Misplaced Pages

#126873

51-654: They speak the Gilaki language , an Iranian language that is closely related to Mazandarani . The region south of the Caspian Sea, what is now called Gilan, was also referred to as Daylam . and the inhabitants of the region were called the Daylamites . Scholars suggest a link between the Gilaks and the Zazas . Zaza call themselves Dimlī or Dīmla, which derived from the world Daylam . Dimli

102-514: A derivative of Proto-Indo-European language *ar-yo- , meaning "one who assembles (skilfully)". In the Iranic languages spoken on the plateau, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier, included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of the Avesta , and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names Alan ( Ossetian : Ир Ir ) and Iron ( Ирон ). When used as a linguistic term Iranian

153-457: A low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani , and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area. In Mazandaran , Gilaki is spoken in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon . Although the dialect is influenced by Mazandarani , it is still considered a Gilaki dialect. Furthermore, the eastern Gilaki dialect is spoken throughout

204-460: A third separate language group of the Caspian area. In Mazandaran , the Gilaks reside in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon . There, though their dialects are influenced by Mazandarani , they are still considered dialects of the Gilaki language. Furthermore, the eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river . In Qazvin province , the Gilaks reside in the northern parts of

255-503: A third-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to the Iranian peoples . The Middle-Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian language *arya- (meaning " Aryan ", i.e. "of the Iranians"), recognized as

306-437: Is a member of the Caspian subgroup. There are many subdialects of Gilaki, and, progressing to the east, it gradually blends into Mazandarani . The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani . The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani , and so these dialects should probably be considered

357-443: Is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language . Some scholars such as John R. Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category, and Iranian for anything about the modern country of Iran . He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic . This use of

408-458: Is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed c.  520 BCE , and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by

459-408: Is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Old Parthian . Additionally,

510-460: Is never prefixed onto the stem, and the negative prefix nV- can act like an infix -n- , coming between the prefix and the stem. So from fagiftən , "to get", we get present indicative fagirəm , but present subjunctive fágirəm , and the negative of both, faángirəm or fanígirəm . The same applies to the negative of the past tenses : fángiftəm or fanígiftəm . Gilaki employs a combination of quasi-case endings and postpositions to do

561-451: Is not known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in

SECTION 10

#1732847453127

612-564: Is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western. The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: Proto-Iranian , which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian . This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia , and the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BCE. The language

663-467: Is spoken in different regions with different dialects and accents. The number of Gilaki speakers is estimated at 3 to 4 million. Ethnologue reports that the use of Gilaki is decreasing as the speaker population is decreasing. Gilaki has the same consonants as Persian, but different vowels. Here is a table of correspondences for the Western Gilaki of Rasht , which will be the variety used in

714-644: Is the name of the Zaza language . Gilaki people live both alongside the Alborz mountains, and in the surrounding plains. Consequentially, those living along the northern side of the Alborz mountains tend to raise livestock, while those living in the plains farm. Gilaks play an important role in provincial and national economy, supplying a large portion of the region's agricultural staples, such as rice, grains, tobacco, and tea. Other major industries include fishing and caviar exports, and

765-545: Is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit . On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian

816-1160: The Achaemenid Empire ) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta ). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire ), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire ), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2000s , Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 languages in the group. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in

867-615: The Caucasus and West Asia and are particularly close to the South Caucasus groups— Georgians , Armenians , and Azerbaijanis . Iranians from Tehran and Isfahan are situated more distantly from these groups. The Gilaks display a high frequency of Y-DNA haplogroups R1b , J2a , and G2a3b . During the Safavid , Afsharid , and Qajar eras, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians , Circassians , Armenians and by other peoples of

918-428: The 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan , which take their name from their use in the Avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in

969-460: The Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin ). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect

1020-818: The Caucasus , whose descendants still live across Gilan. [REDACTED] Media related to Gilaks at Wikimedia Commons Gilaki language Gilaki ( گیلٚکي زٚوؤن romanized: Gilɵki Zɵvon ) is an Iranian language belonging to the Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern branch , spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people . Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani . The two languages of Gilaki and Mazandarani have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically Kartvelian languages ), reflecting

1071-589: The Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic -derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script , though Bactrian

SECTION 20

#1732847453127

1122-635: The Gilaki and Mazandarani. Based on mtDNA HV1 sequences, the Gilaks and Mazandarani most closely resemble their geographic and linguistic neighbors, namely other Iranian groups. However, their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from the South Caucasus . A scenario that explains these differences is a south Caucasian origin for the ancestors of the Gilaki and Mazandarani, followed by introgression of women (but not men) from local Iranian groups, possibly because of patrilocality. Given that both mtDNA and language are maternally transmitted,

1173-469: The Gilaki language and standard Persian . Persian is the official language of education in Iran, and since teachers are discouraged from using regional dialects and accents in class, the Gilaki language is taught to children at home. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages . However, with the growth of education and press,

1224-553: The North-Western branch of Iranian languages . It has been suggested that their ancestors came from the Caucasus region, perhaps displacing an earlier group in the South Caspian. Linguistic evidence supports this scenario, in that the Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages . There have been patterns analyzed of mtDNA and Y chromosome variation in

1275-446: The ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two has survived. These are: Indirectly attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below . Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of Fars ) by the inhabitants of Parsa , Persia, or Persis who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian

1326-436: The case of vowel stems). From the infinitive dín , "to see", we get present stem din- . The present indicative is formed by adding the personal endings to this stem: The present subjunctive is formed with the prefix bí- , bú- , or bə- (depending on the vowel in the stem) added to the indicative forms. Final /e/ neutralizes to /ə/ in the 3rd singular and the plural invariably lacks final /i/. The negative of both

1377-501: The differentiation between Gilaki language and other Iranian languages is likely to disappear. Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani and the two languages have similar vocabularies. These two languages retain more than Persian does of the noun declension system that was characteristic of older Iranian languages. The Gilaks and their closely related Mazandarani occupy the South Caspian region of Iran and speak languages belonging to

1428-409: The existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a " Median " substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in

1479-693: The far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern . The Western family includes Parthian ( Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian , while Bactrian , Sogdian , Khwarezmian , Saka , and Old Ossetic ( Scytho - Sarmatian ) fall under

1530-453: The following branches: According to modern scholarship, the Avestan languages are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from Proto-Iranian before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus

1581-650: The history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of the Gilak people and Mazandarani people . The language is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki , Eastern Gilaki and Galeshi/Deylami . The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid River , while Galeshi is spoken in the mountains of eastern Gilan and western Mazandaran . There are three main dialects but larger cities in Gilan have slight variations to

Gilaks - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-428: The incorporation of local Iranian women would have resulted in the concomitant replacement of the ancestral Caucasian language and mtDNA types of the Gilaki and Mazandarani with their current Iranian language and mtDNA types. Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA may be a more general phenomenon than previously recognized. The Mazandarani and Gilaki groups fall inside a major cluster consisting of populations from

1683-403: The indicative and the subjunctive is formed in the same way, with n- instead of the b- of the subjunctive. From xurdən , "to eat", we get the perfect stem xurd . To this are added unaccented personal endings and the unaccented b- prefix (or accented n- for the negative): The imperfect is formed with what was originally a suffix -i : The pluperfect is paraphrastically formed with

1734-467: The main ethnic groups that reside in the northern parts of Iran. The Gilaks are closely related to the neighboring Mazandarani , and other groups of Caucasus descent, such as Georgians , Armenians , and Azerbaijanis . Gilaks make up approximately 70% of the population in Gilan province . Gilaki, which has two main dialect types, eastern and western, with the Safidrūd River as the general border,

1785-819: The noun they modify, and may have the genitive "case ending" -ə/-i . They do not agree with the nouns they modify. Iranian languages The Iranian languages , also called the Iranic languages , are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples , predominantly in the Iranian Plateau . The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from

1836-483: The production of silk. In addition to agricultural activities, Gilaks also control other principal sectors of commerce of the province of Gilan such as tourism, and share administrative and government positions with civil servants from other regions of Iran. The population of Gilaks is estimated to be between 3 and 4 million (2006 estimation). They mainly live along the southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea and are one of

1887-408: The protasis and apodosis of unreal conditions, e.g., mən agə Əkbəra bidé bim, xušhal bubosti bim, "If I were to see/saw/had seen Akbar, I would be happy". There are two very common paraphrastic constructions for the present and past progressives . From the infinitive šon , "to go", we get: There are many compound verbs in Gilaki, whose forms differ slightly from simple verbs. Most notably, bV-

1938-557: The province, in Alamut . Apart from four Turkish-speaking villages higher up, the inhabitants of Alamut speak Gilaki and those of Rudbar Tati. The Gilaki language is a member of the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages . It is the main language spoken amongst the Gilak people, although various regional and local dialects of the Gilaki language are common. Gilak people are fluent in both

1989-509: The reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe , the Iranian Plateau , and Central Asia. Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include:

2040-472: The recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called " Scythian " and in one instance, Median ( σπάκα "dog"). Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped into "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it

2091-418: The remainder of the article: There are nine vowel phonemes in the Gilaki language: The consonants are: The verb system of Gilaki is very similar to that of Persian. All infinitives end in -tən/-dən , or in -V:n , where V: is a long vowel (from contraction of an original *-Vdən ). The present stem is usually related to the infinitive, and the past stem is just the infinitive without -ən or -n (in

Gilaks - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-540: The south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with

2193-454: The state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages .) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in

2244-452: The term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen . Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan ( Iranian ) and Indo-Aryan ( Indic ). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into

2295-506: The turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp. The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among

2346-542: The valley of the Chalus river. In Qazvin province , Gilaki is spoken in northern parts of the province, in Alamut . Gilaki, is an inflected and genderless language. It is considered SVO , although in sentences employing certain tenses the order may be SOV . Gilaki is the language of the majority of people in Gilan province and also a native and well-known language in Mazandaran , Qazvin and Alborz provinces. Gilaki

2397-402: The verb bon , "to be", and the past participle , which is in turn formed with the perfect stem+ə (which can assimilate to become i or u ). The accent can fall on the last syllable of the participle or on the stem itself: A curious innovation of Western Gilaki is the past subjunctive , which is formed with the (artificial) imperfect of bon +past participle : This form is often found in

2448-399: The way they speak. These "sub-dialects" are Rashti, Rudbari, Some’e Sarai, Lahijani, Langerudi, Rudesari, Bandar Anzali, Fumani, Alamouti and Taleghani. Progressing to the east, Gilaki gradually blends into Mazandarani . The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani . The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to

2499-415: The word "per", father, we have: The genitive can change to -i , especially before some postpositions. The 1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms: The 3rd person (demonstrative) pronouns are regular: /un/, /u.ˈʃan/, /i.ˈʃan/ With the genitive can be combined many postpositions . Examples: The personal pronouns have special forms with "-re": mere, tere, etc. Gilaki adjectives come before

2550-549: The work of many particles and prepositions in English and Persian. There are essentially three "cases" in Gilaki, the nominative (or, better, unmarked, as it can serve other grammatical functions), the genitive , and the (definite) accusative . The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. A noun in the genitive comes before the word it modifies. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian ra . For

2601-540: Was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia and Kazakhstan . It was thus in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family , such as Thracian , Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe to the north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus ), according to

SECTION 50

#1732847453127
#126873