses require careful placement relative to the wearer's pupil centre for a distance-viewing reference position. Incorrect specification of the fitting location can cause problems for the wearer including (depending on

2736-536: The progressive lenses be removed for a short period and replaced after symptoms have subsided. Returning to an older prescription or different type of lens design (bifocal, trifocal) only serves to increase the adaptation period to the progressive lenses. Some wearers find the visual discomfort caused by these distortions outweigh the benefits of wearing PALs; this is known as progressive non-tolerance. However, manufacturers claim acceptance rates of 90%–98%. Depth perception and distance estimation can be influenced during

2793-460: The retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist . A lensmeter can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the wearer. Not only do they enhance the wearer's visual experience, but can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting. The most common type of corrective lens

2850-419: The sale of eyeglasses and a separate guild of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320. In the fourteenth century, they were very common objects: Francesco Petrarca says in one of his letters that, until he was 60, he did not need glasses, and Franco Sacchetti mentions them often in his Trecentonovelle . The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena 's 1352 portrait of

2907-639: The scene). Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed. Liquid-crystal displays emit polarized light, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and mirrorshades . Many blind people wear nearly opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity conditions wear sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make

SECTION 50

#1732858564125

2964-681: The signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewer's eyes. Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at 3D movies . Polarized and active shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can be shared between multiple units. Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into

3021-464: The specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes. Safety glasses provide eye protection against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have protection on the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-visible light or radiation . Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such as squash . Glasses wearers may use

3078-423: The upper frame serving as sunglasses and the second frame as transparent lenses. The illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes. The signal, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic display,

3135-424: The usage of the computer is stopped. Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to night mode will improve sleep. Several studies have shown that blue light from computers does not lead to eye diseases, including macular degeneration. The total amount of light entering the eyes can be adjusted without glasses using the screen brightness settings. Similarly, the blue light can often specifically be adjusted using

3192-643: The use of an emerald by Emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder . The use of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy 's Optics (which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen ( Book of Optics , c.  1021 ). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Optics and of Alhazen became available in Europe in

3249-420: The variation in quality between higher and lower end varifocal lenses is considerable. For those new to progressive lenses, an accommodation period is often required because the brain needs to learn to adapt to them. This period varies from a few hours for some individuals up to around two weeks. During this period, side effects can include headache and dizziness. It is advised that, when these symptoms set in,

#124875