85-646: Ginocchio Historic District , in Marshall, Texas is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The district takes its name from the Ginocchio family who operated a hotel, The Ginocchio , in the district during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district houses numerous historic buildings including: Allen House , The Ginocchio, T&P Depot , the Heflin-Thompson House and
170-566: A property in Texas on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a location in Harrison County, Texas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Marshall, Texas Marshall is a city in the U.S. state of Texas . It is the county seat of Harrison County and a cultural and educational center of
255-506: A car was Lady Bird Johnson , a kind of progress that excited many students. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, children of both races were forced into accepting the law of racial segregation in the state. Marshall resident George Dawson became a writer late in life when he learned to read and write at age 98. He described his childhood under segregation in his memoir Life Is So Good (2013), written with Richard Glaubman. He said that in some instances, he and other Blacks resisted
340-529: A day. Other customers and their gallons of use per day are the city of Westlake (8,640,000 gallons), Air Liquide (129,600), Air Products (1,728,000), CITGO (20,160,000), Phillips 66 (3,600,000), The Axiall subsidiary Eagle US 2 LLC (20,160,000), Entergy (21,600,000), Lake Charles Co-Gen (14,400,000), Louisiana Pigment (3,038,400) that produces Titanium White , another LyondellBasell company (720,000), and Matheson Tri-Gas (175,680). The main canal continues east, crossing under Highway 27 and joined by
425-550: A day. The canal was completed by the Louisiana Department of Public Works in 1981. The canal is 35 miles (56 km) long, with about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of underground pipe, and begins on the Old Sabine River 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Niblett's Bluff. Pump station #1 is located two miles east of the river. The canal continues running east, piped under roadways such as Louisiana Highway 109 north of Vinton ,
510-449: A number of seminaries, teaching colleges, and incipient universities, earned Marshall the nickname "the Athens of Texas", in reference to the ancient Greek city-state. The city's growing importance was confirmed when Marshall was linked by a telegraph line to New Orleans ; it was the first city in Texas to have a telegraph service. By 1860, Marshall was the fourth-largest city in Texas and
595-605: A part of the cityscape that the lighted dome of the Old Courthouse was the most recognizable symbol of the city. 2011 marked the 25th anniversary of the "Wonderland of Lights" festival. During the 2000s, the downtown area experienced moderate economic growth, which supported restoration of significant buildings. By 2005, the Joe Weisman & Company building, the T&;P Depot, the former Hotel Marshall (now known as "The Marshall"), and
680-618: A reputation for plaintiff -friendly juries for the 5% of patent lawsuits that reach trial . This has resulted in 78% plaintiff wins. The number of patent suits filed in 2002 was 32, and the number for 2006 was estimated at 234. The patent suits filed here were second-highest in number, after the United States District Court for the Central District of California in Los Angeles in 2009. The trend continued through 2011 in
765-505: A total daily contract use of 141,166,000 gallons of river water a day. Up to 450,000 gallons (about 11,000 bls) of crude oil spilled over the Sabine River when the tanker Eagle Otome , which was carrying the shipment, struck two chemical-carrying barges due to loss of engine power on January 24, 2010, at 10 am local time. Severe flooding during the first week of March 2016 was the result of record rainfalls in northern Louisiana and
850-599: A while that the names of the Sabine and Neches had been reversed, thus they claimed that the treaty established the boundary at the Neches. The first Anglo-American settlers began arriving in the region in the 1820s, soon outnumbering the Mexicans by ten to one. After the independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in 1836, the boundary between the U.S. and Texas was firmly established at
935-486: Is a belt of antebellum and Victorian homes centered on Rusk and Houston streets. To the west of downtown are some of the oldest African American neighborhoods in Texas, centered on Wiley College. To the north of Grand Avenue (US 80) are neighborhoods that were built largely by employees of the Texas and Pacific Railway. In addition to the Ginocchio National Historic District, this part of the city
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#17328593922301020-410: Is home to East Texas Baptist University , and four historic cemeteries: Marshall Cemetery, Powder Mill Cemetery, Greenwood Cemetery, and Marshall Hebrew Cemetery. Marshall has a humid subtropical climate , characterized by hot summers and fairly mild winters. On average, Marshall receives 51.34 in (1,304 mm) of precipitation per year. The precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout
1105-568: Is referred to by various nicknames: the "Cultural Capital of East Texas", the "Gateway of Texas", the "Athens of Texas", the "City of Seven Flags", and "Center Stage", a branding slogan adopted by the Marshall Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city was founded in 1841 as the seat of Harrison County after failed attempts to establish a county seat on the Sabine River . It was incorporated in 1843. The Republic of Texas decided to choose
1190-724: The Ark-La-Tex region. At the 2020 U.S. census , the population of Marshall was 23,392. The population of the Greater Marshall area, comprising all of Harrison County, was 65,631 in 2010 and 66,726 in 2018. Marshall and Harrison County were important political and production areas of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . This area of Texas was developed for cotton plantations . Planters brought slaves with them from other regions or bought them in
1275-518: The Fire Ant Festival, and the "Wonderland of Lights", which joined the longstanding Stagecoach Days. The Fire Ant Festival gained national attention through being featured on television in programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show . The "Wonderland of Lights" became the most popular and one of the largest light festivals in the United States. By 2000, the "Wonderland of Lights" had become such
1360-599: The Freedom Rides and a founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), which was active throughout the South. The Civil Rights Movement reached into the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In the 1960s, students organized the first sit-ins in Texas, in the rotunda of the county courthouse on Whetstone Square. They protested continuing segregation of public schools. This governmental practice had been declared unconstitutional in 1954 by
1445-712: The Houston River canal at pumping station #2, continuing to old Mossville. There it tees to the left, providing water to the Krause and Managan canal supplying the Nelson Industrial Steam Company (Nisco), which supplies steam and electricity to area businesses. The right tee of the canal terminates at pumping station #3 on what was 8th street in Mossville, now the Sasol complex, providing 46,080,000 gallons of river water for
1530-587: The Sabine National Forest along its western bank. South of the reservoir, it passes through the bayou country, surrounded by wetlands , as well as widespread industrial areas near the Gulf Coast. Approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of Orange, it meets the Neches River from the west to form the 17-mile-long (27 km) and 7-mile-wide (11 km) Sabine Lake , which drains through Sabine Pass to
1615-478: The Sabine Pass , Sabine Lake , and Sabine River, as far north as ― International Boundary Marker ― the thirty-second degree of north latitude. In 1843, Capt. John Clemmons made the first trip up the Sabine in the steamboat Sabine. Steamboats carried passengers, as well as commodities such as cotton, from as far north as Logansport, Louisiana , down to Sabine Pass. The pirate Jean Lafitte made many trips up
1700-689: The Seven Years' War , the capital of the Spanish province of Texas was established at Los Adaes on the east side of the river, near present-day Robeline , Louisiana. After acquiring the French territory west of the Mississippi River in 1803 Louisiana Purchase , the United States started to exert control in this area. It was at war with Native Americans in Louisiana along the Sabine River from 1836 to 1837, in
1785-560: The Southern U.S. states of Texas and Louisiana , From the 32nd parallel north and downstream, it serves as part of the boundary between the two states and empties into Sabine Lake , an estuary of the Gulf of Mexico . Over the first half of the 19th century, the river formed part of the Spanish – American , Mexican –American, and Texan –American international boundaries . The upper reaches of
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#17328593922301870-525: The Texas Rangers operated a small store at Brown's Bluff (modern-day Elderville ) on the Sabine in Gregg County, Texas . Hadden's Ferry was the site of the ground-breaking ceremony held on October 5, 1961, for the 181,600-acre Toledo Bend Reservoir . Dedicated October 11, 1969, the reservoir is the largest human-made lake in the South. Flooding of lands along the Sabine River behind the dam inundated all
1955-540: The Whaley House . The district is also home to two museums the Harrison County Historical Museum in the Ginocchio and the T&P Railway Museum in the T&P Depot. On January 26, 2007, the Heflin-Thompson House caught fire and suffered much damage. Ricky Thompson, Joel and Michelle Heflin all lost their home and most of their belongings in the fire. The museum was moved from the Ginocchio hotel to
2040-609: The six flags of the varying nations and republics that have flown over the city. Also during the Civil War, after the fall of Vicksburg , Marshall became the seat of Confederate civil authority and headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Postal Department. The city may have been the intended target of a failed Union advance that was rebuffed at Mansfield, Louisiana . Toward the end of the American Civil War,
2125-484: The 1980s, he was elected as the city's first African-American mayor . Birmingham retired in 1989 for health concerns and was succeeded by his wife, Jean Birmingham. Marshall's railroad industry declined during the restructuring of the industry; most trains were converted to diesel fuel , and many lines merged. Construction of the Interstate Highway System after World War II and expansion of trucking, plus
2210-513: The Confederate government had $ 9.0 million in treasury notes and $ 3.0 million in postage stamps shipped to Marshall. They may have intended Marshall as the destination of a government preparing to flee from advancing armies. Marshall was occupied by Union forces on June 17, 1865. During Reconstruction , the city was home to an office of the Freedmen's Bureau and was the base for federal troops in
2295-460: The Eastern District of Texas, which includes Marshall, with the number of patent lawsuits more than doubling from 2010. Marshall was profiled on This American Life , as its juries' support of plaintiffs in patent suits has generated controversy. On January 18, 2010, Dr. John Tennison, a San Antonio physician and musicologist, publicized his research that found that boogie-woogie music
2380-515: The Edgerly Big Woods road, and Highway 388, which runs to Dequincy . Just east of Louisiana Highway 27 , the canal forks to the south, running around southern Sulphur. The canal is piped under Louisiana Highway 108 , at pumping station #4, providing river water to the business area known as City Service in Westlake, and companies such as Equistar , which has a daily contract for 734,400 gallons
2465-500: The Gulf of Mexico. The city of Port Arthur, Texas , sits along the western shore of Sabine Lake Archeological evidence indicates the valley of the river has been inhabited for as long as 12,000 years by indigenous peoples. Starting in the eighth century, the Caddo inhabited the area, building extensive earthwork mounds in complexes expressing their cosmology. The Caddo culture flourished until
2550-641: The Missouri Capitol, the Moses Montefiore Synagogue, the original Viaduct, the Capitol Hotel, and the campus of Bishop College (including the Wyalucing plantation house) had been demolished. In the 1970s, the city began to study historic preservation efforts of nearby Jefferson . Since then it has emphasized preservation of historic assets. Due to newly completed construction projects, the city
2635-431: The Sabine River basin, of 18 to more than 24 inches. Toledo Bend Reservoir is considered at "full pool" at 172 ft; before the rains started, it was at 171.5 ft. On March 10, the level reached a record 174.36 ft, and 9 of the 11 gates were opened to 22 ft (two gates were out of commission for repairs). Lake Tawakoni , east of Dallas on the Sabine River, was 2 feet above full pool and Lake Fork Reservoir
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2720-458: The Sabine and reportedly started the colony of Shacklefoot on the Texas side of the Sabine River, south of Carter's ferry up Bayou Patroon. During the American Civil War , on September 8, 1863, a small Confederate force thwarted a Union invasion of Texas at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass , fought at the mouth of the river. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the middle course of
2805-653: The Sabine in accordance with the Adams-Onis Treaty. The river served as the western boundary of the United States until the Texas Annexation in 1845. In July 1848, the 30th United States Congress passed a public law endorsing the government of the United States to the Texas legislature to extend the Texas eastern boundary. The Act of Congress provisioned the State of Texas to geographical limits for incorporating one half of
2890-543: The T&P's workshops and general offices for Texas in Marshall. The city immediately had a population explosion from workers attracted to the potential for new jobs there. By 1880, the city was one of the South 's largest cotton markets, with crops and other products shipped by the railroad. The city's prosperity attracted new businesses: J. Weisman and Co. opened here as the first department store in Texas. When one light bulb
2975-594: The US Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education . In 1970, all Marshall public schools were finally integrated. Also in that year, Carolyn Abney became the first woman to be elected to the Marshall City Commission. In April 1975, nearly a decade after passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 , local businessman Sam Birmingham became the first African American to be elected to the city commission. In
3060-434: The birthplace of Boogie Woogie. The city of Marshall is roughly 150 miles (240 km) east of Dallas , and 40 miles (64 km) west of Shreveport, Louisiana . Marshall is closer to the capitals of Arkansas ( Little Rock , 217 miles (349 km)) and Mississippi ( Jackson , 256 miles (412 km)) than it is to the capital of Texas ( Austin , 275 miles (443 km)). The intersection of U.S. routes 59 and 59 and
3145-475: The city and county governments by fraud and intimidation at elections. Their militia ran Unionists, Republicans and many African Americans out of town. The Lanes ultimately declared Marshall and Harrison County "redeemed" from Union and African-American control. Despite this, the African-American community continued to progress. The historically black Bishop College was founded in 1881, and Wiley College
3230-412: The city is bisected along an east–west axis by US 80, which east of its intersection with U.S. 59 is called Victory Drive and west of US 59 is named Grand Avenue. The Harrison County Airport and Airport Baseball Park are located to the south of Victory Drive off of Warren Drive. To the west of U.S. Route 59 , south of Pinecrest Drive, are older suburbs ; north of Pinecrest Drive, the oldest portion of
3315-653: The city stretches northward over seven hills. This portion of the city radiates out from downtown, which is centered on the Old Harrison County Courthouse in Peter Whetstone Square. Immediately to the north of the square is the Ginocchio National Historic District , where the city's Amtrak station is located. This region of the city is bisected along an east–west axis by Grand Avenue ( U.S. Route 80 ). Spreading out from downtown
3400-564: The city's substantial African-American population worked to create social change through the Civil Rights Movement , with considerable support from the historically black colleges and universities in the area. The city is known for holding one of the largest light festivals in the United States, the "Wonderland of Lights". It identifies as the self-proclaimed "Pottery Capital of the World", for its sizable pottery industry. Marshall
3485-428: The city. In terms of the city's economy, the 1960s through 1980s were a period of decline, largely because of the oil industry and manufacturing changes. Population declined after jobs left the area. Longview surpassed Marshall in population and economy. In the 1980s and 1990s, the city began to concentrate on diversifying its economy. It has emphasized heritage and other tourism. The city founded two new festivals,
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3570-477: The dam was nearly 208,000 ft per second for 31 hours, equating to 1.5 million gallons per second. Catastrophic flooding was predicted to be from 2 to 5 ft above record floods of 1884 and 1889. During peak flooding, Deweyville, Texas was surrounded by water, accessible only by air or boat. The flood stage is 24 ft, but reached 33.24 ft on March 10, 2016, which was 9.24 ft above flood stage. A group of Texas residents who suffered damage in
3655-435: The demands of Jim Crow. For instance, he rejected one employer who expected him to eat with her dogs. As blacks were being excluded from politics and tensions rose, more lynchings of black men took place, a form of extrajudicial punishment and social control. Beginning in the late 19th century, a total of 14 Black men were lynched in the county, the third-highest total in the state. Suspects were often brought to Marshall for
3740-749: The dividing line between the Old South and the New Southwest. The Sabine rises in northeast Texas by the union of three branches: the Cowleech Fork, Caddo Fork, and South Fork. The Cowleech Fork rises in northwestern Hunt County and flows southeast for 49.2 miles (79.2 km). The Caddo Fork, shown as "Caddo Creek" on federal maps, rises in two tributary forks, the East Caddo Fork and the West Caddo Fork, in northwestern Hunt County. The South Fork rises in
3825-420: The domestic slave trade . The county had the highest number of slaves in the state, and East Texas had a higher proportion of slaves than other regions of the state. The wealth of the county and city depended on slave labor and the cotton market. The late 19th century until the mid-20th century, Marshall developed as a large railroad center of the Texas and Pacific Railway . Following World War II, activists in
3910-415: The early 20th century, and more than any other county in Texas. In the rural areas of Harrison County, more interaction occurred between whites and African-Americans than in the city, and whites and blacks were often neighbors. However, Jim Crow rules were strongly imposed on African-Americans. In 1909, a field of natural gas was discovered near Caddo Lake ; it was exploited to supply city needs. Under
3995-406: The east bank of the Sabine River on land purchased from Vicinte Michele. Chabinan built a ferry landing on the river called Paso del Chaland. Louisiana State Highway 6 (La 6) and Texas State Highway 21 now meet near here, at the site of the present-day Pendleton Bridge. In 1796, Chabinan was drowned after being kicked by a horse and falling into the Sabine. Michel Crow married his widow and ran
4080-603: The ferry sites within its boundary. The 1970 Louisiana Legislature passed Acts 90 and 117, creating the Sabine River Diversion Canal, for the purpose of supplying fresh river water to businesses in Lake Charles , Sulphur , Westlake , and what was Mossville (now the Sasol complex), as well as to farmers along the canal, with a total capacity of 216,000,000 US gallons (820,000,000 L; 180,000,000 imp gal)
4165-605: The ferry to Carter, who became the namesake. Farther north, and just above Bayou Lanan, was Williamson Ferry. Other ferries on the Sabine River: The main Sabine River crossings were the El Camino Real (King's Highway) from Natchitoches , or "Upper Route" from Shreveport ; and the "Lower" Route, from Opelousas called "The Old Beef Trail". It was used to drive thousands of cattle from Texas to Alexandria, Louisiana , for shipment to cities such as New Orleans . Hickman Ferry
4250-579: The ferry, until he sold it to James Gaines circa 1819; it was renamed Gaines Ferry . This ferry was in service until 1937, when it was replaced by the Pendleton Bridge, built during the Great Depression. Crow also operated a ferry he had started upriver, a 120-foot crossing started in 1796. It linked what became known as Carter's Ferry Road, now Texas FM 276. Carter's ferry was 25 miles from San Augustine and 15 miles from Many, Louisiana . Crow sold
4335-512: The flooding met March 17, 2016, to discuss a class-action suit against the Sabine River Authority (SRA), based on their belief that it had mismanaged water release. The issue is under review by counsel. According to local ABC affiliate KBMT-TV , SRA spokesperson Ann Galassi stated that the SRA has guidelines it has to follow and those cannot be altered based on weather forecasts. She said that
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#17328593922304420-707: The former Harrison County Courthouse were either restored or under restoration. Restaurants, boutiques, and loft apartments were developed in downtown, adding to the variety of its daily life and the number of pedestrians on the streets. Some projects adapted historic structures for reuse. Many historic homes outside of downtown continue to deteriorate. Some structures in moderate condition were approved for demolition for replacement by prefabricated or tin structures. Whetstone Square has become quite busy again, with few empty buildings around it. Lack of funding and manpower has slowed movement on demolition and salvage of historic homes. The Sam B. Hall, Jr. Federal Courthouse has been
4505-571: The guidelines are designed to protect the infrastructure of the dam. After the record flood event, the regulatory commission could possibly review the guidelines, and she said that the SRA would welcome that. The SRA of Texas states, "The Authority was created as a conservation and reclamation district with responsibilities to control, store, preserve, and distribute the waters of the Sabine River and its tributary streams for useful purposes." The site also states, "Toledo Bend Project-since its inception and original development over 50 years ago-has never been
4590-544: The increase in airline traffic, also led to railway declines. The T&P shops closed in the 1960s, and T&P passenger service ceased in 1970. The Texas oil bust of the 1980s devastated the local economy. The city's population declined by about 1,000 between 1980 and 1990. During the mid-20th century, the city lost many of its historic landmarks to redevelopment or neglect. For a time people preferred "modern" structures. Other buildings were demolished because tax laws favored new construction. By 1990, Marshall's opera house,
4675-498: The intersection of U.S. 59 and Interstate 20 are located within the city limits of Marshall. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 29.7 square miles (76.8 km ), of which 29.6 square miles (76.6 km ) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km ), or 0.22%, is covered by water. The city is bisected along a north–south axis by East End Boulevard (US 59). The eastern half of
4760-428: The land donated for the seat by Peter Whetstone and Isaac Van Zandt after Whetstone had proven that the hilly location had a good water source. The city quickly became a major city in the state because of its position as a gateway to Texas; it was on the route of several major stagecoach lines. Later, one of the first railroad lines constructed into Texas ran through it. The founding of several colleges, including
4845-414: The largest volume of any river in Texas. The name Sabine ( es : Río de Sabinas ) comes from the Spanish word for cypress , in reference to the extensive growth of bald cypresses along the lower river. The river flows through an important petroleum -producing region, and the lower river near the Gulf is among the most industrialized areas of the southeastern United States. The river was often described as
4930-488: The late 13th century. Descendants of the Caddo were living along the river when the first European explorers arrived in the 16th century. The river was named in 1716 by Spanish explorer Domingo Ramón, and appeared as Río de Sabinas on a 1721 map. The river was used by French traders, and at various times, the river was claimed by both Spain and France. After the acquisition by Spain of the French territory of Louisiana in 1763, following France's defeat by Great Britain in
5015-494: The laws the party supported. This suit overturned Jim Crow in the county with the Perry v. Cyphers ruling. Heman Sweatt , a Wiley graduate, tried to enroll in the University of Texas at Austin Law School , but was denied entry because of his race. He sued and the United States Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of postgraduate studies in public universities in Texas in its ruling in Sweatt v. Painter (1950). James Farmer , another Wiley graduate, became an organizer of
5100-413: The leadership of John L. Lancaster , the Texas and Pacific Railway enjoyed its height of success during the first half of the 20th century. Marshall's ceramics industry expanded to the point that the city was called by boosters the "Pottery Capital of the World". In 1930, what was then the largest oil field in the world was discovered at nearby Kilgore . The first student at Marshall High School to have
5185-506: The lynchings, or taken from the county jail before trial and hanged in the courthouse square for maximum public effect of terrorizing the black population. Between October 1903 and August 1917, at least 12 black men were lynched in Marshall. Not all instances of lynching were documented, so there may have been others. In the early and mid-20th century, Marshall's traditionally black colleges , Wiley and Bishop, were thriving intellectual and cultural centers. The writer Melvin B. Tolson , who
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#17328593922305270-407: The naming of the Sabine and Neches and sometimes showed them flowing independently into the Gulf of Mexico. After the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, a dispute over the boundary between the U.S. and Spain led to a demilitarized zone agreement on November 6, 1806, negotiated by Gen. James Wilkinson and Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera , to establish a neutral territory on both sides of
5355-543: The period when it was trying to remove the Indians to Indian Territory from the Southeast. The Sabine River was too deep to ford, and proved to be navigable. Early travelers and settlers would have to swim the river on horseback and cattle would have to be driven into the river to swim across. Ferries were later put into service. By the 1840s, steamboats were travelling from Logansport to Sabine Lake. Recorded ferry use began 1794, when Louis Chabinan (Sharben), his wife Margarite LaFleur, and their four children settled on
5440-408: The quality of the river. In addition, draining of wetlands and dredging of bayous has caused decline in the acreage of wetlands, resulting in coastal erosion, and making the area much more vulnerable to hurricane damage. The lower river, south of Orange to Sabine Lake, forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway , carrying barge traffic and some pleasure boats. As a young man, Captain Bill McDonald of
5525-404: The rear of the Memorial City Hall located at the southeast corner of the town square, and the Ginocchio hotel is currently being renovated with the new Ginocchio Restaurant and Bar slated to open soon. The T&P museum remains in the depot and is open according to their posted hours. [REDACTED] Media related to Ginocchio Historic District at Wikimedia Commons This article about
5610-471: The region. In 1873 the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wiley College to educate freedmen. African Americans came to the city seeking opportunities and protection until 1878. Although freedmen comprised the majority of voters in the county and supported the Republican Party, establishing a bi-racial government, in the post-Reconstruction era, the White Citizens Party, led by former Confederate General Walter P. Lane and his brother George, took control of
5695-461: The river flow through the prairie country of northeast Texas. Along much of its lower reaches, it flows through pine forests along the Texas–Louisiana border, and eventually the bayou country near the Gulf Coast. The river drains an area of 9,756 square miles (25,270 km ), of which 7,426 square miles (19,230 km ) are in Texas and 2,330 square miles (6,000 km ) in Louisiana. It flows through an area of abundant rainfall and discharges
5780-437: The river flows past Kilgore , Mineola , Gladewater , Big Sandy , and Longview , the largest city on the river, to southwest of Shreveport at the 32nd parallel north , where it establishes the Texas-Louisiana boundary. It flows south, forming the state line for the remainder of its course. It is impounded 10 miles (16 km) west of Leesville, Louisiana , to form the 70-mile-long (110 km) Toledo Bend Reservoir , with
5865-447: The river was an area of widespread logging . The discovery of petroleum at nearby Spindletop led to the river basin becoming the scene of widespread oil drilling. The lower river became heavily industrialized, and developed with many oil refineries and chemical plants. Such alteration to the wetlands resulted in a degradation of the water quality. Since the late 20th century, there have been federal, state, and local efforts to restore
5950-435: The river. Neither country would put military troops or civil police there. The indefinite boundary was resolved by the Adams–Onis Treaty of 1819, which established the Sabine River as the boundary from the Gulf to the 32nd parallel. The Spanish delay in the ratification of the treaty, and Mexico gaining independence in 1821, reignited the boundary dispute. The United States, at the insistence of Anthony Butler , claimed for
6035-478: The seat of its richest county. Developing the land for cotton plantations , county planters held more slaves here than in any other county in the state. Many planters and other whites were strongly against the Union because of their investment in slavery. When Governor Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America, Marshall's Edward Clark was sworn in as governor. Pendleton Murrah , Texas's third Confederate governor,
6120-534: The southwestern corner of Hunt County and flows east for 28.3 miles (45.5 km), joining the Caddo Fork and Cowleech Fork in southeastern Hunt County. The confluence of the forks is now submerged in the Lake Tawakoni reservoir. The combined river flows southeast across northeast Texas and is joined by a fourth branch, Lake Fork Creek , 70.0 miles (112.7 km) downstream from the reservoir. In northeast Texas,
6205-607: The state's actions, with the exception of Texas's 23rd congressional district ; redistricting was required that affected neighboring districts, as well. This had little effect on the new Republican majority of the Texas Congressional delegation after the 2004 elections. An unusually high number of patent lawsuits were being filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas , which includes Marshall, Tyler , and Texarkana . TiVo sued EchoStar over digital video recorder patent rights. Marshall has
6290-658: The teachings of professors such as Tolson, students and former students of the colleges mobilized to challenge and dismantle Jim Crow laws and institutions in the 1950s and 1960s. Fred Lewis, as the secretary of the Harrison County National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), challenged the White Citizens Party in Harrison County, which had the oldest chapter in Texas, and
6375-707: The venue for several cases challenging state practices under provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . For instance, the Democratic Party challenged the 2003 redistricting by the state legislature, arguing that it diluted minority rights. Combined with two other cases, these issues were heard by the United States Supreme Court in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry (2006). It upheld
6460-433: The year, with only July receiving less than 3.5 in (89 mm) on average. In the spring, severe weather is not uncommon, and tornadoes have hit the city in the past, including an F2 that struck the south side of town in 2000, wiping out a Domino's Pizza on US Highway 59. Sabine River (Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana) The Sabine River ( / s ə ˈ b iː n / ) is a 360-mile (580 km) long river in
6545-447: Was 1 1/2 feet above full pool. When the reservoir level dropped to 173.69 ft, 9 gates were in operation at 20 ft. The previous record level of 173.93 ft was on May 18, 1989. At that time, the spillway gates were opened to 9 ft. The maximum height is 28 ft and with nine 9 gates open, the discharge rate is over 190,000 ft per second, which is equivalent to the flow over Niagara Falls . The peak water flow from
6630-466: Was a shipping point for areas as far west as Burkeville . Sabine River ports from Sabine Pass in river mileage were "Belgrade", 171 miles; "Stark's Landing" 191 miles; "Loftin Ferry", and "Bayou Lanacoco" 220 miles; "Hickman's Ferry" 252 miles; "Burnham's Landing" 261 miles; and "Burr's Ferry" 281 miles. The area's geography remained one of the least understood in the region. Various Spanish maps had errors in
6715-489: Was also from Marshall. The city became a major Confederate supply depot and manufacturer of gunpowder for the Confederate Army . It hosted three conferences of Trans-Mississippi and Indian Territory leaders. The exiled Confederate government of Missouri established Marshall as its temporary capital. The city took the nickname of the "City of Seven Flags". This was a nod to the flag of Missouri , in addition to
6800-501: Was certified by the Freedman's Aid Society in 1882. Marshall's "Railroad Era" began in the early 1870s. Harrison County citizens voted to offer a $ 300,000 bond subsidy, and the City of Marshall offered to donate land north of the downtown to the Texas and Pacific Railway if the company would establish a center in Marshall. T&P President Jay Gould accepted the business incentive, locating
6885-556: Was first developed in the Marshall area in the early 1870s. It originated among African Americans working with the T&P Railroad and the logging industry. On May 13, 2010, the Marshall City Commission unanimously passed an ordinance declaring Marshall to be "the Birthplace of Boogie Woogie". On September 2, 2018, the Harrison County Historic Commission unveiled a state Texas Historic Marker that declares Marshall as
6970-455: Was installed in the Texas and Pacific Depot, Marshall became the first city in Texas to have electricity. During this period of wealth, many of the city's now historic homes were constructed. The city's most prominent industry, pottery manufacturing, began with the establishment of Marshall Pottery in 1895. Despite the prosperity of the railroad era, some city residents struggled with poverty. Blacks were severely discriminated against under what
7055-585: Was known as Jim Crow laws and customs. At the turn of the 20th century, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed segregation laws and disenfranchised most blacks and Hispanics , as did all the states of the former Confederacy in this period. These minorities were essentially excluded from the political system for more than 60 years. Unable to vote, they were also excluded from juries and suffered injustices from all-white juries . In addition, from 1877 to 1950, Harrison County had 14 lynchings, most in
7140-467: Was one of 10 designated in 1976 as an All-America City by the National Civic League . In 1978, Taipei mayor Lee Teng-hui , and Marshall mayor William Q. Burns, signed legislation recognizing Marshall as a sister city to the much larger Taipei. During this period, Bill Moyers won an Emmy for his documentary, Marshall, Texas: Marshall, Texas , chronicling the history of race relations in
7225-648: Was part of the Harlem Renaissance in New York City, taught at Wiley College. Painter Samuel Countee, a Texas-born student of Bishop College in the mid-1930s, exhibited at the Harmon Exhibitions in 1935–1937 and won a scholarship to study at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts . Countee had a successful career as a teacher and artist in the New York City area, where he lived for the rest of his life. Inspired by
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