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65-456: In 1817, Domenico Ghirardelli was born in Rapallo , Italy , to an "exotic foods importer" and his wife. Domenico received his first education in the chocolate trade when he was apprenticed to a local candymaker as a child. By the time he was 20, Ghirardelli had sailed to Uruguay with his wife to work in a chocolate and coffee business. A year later, Ghirardelli moved to Lima , Peru , and opened

130-606: A French physician who had been lost at sea, and she had an eight-month-old child, Carmen. He and Carmen had seven children: Virginia (1847–1867); Domenico Jr. (1849–1932); Joseph Nicholas (1852–1906); Elvira (1856–1908); Louis (1857–1902); Angela (1859–1936); and Eugene Gustave (1860–?). He died on January 17, 1894, in Rapallo, Italy from influenza. His body was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California along with

195-454: A stovepipe , a derby , a red-laced Army cap, and another cap suited to a martial band-master. There was an 1828 French franc and a handful of the Imperial bonds that he sold to tourists at a fictitious 7% interest. Also found were fake telegrams, including one purporting to be from Tsar Alexander II of Russia congratulating Norton on his forthcoming marriage to Queen Victoria and another from

260-624: A January," by Neil Gaiman and Shawn McManus , and is voiced by John Lithgow in the Audible audiobook version of the comic . He appeared briefly in Captain America Comics #11. There have been a number of television adaptations of the Norton story. In the June 15, 1956, episode of the western anthology series Death Valley Days , titled "Emperor Norton," Parker Garvie played the title character. In

325-580: A brief period of prosperity, Norton made a business gambit in late 1852 that played out poorly, ultimately forcing him to declare bankruptcy in 1856. Norton proclaimed himself "Emperor of these United States" in September 1859, a role he played for the rest of his life. Norton had no formal political power but was treated deferentially in San Francisco and elsewhere in California, and currency issued in his name

390-446: A confectionery store. In 1847, nine years later, James Lick (Ghirardelli's neighbor) moved to San Francisco, California, with 600 lb (270 kg) of Ghirardelli's chocolate. Ghirardelli remained and continued to operate his store in Peru. In 1849, Ghirardelli received news of the gold strike at Sutter's Mill and sailed to California. After doing some prospecting, Ghirardelli opened

455-496: A dignified farewell. Norton's funeral on Saturday, January 10, was solemn, mournful, and large. Paying their respects were members of "all classes from capitalists to the pauper, the clergyman to the pickpocket, well-dressed ladies and those whose garb and bearing hinted of the social outcast". The next day, the San Francisco Chronicle reported, under the headline "Le Roi Est Mort," that some 10,000 people had come to view

520-538: A general store in Stockton, California , offering supplies and confections to fellow miners. Ghirardelli's tent-based store was one of the first shops set up in the area. Several months later, Ghirardelli opened a second store on the corner of Broadway and Battery in San Francisco, which became, in 1850, his first establishment in that city. Ghirardelli had a general store in Hornitos, California , between 1856 and 1859, during

585-445: A gentle and kindly man, and fortunately found himself in the friendliest and most sentimental city in the world, the idea being 'let him be emperor if he wants to.' San Francisco played the game with him." The life of Emperor Norton was the inspiration for L'Empereur Smith , a Lucky Luke comic book adventure published in 1976. Norton also appears as a character in the comic book The Sandman , Vol. 2, No. 31, "Three Septembers and

650-494: A gold rush, where he perfected his chocolate recipes. The remains of the store can still be seen in town. A fire on May 3, 1851 , destroyed Ghirardelli's San Francisco business, and a few days later, his Stockton store also burned down. However, in September of the same year, Ghirardelli used his remaining assets to open the Cairo Coffee House in San Francisco. This business venture proved unsuccessful, and Ghirardelli opened

715-600: A grave site at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Colma, California . Mark Twain resided in San Francisco during part of Emperor Norton's public life, and modeled the character of the King in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on him. Robert Louis Stevenson made Norton a character in his 1892 novel, The Wrecker . Stevenson's stepdaughter Isobel Osbourne mentioned Norton in her autobiography This Life I've Loved , stating that he "was

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780-575: A jury for a case of a man accused of stealing a bar of gold from Wells, Fargo & Co. and, in August 1858, Norton ran an ad announcing his candidacy for US Congress. By 1859, Norton had become completely discontented with what he considered the inadequacies of the legal and political structures of the United States. In July 1859, he issued a brief manifesto addressed to the "Citizens of the Union". It outlined in

845-601: A merchant in Hornitos , California. In 1852, he moved to San Francisco and established the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company at what would come to be known as Ghirardelli Square . According to the San Francisco Chronicle he is San Francisco's most successful chocolatier. Around the year 1865, a worker at the Ghirardelli factory discovered that by hanging a bag of ground cacao beans in a warm room,

910-416: A new king). It quickly became evident that Norton had died in complete poverty, contrary to rumors of wealth. Five or six dollars in small change was found on his person, and a search of his room at the boarding house on Commercial Street turned up a single gold sovereign, worth around $ 2.50. His possessions included his collection of walking sticks, his rather battered sabre, a variety of headgear, including

975-444: A new store, named Ghirardely & Girard, on the corner of Washington and Kearny Streets in San Francisco. Soon afterward, Ghirardelli was making enough money to send for his family, who were still living in Peru. He changed the company's name to D. Ghirardelli & Co. and, in 1852, imported 200 lb (91 kg) of cocoa beans. The company was incorporated in 1852 and has been in continuous operation since. The next year, in 1853,

1040-547: A number of letters to Kamehameha V , the King of Hawaii at the time, regarding an estate in the Kingdom of Hawaii . Near the end of his reign, Kamehameha would refuse to recognize the democratic US government, instead opting to only recognize Norton as sole leader of the United States. Norton was the subject of many tales. One popular story suggested that he was the son of Emperor Napoleon III and that his claim of coming from South Africa

1105-427: A park in the micronation Molossia is named after him. There have been perennial efforts to name major public San Francisco landmarks after Emperor Norton or to enact other permanent local tributes to him. In February 2023, San Francisco Board of Supervisors president Aaron Peskin introduced a resolution to add "Emperor Norton Place" as a commemorative name for the 600 block of Commercial Street. The resolution

1170-427: A persistently repeated story advanced by Robert Ernest Cowan in 1923, Norton dropped the title shortly thereafter. In fact, Norton continued to identify and sign himself "Protector of Mexico" for the rest of his life. Norton wrote many letters to Queen Victoria , including a suggestion that they marry to strengthen ties between their nations . That proved futile because the queen never responded. Norton also sent

1235-539: A sandlot rally held on April 28, 1878, Emperor Norton appeared just before the start of proceedings, stood on a small box and challenged Kearney directly, telling him and the assembled crowd to disperse and go home. Norton was unsuccessful, but the incident was widely reported in local papers over the next couple of days. Norton issued his own money in the form of scrip, or promissory notes, which were accepted from him by some restaurants in San Francisco. The notes came in denominations between fifty cents and ten dollars, and

1300-426: A year. By that time, the company not only sold chocolate, but also coffee and spices to the United States, China , Japan , and Mexico . In 1885, the company imported 450,000 lb (200,000 kg) of cocoa seeds. In 1892, Ghirardelli retired as head of the company and was replaced by his three sons. Two years later, on January 17, 1894, Ghirardelli died at age 77 in Rapallo, Italy. By 1900, Ghirardelli's company

1365-603: Is sold in bar form or in miniature squares. Ghirardelli also sells food service items, like chocolate beverages and flavored sauces, to other retailers. Domenico Ghirardelli Domenico " Domingo " Ghirardelli ( Italian pronunciation: [doˈmiŋɡo ɡirarˈdɛlli] ; February 21, 1817 – January 17, 1894) was an Italian-born chocolatier who was the founder of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company in San Francisco , California . Domenico Ghirardelli

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1430-604: The Emperor Norton ). As of 2024, they feature 11 different sundaes (World Famous Hot Fudge, Ocean Beach, Chocolate Lovers, Gold Rush, Mint Bliss, Strawberry Passion, Non-Dairy Hot Fudge, Cookie Crumble, Lands End, Golden Gate Banana Split, and Treasure Island). In 1963, Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company, maker of Rice-A-Roni . Later, in 1986, Quaker Oats bought Golden Grain, and thus Ghirardelli. In 1992, Quaker Oats sold

1495-533: The President of France predicting that such a union would be disastrous to world peace. Also found were his letters to Queen Victoria and 98 shares of stock in a defunct gold mine. Initial funeral arrangements were for a pauper's coffin of simple redwood. However, members of a San Francisco businessmen's association, the Pacific Club, established a funeral fund that provided for a handsome rosewood casket and arranged

1560-513: The Transbay Tube , and there have been efforts since the 1930s to name the Bay Bridge after Emperor Norton or at least to add "Emperor Norton Bridge" as an honorary name for the bridge. Norton spent most of the day inspecting the streets, spending time in parks and libraries, and paying visits to newspaper offices and old friends in San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley. In the evenings, he often

1625-542: The cocoa butter would drip off, leaving behind a residue that could then be converted into ground chocolate. This technique, known as the Broma process is now the most common method used for the production of chocolate. Ghirardelli married Elisabetta Corsini (nicknamed "Bettina"), a native of Italy, in 1837. She died in 1846. Ghirardelli married Carmen Alvarado Martin (1830–1887) in Lima, Peru , in 1847. Her first husband had been

1690-418: The 100th anniversary of the death of "the one and only Emperor of the United States." The Emperor Norton Trust , founded and based in San Francisco from 2013 to 2019, and originally known as The Emperor's Bridge Campaign, is a Boston-based non-profit that engages in research, education, and advocacy to advance the legacy of Emperor Norton. Emperor Norton is considered a patron saint of Discordianism , and

1755-460: The 1960s Ghirardelli has also moved to focus on a restaurant division by selling ice cream sundaes , complete with their famous hot fudge chocolate sauce. In one of their earliest menus from the 1960s they featured five " Nob Hill Sundaes" all named after different landmarks, historical aspects, or local figures from San Francisco ( Twin Peaks , Golden Gate Banana Split , Strike it Rich , The Rock , and

1820-727: The Commander-in-Chief of our Armies, immediately upon receipt of this, our Decree, to proceed with a suitable force and clear the Halls of Congress. Norton's orders were ignored by Army and Congress. A decree in July 1860 ordered the dissolution of the republic in favor of a temporary monarchy. Norton issued a mandate in 1862 ordering both the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly ordain him as "Emperor," hoping to resolve

1885-805: The February 27, 1966, episode of the western television series Bonanza , titled "The Emperor Norton," Sam Jaffe played the title role. The episode also featured William Challee as Sam Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain. In the December 18, 1956, episode of Broken Arrow season 1, episode 11, titled "The Conspirators," Florenz Ames played the "Emperor Norton." Since 1974, the Imperial Council of San Francisco has been conducting an annual pilgrimage to Norton's grave in Colma, California, just outside San Francisco. In January 1980, ceremonies were conducted in San Francisco to honor

1950-544: The Ghirardelli Chocolate division to a private investment group. John J. Anton, from that group, became the president and CEO of the newly independent Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In 1998, Lindt and Sprüngli , from Switzerland , acquired Ghirardelli Chocolate Company as a wholly owned subsidiary of its holding company. In 2015, an independent laboratory tested 127 chocolate products for lead and cadmium, and found that 96 of them contained lead and/or cadmium above

2015-508: The Union to assemble in Musical Hall, of this city, on the 1st day of February next, then and there to make such alterations in the existing laws of the Union as may ameliorate the evils under which the country is laboring, and thereby cause confidence to exist, both at home and abroad, in our stability and integrity. The paper printed the letter in that evening's edition, for humorous effect, and thus began Norton's whimsical 20-year "reign" over

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2080-604: The United States and Mexico" in 1861. In 1862, the French Empire invaded Mexico after the latter was unable to pay war reparations following the disastrous Reform War . Two years later, in 1864, Napoleon III , then Emperor of the French , installed the Habsburg Maximilian I as his puppet ruler. Norton had stopped calling himself "Emperor" of Mexico and added the secondary title "Protector of Mexico" by early 1866. According to

2145-512: The United States to control every aspect of its chocolate manufacturing process, rejecting up to 40% of the cocoa seeds shipped in order to select what the company calls the "highest quality" seeds. The company then roasts the cocoa seeds in-house by removing the outer shell on the seed and roasting the inside of the seed, or the nibs. The chocolate is then ground and refined until the particles are 19 micrometers (0.00075 in) in size. Ghirardelli produces several flavors of chocolate. The chocolate

2210-577: The United States. Norton issued numerous decrees on matters of state, including a decree on October 12, 1859, to formally abolish the United States Congress. In this same decree, Norton repeated his order that all interested parties assemble at Musical Hall in San Francisco in February 1860 to "remedy the evil complained of." In an imperial decree issued in January 1860, Norton summoned the Army to depose

2275-496: The black-owned and -operated Pacific Appeal as his "imperial organ." Between September 1870 and May 1875, the Appeal published some 250 proclamations over the signature of Norton I. Historians and researchers who have studied Norton closely generally regard those proclamations as being authentic. On the evening of Thursday, January 8, 1880, Norton collapsed on the corner of California Street and Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue), across

2340-527: The broadest terms the national crisis as Norton saw it and suggested the imperative for action to address this crisis at the most basic level. The manifesto ran as a paid ad in the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin . Two months later, on September 17, 1859, Norton hand-delivered the following letter declaring himself "Emperor of these United States" to the offices of the Bulletin : At

2405-434: The business relocated to the corner of Jackson and Mason Streets. By 1855, a larger manufacturing facility was needed, and so the factory was moved to the corner of Greenwich and Powell Streets, while the office remained at the previous location. During this time, the company sold liquor, but dropped their line of alcoholic products sometime after 1871. By 1866, the company was importing 1,000 lb (450 kg) of cocoa seeds

2470-437: The city's merchants capitalized on his notoriety by selling souvenirs bearing his image. He died January 8, 1880. Norton was the basis for characters created by Mark Twain , Robert Louis Stevenson , Christopher Moore , Morris / René Goscinny , Selma Lagerlöf , Neil Gaiman , Mircea Cărtărescu and Charles Bukowski . Norton's parents were John Norton (1794–1848) and Sarah Norden (1796–1846), who were English Jews . John

2535-444: The course of his rounds, he took note of the condition of the sidewalks and cable cars, the state of repair of public property, and the appearance of police officers. He also often had conversations on the issues of the day with those he encountered. Norton caricaturist Edward Jump started a rumor that two noted stray dogs, named Bummer and Lazarus , were Norton's pets. Norton ate at free-lunch counters where he shared his meals with

2600-412: The dogs, although he did not, in fact, own them. Special officer Armand Barbier was part of a local auxiliary force whose members were called "policemen," although they were private security guards paid by neighborhood residents and business owners. He arrested Norton in 1867 to commit him to involuntary treatment for a mental disorder. The arrest outraged many citizens and sparked scathing editorials in

2665-614: The elected officials of the US Congress: WHEREAS, a body of men calling themselves the National Congress are now in session in Washington City , in violation of our Imperial edict of the 12th of October last, declaring the said Congress abolished; WHEREAS, it is necessary for the repose of our Empire that the said decree should be strictly complied with; NOW, THEREFORE, we do hereby Order and Direct Major-General Scott ,

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2730-554: The emperor's body in advance of the 2 p.m. funeral. Notwithstanding the later legend of a "two-mile-long cortege," the Chronicle reported in the same article that people lined the streets for only the first block or two. The emperor's casket was attended by "only three carriages," with no mourners on foot, and there were "about thirty people" at the burial service in the Masonic Cemetery . In 1934, Norton's remains were transferred to

2795-527: The few surviving ones are collector's items that routinely sell for more than $ 10,000 at auction. Throughout his reign, Norton commented on the policies and actions of foreign governments, issuing proclamations and sending letters to foreign leaders in attempts to establish congenial and fruitful relations with them and their countries and, if he felt it necessary, to cajole better behavior. Responding to instability in Mexico, Norton expanded his title to "Emperor of

2860-653: The many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War . Norton then turned his attention to other matters, both political and social. In a proclamation dated August 12, 1869, and published in the San Francisco Daily Herald , he declared the abolition of the Democratic and Republican parties, explaining that he was "desirous of allaying the dissensions of party strife now existing within our realm." The failure to treat Norton's adopted home city with appropriate respect

2925-476: The newspapers, including the Daily Alta , which wrote "that he had shed no blood; robbed no one; and despoiled no country; which is more than can be said of his fellows in that line." Police Chief Patrick Crowley ordered Norton released and issued a formal apology on behalf of the police force, and Norton granted an Imperial Pardon to Barbier. Police officers of San Francisco thereafter saluted Norton as he passed in

2990-420: The peremptory request and desire of a large majority of the citizens of these United States, I, Joshua Norton, formerly of Algoa Bay , Cape of Good Hope, and now for the last 9 years and 10 months past of San Francisco, California, declare and proclaim myself Emperor of these United States; and in virtue of the authority thereby in me vested, do hereby order and direct the representatives of the different States of

3055-461: The recommendation of his former neighbor, James Lick , who had brought 600 pounds of chocolate with him to San Francisco in 1848. Caught up in the California Gold Rush , he opened his first store in a mining camp to sell sweets and treats to miners who were lacking the small pleasures of life. Ghirardelli spent a few months in the gold fields near Sonora and Jamestown , before becoming

3120-400: The reeking pavement, in the darkness of a moonless night, under the dripping rain   ... Norton I, by the grace of God, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life." Two days later, the San Francisco Chronicle led its article on Norton's funeral with the headline "Le Roi Est Mort." (lit. "The King is dead", and the first half of the traditional proclamation of

3185-720: The rest of his family. Emperor Norton Joshua Abraham Norton (February 4, 1818 – January 8, 1880) was an English-born resident of San Francisco, California , who in 1859 declared himself "Emperor of these United States" in a proclamation that he signed " Norton I., Emperor of the United States ". Commonly known as Emperor Norton , he took the secondary title "Protector of Mexico" in 1866. Born in England and raised in South Africa , Norton left Cape Town in late 1845, sailing from Liverpool to Boston in early 1846 and eventually arriving in San Francisco in late 1849. After

3250-423: The safety threshold defined by California's Proposition 65 . Based on these results, As You Sow filed notices with over 20 companies, including Ghirardelli and Trader Joe's , for failing to provide the legally required warning to consumers that their chocolate products contain cadmium, lead, or both. The suit was settled in 2018. According to their own website, Ghirardelli is one of the few chocolate companies in

3315-489: The ship Sunbeam from Liverpool on March 12, 1846. At various times, Norton claimed to have arrived in San Francisco aboard a ship from Rio de Janeiro in November 1849. He had success in commodities markets and in real estate speculation, and by late 1852, he was one of the more prosperous, respected citizens of the city. His misspeculation in buying and selling rice led to his bankruptcy in 1856. In September 1857, he served on

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3380-716: The ship set sail in February 1820. Raised and educated in Grahamstown , Joshua Norton moved to Port Elizabeth in 1839. Here, with money from his father, Norton went into business with his brother-in-law, Henry Benjamin Kisch. The business failed after 18 months, and Norton was employed as an auctioneer in Port Elizabeth as late as 1843. Sometime in 1843 or 1844, Norton moved to Cape Town, where he joined his father's business. Joshua Norton left Cape Town in late 1845 and arrived in Boston via

3445-599: The street from Old Saint Mary's Cathedral , while on his way to a debate at the California Academy of Sciences . His collapse was immediately noticed, and "the police officer on the beat hastened for a carriage to convey him to the City Receiving Hospital," according to the next day's obituary in the San Francisco Morning Call . Norton died before a carriage could arrive. The Call reported: "On

3510-436: The street. Norton did receive some tokens of recognition for his position. The 1870 U.S. census lists Joshua Norton as 50 years old and residing at 624 Commercial Street, with his occupation listed as "Emperor." It also notes that he was insane. (However, the U.S. Census instructions state "The fact of idiocy will be better determined by the common consent of the neighborhood, than by attempting to apply any scientific measure to

3575-498: The sum of twenty-five dollars. Norton is said to have issued instructions to form a League of Nations, he explicitly forbade any form of conflict between religions or their sects, and he issued several decrees calling for the construction of a suspension bridge or tunnel connecting Oakland and San Francisco. Long after his death, similar structures were built in the form of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and

3640-451: The weakness of the mind or will." ) During the 1860s and 1870s, there were occasional anti-Chinese demonstrations in the poorer districts of San Francisco, and riots took place, sometimes resulting in fatalities. Starting in the late 1870s, those riots were fomented at rallies on Sunday afternoons at the sandlots across from City Hall. The rallies were led by Denis Kearney , a leader of the anti-Chinese Workingmen's Party of California . At

3705-527: Was a farmer and merchant, and Sarah was a daughter of Abraham Norden and a sister of Benjamin Norden, a successful merchant. The family lived in the Kentish town of Deptford, England — today part of London — before moving to South Africa in early 1820 as part of a government-backed colonial scheme whose participants came to be known as the 1820 Settlers . There is not a birth record for Norton. But, most likely he

3770-510: Was a ruse to prevent persecution. Rumors also circulated that Norton was supremely wealthy and was feigning poverty because he was miserly. Starting a few years after Norton declared himself emperor, local newspapers, notably the Daily Alta California , began to print fictitious decrees. It is believed that newspaper editors themselves drafted the fake proclamations to suit their own agendas. Weary of that, in December 1870 Norton named

3835-555: Was based solely on the guess that Norton's landlady offered to the coroner at the inquest following his death. In a 1923 essay published by the California Historical Society, Robert Ernest Cowan claimed that Norton was born on February 4, 1819. However, the passenger lists for the La Belle Alliance , the ship that carried Norton and his family from England to South Africa, list him as having been two years old when

3900-557: Was born in Deptford. A substantial body of evidence points to February 4, 1818, as his birth date. Obituaries published in 1880, following Norton's death, offered conflicting information about his date of birth. The second of two obituaries in the San Francisco Chronicle , "following the best information obtainable," cited the silver plate on his coffin which said he was "aged about 65," suggesting that 1815 as year of his birth. Norton's biographer, William Drury, points out that "about 65"

3965-618: Was born on February 21, 1817, in Rapallo , Italy, to Giuseppe and Maddalena ( née Ferretto) Ghirardelli. His father was a spice merchant in Genoa . In his teens, he apprenticed at Romanengo, a noted chocolatier in Genoa. At about the age of twenty, in 1838, he moved to Uruguay , then in 1838 to Lima, Peru , where he established a confectionery , and began using the Spanish equivalent of his Italian name, Domingo. In 1849 he moved to California on

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4030-432: Was honored in some of the establishments he frequented. Some considered Norton to be insane or eccentric, but residents of San Francisco and the city's larger Northern California orbit enjoyed his imperial presence and took note of his frequent newspaper proclamations. Norton received free ferry and train passage and a variety of favors, such as help with rent and free meals, from well-placed friends and sympathizers. Some of

4095-541: Was seen at political gatherings or at theatrical or musical performances. He wore an elaborate blue uniform with gold-plated epaulettes, at some time given to him secondhand by officers of the United States Army post at the Presidio of San Francisco . He embellished that with a variety of accoutrements, including a beaver hat decorated with a peacock or ostrich feathers and a rosette, a walking stick, and an umbrella. In

4160-588: Was selling only chocolate and mustard, having sold its coffee and spices businesses. Further expansion over the years into different buildings allowed the company to expand into new markets and grow financially. In 1965, San Francisco declared Ghirardelli Square (where many of the Ghirardelli buildings were constructed) an official city landmark. Two years later, production facilities moved to San Leandro, California ( 37°42′40″N 122°08′42″W  /  37.711°N 122.145°W  / 37.711; -122.145  ( Ghirardelli Chocolate Factory ) ). Since

4225-482: Was the subject of a particularly stern edict that often is cited as having been written by Norton in 1872, although evidence is elusive for the authorship, date, or source of this decree: Whoever after due and proper warning shall be heard to utter the abominable word "Frisco", which has no linguistic or other warrant, shall be deemed guilty of a High Misdemeanor, and shall pay into the Imperial Treasury as penalty

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