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140-505: Geth may refer to: A fictional species of networked artificial intelligences in the fictional universe of Mass Effect Legion , a notable representative of the geth The Kingdom of G'eth, the Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting for members of Outside Xbox and Outside Xtra Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

280-505: A "humanity-first" supremacist agenda, appears as recurring antagonists in the series. Cerberus is officially sanctioned and classified as a violent non-state actor by both the Alliance and the Council governments. In Mass Effect 2 , Cerberus are depicted as anti-villains who resurrected and forms an alliance with Commander Shepard against the human-abducting Collectors. In Mass Effect 3 during

420-512: A "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of being continually in motion. The Liège-Guillemins railway station for high-speed trains in Liège , Belgium is covered with a lace-like roof of glass and steel 160 metres (520 ft) long and 32 metres (105 ft) high, covering the nine tracks and five platforms. The transparent roof seems to eliminate the distinction between indoors and outdoors. The conference center and exposition hall in

560-669: A Systems Alliance embassy and allowing individual members to join the Citadel Security Forces (C-SEC), despite other client species having waited for such a privilege for some time. The Citadel Council soon invites a human to join the Office of Special Tactics and Reconnaissance (SPECTRES), elite extrajudicial law enforcement entity that can limit sapient rights , supersede laws, use both espionage and force, and operate independently from governmental oversight, cutting through red tape, bureaucracy, and logistics that might otherwise impede

700-685: A biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes a magnificent ruin". Calatrava is also a sculptor and painter. Some of his architectural works, most notably the Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden , were originally works of sculpture. In 2006, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a special one-man exhibition of Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture . In 2012,

840-553: A biotic individual's physiology as the embodiment of "a merging of organic and inorganic materials", which invokes the exhibitions of biological rarities in world history and the spectacle of “extraordinary bodies" as termed by Rosemarie Garland-Thomson , an expert in disability studies. David Callahan analyzed racial and cultural tensions among Mass Effect ' s galactic community, and drew comparisons to multiculturalism in Canada . Eva Zekany from Central European University researched

980-450: A book about his work: "My major interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary, composed of forms adapted to our time." Calatrava, a sculptor, has also spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture in his work. "In sculpture, I have often used spheres, cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge of engineering." He noted that his Turning Torso building had originally been conceived as

1120-489: A bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described the form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as "defined by a helicoidal movement, with an ovoid cross section, with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume." The project for the new Florida Polytechnic University in Lakeland, Florida (2009–2014) gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an entire campus in

1260-418: A character is a piece of art", as he recalled that some ideas that worked on paper ended up not working well on a 3-D model. The character model would next be textured and prepared for inclusion into the game. The animation team gets involved early in the process to make sure everything works correctly. Most aliens had to fit into a humanoid skeleton for animation purposes; for example, the batarian's appearance

1400-612: A compelling motivation that enriches the galaxy. The worldbuilding of Mass Effect references the Star Control series with the Krogan -Rachni war, the lost Prothean civilization, and the sentience-harvesting Reapers . The Reapers and their progenitors, the Leviathans, were also inspired by the cosmic horror and Cthulhu Mythos deities from the literary works of H.P. Lovecraft . The salarians are intended to be Mass Effect ' s answer to

1540-551: A continuation of expressionism . Asked about critics who classified him into different schools, Calatrava responded, "Architectural critics have not yet passed from a state of perplexity about my work." Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced by the work of engineers such as the Swiss Robert Maillart (1872–1940), whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response. Calatrava defined his objective this way in 2016 in

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1680-558: A cross between a solar-powered dinosaur and a giant air conditioning unit", and declared "it must already rank as one of the world's most extraordinary buildings." Calatrava designed the WTC Transportation Hub in New York City at the rebuilt World Trade Center at the site of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new station connects the regional trains of the new PATH with the subway and other local transportation, and also has

1820-577: A double screen 51 metres (167 ft) high, but this feature had to be dropped to meet new security standards. The main hall of the station is 10 metres (33 ft) underground, and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres (26 ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that its roof would open entirely in good weather, but this feature also had to be dropped due to its cost and space limitations. The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its cost (4 billion dollars, twice

1960-463: A facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex and concave, with a roofline that ripples like a series of waves. The Auditorio de Tenerife , Tenerife, in the Canary Islands , is a concert hall with 1558 seats and a smaller chamber music hall of 428 seats. With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres (200 ft) high, crowned by a curving roof like a breaking wave, it dominates

2100-577: A group of settlers who are members of the Andromeda Initiative colonizing the Andromeda Galaxy . The original trilogy have overall been both commercially successful and critically acclaimed, and the Mass Effect setting has been praised by critics for the believability and depth of its design, lore and narrative themes. The Mass Effect brand has since expanded into a franchise which encompasses

2240-442: A large retail mall, replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack. The above-ground "oculus" of the station, made of glass and steel, is oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) high. According to Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying from the hands of a child". The "Wings" of the above-ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a maximum height of 51 metres (167 ft) to form

2380-399: A memorable story. Early versions of the first game's plot involved a conflict between humanity and the batarians, originally conceived as a "warmongering" group of "small bat-like creatures". Led by the villainous Saren , the batarians intended to steal the technology of the "Nazari", which was at that point the name of the extinct race that preceded the contemporary races and created most of

2520-728: A modern version of the Belle Epoque Les Halles market in Paris. Two years later, in 1994, he completed another notable train station, the Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) at the Lyon airport in Satolas . This building was designed to be both a functional link between the airport and train station, the terminal for the high-speed TGV trains, and a symbol of the Rhone-Alps Region. The station

2660-581: A mostly positive reception from commentators. GamesRadar praised the setting's Milky Way galaxy as "so well-constructed that it felt like a decades-old franchise" and its presentation "a high-water mark for video games as a story-telling medium." Similarly, Evan Narcisse enjoyed the "family secrets, tribal grudge matches, and interplanetary political turnabout" depicted throughout the original trilogy, describing them as memorable moments where it felt like players could change lives in both minor or major ways. Kyle Munkittrick from Gizmodo argued that Mass Effect

2800-684: A reliable route between both galaxies. Research on the ODSY drive and its core components, which are essential technology for the Initiative's goal to undertake long distance travel to the Andromeda galaxy, was underway by the time of the attack on the Citadel by Sovereign and the geth, the events of which spurred the Initiative to fast track its plans to depart from the Milky Way galaxy. As the newest member state to join

2940-636: A response to the criticism of the high price and technical flaws of some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in Architecture magazine, the journal of the American Institute of Architects, reported: "The building is full of handsome and even some very impressive spaces, but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that have made Calatrava, despite his price tag, so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go with their museum wing or train station. It reflects serious attention to detail and

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3080-462: A second degree in civil engineering. In 1981, he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture, after completing his thesis on "The Pliability of three-dimensional structures." Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodidio:"The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me. I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms." Calatrava explained that he

3220-497: A series of novels, comic books, mobile games, an animated film , and a 3D theme park ride , all of which are centered on other characters as protagonists. “I don't think you can really talk about the Mass Effect universe without talking about dark energy . It's one of those great elements that fascinated us, as designers and developers, because it is something that actually sort of exists in our world, at least theoretically. This sort of mystical fifth energy, that in some ways binds

3360-549: A significant visual influence for the architecture and living conditions of intergalactic society for the Mass Effect setting, such as the Citadel space station . The “geography” of the Mass Effect universe is a blend of fictional concepts and realism. The imagery for the setting's astronomical objects is inspired by real-life photographs like wide field Hubble Space Telescope images or shots taken from space shuttles, and real-life locations were included wherever possible to ground

3500-423: A single human-generation, tendency to prioritize human interests above non-humans, and their regard for "anything a few years old as obsolete". Anti-human sentiments are against the quick establishment of the human embassy on the Citadel (within a decade; whereas other member species and factions have waited for hundreds, if not thousands of years) and the perceived appeasement-hypocrisy of human-sympathetic members of

3640-447: A span of 304 metres (997 ft) and a height of 60 metres (200 ft). It is 250 metres (820 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) high, suspended by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white cap supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (148 ft) high, weighing 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons), from which the glass and steel roof is suspended. Calatrava also designed an enormous parabolic arch at

3780-521: A surprise attack by a Collector ship at the beginning of Mass Effect 2 , is reconstructed and revived by Cerberus in the year 2185, following a complex cybernetic engineering process which lasted two years. Shepard sets out to assemble a team of skilled individuals from across the galaxy for a suicide mission into the Omega Four mass relay to stop the Collectors from harvesting more human colonies on behalf of

3920-455: A trail of lawsuits and angry clients around the world....But when I was standing on the marble floors in its enormous, gleaming central concourse two stories below street level, staring up at a clear blue sky between bone-white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head, I, like Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for the moment....We deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities. We deserve public spaces that inspire. The Oculus

4060-494: A unified style. The site covers 170 acres (69 ha) of land which once contained phosphorus mines, many of which have been filled with water creating small lakes.Calatrava's plan combined several small lakes into a central lake, which serves as a setting for the central structure, the Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) building . The eye-shaped central building has an area of 200,000 square feet on two floors, and contains all

4200-587: A web of long-simmering alien rivalries", the series' commitment to small talk or banter with all sorts of non-player characters through the in-game conversation system is also instrumental in getting players emotionally invested. Sara Mitchell from NASA's Blueshift blog , produced by the Astrophysics Science Division at the Goddard Space Flight Center , praised the setting for its "impressive level of realism" and noted that much of

4340-647: A wider range of structures, including a Canadian shopping center, a new passenger terminal for Bilbao airport, and his first building in the United States, the new structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum . In 1992, he completed one of his most picturesque and sculptural works, the Montjuïc Communications Tower in Barcelona (1989–92), a 136 m (446 ft)-high graceful concrete spire designed for

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4480-570: A winery in Spain leaked water, interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. The ceramic tiles on the surface of the opera house in Valencia, placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi , buckled in the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract at different rates when temperatures change. Calatrava was sued for the cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court. Also

4620-402: A wooden castle-like winery in Spain, all in astonishing forms and all seemingly in motion. The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had first used in his railway stations and airports, but with more freedom of form and architectural theatrics. It

4760-425: A work of sculpture, and he praised the liberties taken by Frank Gehry and Frank Stella in creating sculptural art, but he also noted the differences. In 1997 he wrote that "architecture and sculpture are two rivers in which the same water flows. Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking into consideration the human scale." Calatrava also noted

4900-665: Is a bordered by Citadel Council Space and the Attican Traverse. The discovery of the Charon Relay triggered a " gold rush ", and fierce rivalry persists amongst Earth's nations, as they compete for untapped resources and unclaimed colonial land rights. Humanity's aggressive expansionism triggered conflicts with the Turian Hierarchy and the Batarian Hegemony. Earth has increased its holdings more than tenfold since, pushing into

5040-506: Is also popular as an alternative hub for alien species who are unwelcome in Citadel controlled space, or an avenue for criminal activities which contravenes Citadel laws and regulations. Immediately after the defeat of the Collectors and the destruction of the incomplete Proto-Reaper they were constructing, the Reapers are shown traveling to the Milky Way galaxy from dark space at the ending of Mass Effect 2 . The Reaper invasion have commenced by

5180-441: Is an addition to an existing building, constructed by Eero Saarinen in 1957 next to Lake Michigan , with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler. The purpose of the new pavilion, as defined by the museum board, was to give the museum a new entrance, and especially "to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after a competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution

5320-418: Is covered by a giant shell of steel and glass, 120 by 100 metres (390 by 330 ft), suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres (130 ft), and weighing 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons). It is connected with the airport terminal by a 180 metres (590 ft) long glass and concrete bridge. The glass and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from the inside resemble a modernistic cathedral;

5460-400: Is deeply flawed, but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur.... The Oculus presents a more optimistic vision, one based less on present realities and more on future possibilities. Less Blade Runner , more Star Trek . By the time we get to that future, whichever one it may be, the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten, but we will be left with a luminous great hall in

5600-428: Is difficult to follow even for the developmental team, but the "little bits of mystery" also serves to make the world "seem so much deeper and richer", with the potential for some of it to be utilized for possible future stories. Newcomers to the galactic community, humanity's iteration in the Mass Effect series is meant to be only fairly far in the future enough to be new but not unrecognizable. Through standardizing

5740-602: Is indifferent to the needs of his clients. In 2013 a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action because the three bridges the architect designed for the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in upkeep since they opened in 2004." Much of the criticism focused on the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia , originally budgeted for about $ 405 million. Ignacio Blanco,

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5880-499: Is originally based on a previous design intended for something else, and had "flaps" on the side of their heads; however, in order to wear equipment they had to be changed to a human shape. Similarly, more "outrageous" designs for species like the elcor were made, although modelling and animation constraints would go on to effect their final design. Plans to include a non-humanoid party member never materialized as significant developmental costs would be incurred otherwise. For many of

6020-502: Is set in the Milky Way galaxy and follows Commander Shepard , a human special forces soldier who discovers an imminent threat to the galactic community from the Reapers , an ancient collective of sentient synthetic starships which harvest all spaceflight-era organic civilizations as part of a repeating cycle that span millennia in length. The fourth main series game is a standalone sequel about

6160-478: Is such that is often faster and cheaper to transport goods and people to the other side of the galaxy, than traveling to adjacent neighboring star systems. The mass relays work by creating a "mass effect", the production of dark energy from a reaction with a dark matter substance known as Element Zero or "eezo" to slingshot spacecraft to the next relay. Element Zero is found to also react with biological entities, giving them limited powers known as "biotics" that evoke

6300-418: Is the most important science fiction universe of the contemporary generation, and that it overshadowed that of other established science fiction franchises due to the depth of its medium as a video game, its message which embraces diversity and pluralism, and its philosophy which meaningfully reflects on the human condition as well as society as a whole. Munkittrick emphasized the significance of Mass Effect as

6440-516: The trencadís tiles of the Tenerife Auditorium buckle and lose adhesion. The fixing is delayed by disputes between the Calatrava studio and the building companies. Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Hub, which was completed in 2016 for a cost of $ 4 billion, twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule. Calatrava was paid a fee of 80 million dollars. Some of

6580-709: The Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia , Italy. Work on the second bridge, the Margaret McDermott Bridge , began in 2011. The Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada, built between 2008 and 2012, is a completely different bridge in purpose, scale and design. Built across the Bow River , and designed for pedestrians and cyclists, it is a glass and stew-wrapped tube 126 metres (413 ft) long. It appears extraordinary long for

6720-454: The Cro-Magnon period. Research of the artifact, in addition to providing new technologies for humanity, led to a further discovery of Pluto 's moon Charon as a "mass relay", an alien construct that is capable of transporting any ships faster than light to a nearby mass relay, creating an interlocking " interstellar highway " network on the galactic scale. The efficiency of this relay network

6860-776: The Entrepôt Jakem , a warehouse in Münchwilen, Thurgau , Switzerland, another warehouse in Coesfeld-Lette , Germany, an addition to the main post office in Lucerne , Switzerland; a bus shelter in Saint-Gall , Switzerland (1983–85) the roof of a school in Wohlen , Switzerland (1983–88), and then some major projects; a new hall for the railway station in Lucerne (1983–89) and then an entire train station,

7000-690: The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg held an exhibition of his work and this was followed up by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome. Eight of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in New York City in the spring of 2015, between 52nd and 55th Streets. In 2024, the first comprehensive overview of Calatrava’s art was written by Nick Mafi and published by Hirmer . Calatrava has received numerous awards for his design and engineering work. In 1988, he

7140-479: The New York Times on 13 September 2013, entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans." Daley wrote: "...in numerous interviews, other architects, academics and builders say that Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget. And complaints abound that he

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7280-838: The Olympic Sports Complex of Athens , the Milwaukee Art Museum , the Turning Torso tower in Malmö , Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas , Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace, Valencia . His architectural firm has offices in New York City, Doha , and Zurich . Calatrava

7420-553: The Zürich Stadelhofen railway station in Switzerland (1983–1990). The train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work; straight lines and right angles are rare. The railroad platforms curve, the supporting columns lean, the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern beneath the tracks are everywhere pierced with teardrop shaped skylights, and tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing

7560-613: The " gray alien " trope, the archetypal image of intelligent extraterrestrial life. The geth are meant to represent an example of the dangers of artificial intelligence within the context of the conflict between organic and synthetic intelligence, a central overarching theme in the Mass Effect franchise. "What is the visual language for their clothing? What's the shape of their face? What's iconic? Is this going to work with our conversation system? Are these characters going to be able to show emotion? Are people going to get attached to them? And these are all things you think of as you go through

7700-583: The "first blockbuster franchise in the postmodern era to directly confront a godless, meaningless universe indifferent to humanity". Referencing Munkittrick's observations, Erik Henriksen from the Portland Mercury said what the developers accomplished with their setting is "pretty extraordinary" in spite of its inherent flaws, with the first two games ambitiously and smartly pairing "brave, big-idea genre fiction with visceral thrills and strong characters". Cian Maher from TheGamer said Mass Effect has one of

7840-587: The Andromeda Initiative is a civilian multi-species project created to send scientists, explorers and colonists placed in cryosleep within massive intergalactic arkships on a one-way trip from the Milky Way Galaxy to settle in the Andromeda Galaxy. The Initiative's main objective is to establish a permanent presence in the Heleus Cluster, a seemingly resource-rich frontier of Andromeda, and eventually create

7980-583: The Attican Traverse and has enveloped the heart of batarian space. Earth is still a collection of independent nation-states, but their dealing on a galactic scale are unified through the Systems Alliance. A supranational decentralized civilian government, the Earth Systems Alliance member nations retain their individual sovereignty back on Earth, with London as the Alliance's de jure capital. The developed Sol System planets are administered by

8120-859: The Citadel Council for placing humanity on the Council and establishing the first Human- Spectre . Humanity's opinions regarding aliens varies across broad political spectrum from isolationism to globalism : on Earth, there is concern about how humanity is unfairly treated by these other species, and nationalistic pro-human groups advocating militarism , xenophobia , and a "humanity-first" supremacist agenda begin to appear; on fringe colonies, locals are ambivalent, being preoccupied with daily frontier survival in often hostile environments or security against piracy raids; and "spacers", who may have spent their entire lives residing alongside aliens within starship installations, and generally adopt favorable opinions about multiculturalism. Earth Systems Alliance Space

8260-628: The Citadel space community by the events of the original trilogy, humanity tend to be underestimated, held in suspicion or looked down upon. While biotics are common amongst most alien species (like the asari) they are rare in humans and often require an implant in addition to decades of training to channel and improve upon the skill. Two factions dominate humanity: the Earth Systems Alliance, and Cerberus; each representing humanity's nobliest aspects and darkest tendencies, respectably. Alien's are generally alarmed by humanity's ambition, individualism, rapid technological advancement, galactic proliferation within

8400-496: The Citadel species, the Alliance is considered a sovereign interstellar nation and no other species has right of oversight into Alliance affairs. Non-Citadel species hold the Alliance and the Council with equal disdain. Headquartered on Vancouver, Earth, the Systems Alliance Command is the primary military, exploratory, and scientific agency that protects human interests and represents humanity in interstellar politics. It

8540-457: The Council's authority, and learn that the artifacts, mass relays, and the Citadel space station, are all that remains of the Protheans, who are believed to have been the pre-eminent civilization in the Milky Way galaxy who created most of its technology, but have since disappeared tens of thousands of years ago. The Citadel Council welcomes humanity into the Citadel community, providing them with

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8680-645: The Higher School of Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Valencia . He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism. At the university he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza . In 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , Switzerland for

8820-475: The Meandro San Jeronimo River. Its main feature is a single pylon 142 metres (466 ft) high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables, eliminating the need for any cables behind it. At the beginning of the 1990s, Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges, but broadened his portfolio by designing

8960-401: The Oculus, but condemned the building's cost, "scale, monotony of materials and color, preening formalism and disregard for the gritty urban fabric." After years of praise and commendation, in 2013 some of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism on the grounds of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by Suzanne Daley in

9100-414: The Reaper Wars, they become a fifth column working against Shepard's attempts to in destroy the Reapers, as the Illusive Man wishes to control them instead and consequently elevate humanity's domination. Besides the Reapers, numerous sentient alien races were introduced in the first Mass Effect and its tie-in prequel novel Mass Effect: Revelation , with three enjoying dominant political status within

9240-430: The Reapers. Near the Omega Four relay is Omega space station, which lies outside of Citadel jurisdiction. Ruled by the asari pirate queen Aria T'Loak, Omega serves as the de facto trade capital of the Terminus Systems confederation—a disparate collective of uncharted space, independent states, corporate fiefdoms and pirate domains—whose only uniting principle is the unanimous refusal to acknowledge Citadel jurisdiction. It

9380-431: The Spanish city of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a hotel, covered with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched upon curving concrete pylons, with elliptical conference center, which includes a main theater, exposition hall and seminar rooms. The Center include another signature feature of Calatrava's work; a sunscreen that was supposed to be able to fold and unfold, but was never functional. The ceiling of

9520-501: The United Nations, while the underdeveloped Alliance colonies and "spacers" are governed by a parliament based at Arcturus Station, the most developed extrasolar colony which also serves as the Alliance's de facto capital and a nexus of the military power projection. Since gaining a seniority seat on the Council, the Citadel Human Embassy leverages its equal partnership status to further human interests and holds legitimate jurisdiction over humans residing outside of Alliance Space. Among

9660-402: The additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to the original plan by the project owners, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , rather than the architect. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons and the mechanism for opening the roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints. Even before it opened

9800-444: The beginning of Mass Effect 3 , with the war's earliest fronts taking place in batarian and human space. Shepard is present on Earth when the Reapers first arrived, and later escapes the human homeworld on the Normandy SR-2 in order to rally the rest of the galactic community against the Reaper threat, and find a solution that will break the Reaper-imposed cycle of harvesting organic species forever. Founded in 2176 by Jien Garson,

9940-417: The body with interchangeable armor pieces that sit on top of it, and were able to limit the amount of stretching to avoid the "pajama armor" effect. Influences for the series' non-human characters range from real world flora and fauna to visual media like Hellboy or the 1927 film Metropolis . The team hoped to create a setting with the same sense of history as Star Control II , giving each alien race

10080-517: The bottom line; this is the work of an architect actively trying to prove, or at least re-emphasize, his bona fides." The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which opened in December 2015, is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of Rio de Janeiro, and opened in time for the 2016 Summer Olympics in that city. The building is sited on a 7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) plaza next to

10220-500: The center of the city. With its multiple arches and curves, the structure appears to be moving and ready to take off. One of his last projects in the 20th century was the Bilbao Airport in Spain, notable both for its unusual control tower, 42 metres (138 ft) high – made of concrete clad with aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a statue holding its hands in front of it – and for terminal buildings, where

10360-446: The city square and old town below. The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form of the building gives it a completely different appearance depending upon from where it is viewed. The Turning Torso in Malmö , Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was the first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in other cities around

10500-424: The city. The L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, is placed in the centre, next to a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. The dome is covered by a metal screen which opens and closes, and the entrance opens like a human eye. On one side is the science museum , behind a line of leaning columns, and on the other is the newest structure, the massive shell of the opera house, described by Calatrava as

10640-423: The classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed. The building has several signature Calatrava features, including an extendable sun scene on the roof, which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed, and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves. The terraces of the building are covered by a curving pergola, or screen, of steel, which reduces

10780-500: The completions of their assignments. Over the course of the trilogy, the galactic community come to learn that the Protheans were mostly wiped out over 50,000 years prior by the Reapers, sentient starships that normally occupy the void between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . The Reapers appear every 50,000 years with the sole purpose of wiping out emergent organic civilizations as well as any evidence of their own existence, but deliberately leave behind technology which ensure that

10920-457: The concert hall is an ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows of seats. Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges, the type of structure which originally brought him global attention, for cities around the world that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring. Among the largest and dramatic are three bridges over the Trinity River in Dallas , Texas. The first of these

11060-452: The depiction of interspecies romance within the setting as well as fan reaction to the presentation of said content. Luke Willcocks from the University of Leicester analyzed the hypothetical properties of Element Zero from a real world scientific basis. He observed that while the asari most closely resemble humans in terms of biology, their blood color is markedly different. He suggested that

11200-431: The development of subsequent sequels, the developers continued to reference fan reaction to well-received features such as loyalty missions or popular characters, whether from player feedback or from research into fan labor -driven activities. The geth were originally intended to be sidelined within the trilogy's overarching plot following the conclusion of the first Mass Effect ; due to the very positive player feedback to

11340-433: The development of the original trilogy, which was released during the seventh generation of video game consoles , all component armor pieces for a character model had to be fixed onto a single piece of geometry as the developers only had a limited number of polygons to work with. As a result of technological advancements during the development cycle for Mass Effect Andromeda , the developers could place underarmor closer to

11480-451: The different concept art for their clothing, a "common visual language" was found for the human characters. The standard look for all attire for members of the Cerberus organization is derived from the designs for the armor and clothing of Jacob Taylor , a companion character in Mass Effect 2 . Some involved fully armored looks, while others had only cloth, or a mix of cloth and armor. During

11620-450: The direct sunlight by thirty percent. Inside, the corridors and central courtyard are lit by the central skylight. Plans for the building call for the installation of 1,860 square metres (20,000 sq ft) of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the building. The library of the university is also distinctive; it does not have a single book; all the collection is digitized. The structure has been called by some journalists

11760-487: The elcor and the hanar, have also received coverage which is predominantly positive. Several critics are particularly fond of the elcor. For example, the Official Xbox Magazine declared the elcor to be the best new species of 2007. Commentators have lauded the elcor's speech patterns and peculiar behavior as a good source of humor and comic relief, although Hollander Cooper from GamesRadar lamented that

11900-415: The elcor are underutilised within the series. A number of social science topics within the context of the Mass Effect universe have been explored in articles published in academic journals. In his analysis of the series' characters from the perspective of disability studies, Adan Jerreat-Poole observed that biotics represent the series' version of " science-as-magic ", a reminder of the inhuman nature of

12040-487: The emergency governing body of the human species at large for a time. Despite having a volunteer force of only 1% of humanity's total population, the Systems Alliance's power projection is able to match, if not outright exceed, any known non-Reaper military force in the Milky Way galaxy. A stateless clandestine organization —consisting of rogue black-ops cell networks , shell corporations , and paramilitaries — Cerberus advocates extremist anthropocentric militarism and

12180-509: The entrance and the Wall of Nations, a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns. The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, and was built in over a decade. It includes the City of Arts and Sciences (1991–2000) and the Opera house (1996–2006), all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway and a river on the east side of

12320-404: The final design, until they come up with something that feels interesting and unique yet grounded and believable. Once the concept of a particular species is finalized, creation of the character model would begin, where a lot of "back and forth" took place in order to refine character models with high polygon counts. According to Watts, "doing a concept is a piece of art itself, but also building

12460-413: The galactic community. Various artificial intelligence entities and animal species such as the varren, the monkey-esque pyjaks and the gigantic worm-like Thresher Maws are also encountered throughout the franchise's media. Mass Effect 2 and its downloadable content introduce several races to the setting, with varying importance in its plot. Mass Effect 3 introduces several Reaper-corrupted versions of

12600-651: The galaxy's races as enemy units. Javik, the last living Prothean , is featured in the From Ashes DLC pack. The Leviathans, an ancient species of colossal aquatic beings who created the AI entity known as the Catalyst, which in turn created the Reapers in the image of its creators, are first introduced in the Leviathan DLC pack. Mass Effect: Andromeda introduces two other sapient organic races: The series' setting has garnered

12740-549: The geth, BioWare continued to explore the geth's role for subsequent sequels in response. This had the side-effect of reducing focus on other concurrent plot lines, including that of the insectoid rachni. A proposed alien race's predicted potential for cosplay by the series' fandom based on their character designs was also taken into consideration whenever the final decision is to be made for inclusion. In 2148, an alien artifact had been discovered on Mars which shows that humanity had been studied by an intergalactic species since

12880-424: The glass panels at the top are intended to suggest flight. From the outside, the station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal, while the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to a bird or a manta ray . The Gare do Oriente , or eastern train station, was constructed for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition , and is located in a former industrial area. It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated

13020-404: The harbor, and surrounded by reflecting pools. The building is cantilevered 75 metres (246 ft) over the plaza, and 45 metres (148 ft) toward the sea. and gives the impression that it is floating on the water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that the building feels ethereal, almost floating on the sea, like a ship, a bird or a plant." The roof is equipped with moveable screens that adjust to

13160-544: The heart of downtown New York." In October 2023 the Greek government decided to shut down the Athens Olympic Stadium and Velodrome, which both have a roof built by Calatrava, due to stability issues posing a threat for attendees and workers. Calatrava has never described himself as a follower of any particular school or movement of architecture. Critics have claimed that a number of influences can be seen in his work. In

13300-486: The in-game imagery for astronomical objects look like it is lifted from a NASA press release. From an academic perspective, Joshua and Ita Irizarry described the Mass Effect universe to be a "landmark entry in the relatively brief history of video games as well as a lucrative topic for speculation, discussion, and analysis". The alien races of Mass Effect have received acclaim. Justin Carter from Syfy Wire noted that while

13440-768: The influence of the sculptor Auguste Rodin , citing Rodin's words in his 1914 book Cathedrals of France : "The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow, exactly as an architect does." Movement is also an important element in the architecture of Calatrava. He noted that many 20th century sculptors, such as Alexander Calder , made sculptures that moved. He wrote his own university thesis on "The Flexibility of three-dimensional structures," and described how objects, by moving, could shift from three dimensions to two and even to one. Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost all of his projects. "Architecture itself moves", he told

13580-488: The installation of a black anti-slip carpet on the decking, which blocked the view of the river through the walkway. The metal arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine, baking the vines that were supposed to grow on them. The Caja Madrid Obelisk is a kinetic sculpture with an undulating movement. However the maintenance costs are so high that it has been static since months after its inauguration in 2010. The aluminum and wood covering of

13720-596: The journal of the American Institute of Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for Florida Polytechnic University , which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and creative sensibility distilled, for better and worse, to its essence. There are all the usual influences on view—the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier , FAIA , palette—and they are remarkably legible and easy to parse here." Some other critics see his work as

13860-494: The judge ruled that, although the website presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava te la clava" (a rhyme meaning "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading". Some of the problems with Calatrava's projects have been caused by unusual design choices and insufficient testing. The glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing an increased number of claims for injuries and forcing

14000-404: The leader of a small opposition party in Valencia, blamed Calatrava of spending nearly three times the original budget, and accused the region of paying him approximately $ 127 million for his work, though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled, and the opera house had 150 seats with obstructed views. In 2013 Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won, however because

14140-454: The logical explanation is because asari blood contains a property that causes its violet-blue coloration at a molecular scale. Willcocks pointed out that in all in-universe depictions of Element Zero, such as the generation of mass effect fields by starships and biotics, it is always portrayed in a shade of blue. He concluded that Element Zero is the source of the blue coloration of asari blood, and since an electrical current could pass through it,

14280-542: The mass effect on a much smaller scale. Ten years after leaving the Sol system, humanity makes its first contact with an extraterrestrial species, the turians , which erupted into the First Contact War. Though casualties are small on both sides, hostilities were ultimately interrupted by the Citadel Council. Humanity is then welcomed into the collective community of extraterrestrial peoples who live in Citadel space and accept

14420-414: The most fascinating universes in the history of video games, and credited the series' detailed and well-written codex entries that set the rules for the setting and ultimately gave it a convincing degree of verisimilitude. Peter Suderman from Vox noted that while part of the video game series' appeal for players is its fully realized science fiction universe filled with "complex political machinations and

14560-422: The movements of the sun. The interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, to allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms and sizes. The museum also includes a number of ecological features; water from the sea is used to regulate the temperature inside the building, and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools. The Guardian described it as "an other-worldly edifice that looks like

14700-458: The nascent appearances of the Reapers in this cycle have occurred, beginning with the indoctrination of a rogue turian Spectre, an influential asari Matriarch, and a "heretic" faction of geth who broke away from the Geth Consensus to further their plans of return. The Collectors began abducting entire human colonies by the events of Mass Effect 2 . Shepard, who had been killed in action during

14840-459: The organic civilizations of the next cycle develop according to their predetermined specifications. Unlike their predecessors in previous cycles, the Protheans had learned of the Reapers and prepared for their arrival, though they were unable to prevent their own extermination by the Reapers. Their preparations survive into the next cycle, in the form of the Crucible. The Mass Effect series starts as

14980-467: The original estimate, and the most expensive railway station ever built) and its delays (seven years on 3 March 2016, seven years behind schedule). More than $ 1 billion of its cost went to administrative expenses and the decision to build around the 1 train of the New York City Subway . Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of the New York Times , praised the soaring upward view inside

15120-407: The original trilogy featured humanity's ascension to galactic prominence as its main narrative, the setting's various alien species were the one aspect that "stole the show". While the asari , the krogan , the quarians and the turians have been subject to significant coverage which discuss their specific roles within the setting at length, some of Mass Effect ' s more unusual races, such as

15260-414: The paragraph description is given to the concept artists, who are given a lot of freedom to explore ideas about the subject alien species. Once a few concepts have been completed, the team would attempt to move on from phase one by honing on a few ideas, and start working through multiple phases which may increase depending on the idea's complexity. The goal for the artists was to keep honing in and defining

15400-521: The park benches of Park Güell of Antonio Gaudi : a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. The square next to it is laid out like a giant sundial, on which the tower casts its shadow. In 1992, he also finished his first North American project, the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping mall is covered by a glass roof supported by columns like gigantic trees,

15540-400: The phases." — Derek Watts, Mass Effect art director Prior to the commencement of the concept phase for an alien species, the art and design team would look to the writing team for direction. They would ask for a short written paragraph containing a description of the species, their background, and specific but concise details on what they require for the creature. Phase one begins when

15680-458: The platforms. In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, the Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona, Spain, which for the first time brought him international notice. The bridge, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is 128 metres (420 ft) long, with twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees; a feature which quickly became

15820-422: The races due to budgetary concerns, which in part led to the development of the asari as a mono-gendered species. The salarians are intentionally designed to be an androgynous in terms of appearance, while female character models for the krogan and turians were only introduced by Mass Effect 3 . Mass Effect was envisioned as a trilogy from the very beginning as part of the developers' efforts to create

15960-480: The races, there was some difficulty in making the characters appear more visually distinct; though team members could add a bit of a visual variation, the faces would be alien enough that these nuances would not be as noticeable to the human eye. To overcome this, art director Derek Watts came up with the idea of different face paints and tattoos for many of the races as additional features. BioWare realized they would be unable to make both male and female versions of all

16100-457: The residential area of the city from the Tagus River . Similar to the galleria he designed in Toronto, but on a grander scale, the interior of the station features a forest of white columns like gigantic trees that support the glass roof, 238 by 78 metres (781 by 256 ft), which covers the eight tracks. The station complex also includes a shopping center, and transport links by tram and metro to

16240-465: The rest of Europe, he went to France as an exchange student. In 1968, after completing secondary school, he went to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris, and returned home. Back in Valencia, he discovered a book about the architecture of Le Corbusier , which persuaded him that he could be both an artist and an architect. He enrolled in

16380-526: The setting as an extension of astronomy . As the Mass Effect universe was inspired by the procedurally generated galaxy of Star Control II, project director Casey Hudson created a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel that could generate planetary data, including its name, surface temperature, distance from a star, and other statistical information. The developmental team used the generated information to compile lists of viable planets that could be used in

16520-417: The site of the 1992 Olympics . The concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas. Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin. The circular building at the base of the tower, which contains the broadcast equipment, is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes. The building has a particularly Catalan touch, borrowed from

16660-514: The station was a target of criticism: the New York Post described the station in 2014 as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous waste of public money". Michael Kimmelman , architecture critic for The New York Times , referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus". New York magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a "Glorious Boondoggle ". The New York Post editorial board also described

16800-566: The station when it opened in 2016 as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station – and possibly its ugliest", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect". The Hub also had its defenders. Jimmy Stamp of The Guardian wrote: "I despised the new World Trade Center transportation hub before I even saw it. It's $ 2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and design compromises, it's seven years late and still incomplete, and its architect, Santiago Calatrava, has left

16940-537: The structure has a conference hall, exposition space, shops, and a restaurant overlooking the lake. He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake. The Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia , Spain (1998–2001) was designed as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by that winery. Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards, the 196-metre (643 ft) long building has an aluminum roof and

17080-511: The structure together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between the cubes. A system of discreet cross beams on the exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building. In 2016, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia. For the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a new roof, to make a similar roof for

17220-533: The stylistic signature of Calatrava. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of steel arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network of lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below. His next bridge, the Puente del Alamillo (1987–1992), in Seville, Spain, was even more spectacular and cemented his reputation. Built as part of the 1992 Expo 92 , it is 200 metres (660 ft) long, crossing

17360-414: The substance is theoretically a metallic semiconductor. Santiago Calatrava Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, structural engineer , sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculptural forms often resemble living organisms. His best-known works include

17500-466: The technology. Humanity were to be depicted with an inherent ability to access and use the technology of the Nazari, in spite of their lack of technological knowledge; this makes them an important race, drawing much attention from the other species. It would then turn out that humanity were in fact originally a slave race to these Nazari, which explains their innate affinity for the lost technology. This idea

17640-484: The title Geth . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geth&oldid=1167715878 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Universe of Mass Effect The first three main series games

17780-405: The universe together. But in the stories, it's critical because you know, it's in everything. It's in everything from our Mass Relays, to the way we travel, to our weapons, to biotics. It really is the thing that makes Mass Effect , Mass Effect . So in that sense, I can't imagine a Mass Effect experience without it.” Mac Walters, Mass Effect Legendary Edition director The Bioware team

17920-440: The velodrome, and additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture to symbolize the games, and other architectural features to give harmony and variety to the complex. The roof for the stadium, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, is designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight. The roof covers 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with

18060-433: The video games, and incorporated the information by adding a predetermined number of planets from the lists into each individual star system on the galactic map, which are mapped out using a proprietary tool within the game engine. Lore for the individual planets was delegated to the writing team, who would seed information throughout the setting. According to game director Mac Walters, the sheer volume of information generated

18200-652: The white concrete structures are united with aluminum forms. The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and seem to be trying to take off, giving them the airport the popular nickname of "The Dove". Following 2000, Calatrava completed a new addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum , a concert hall in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a twisting skyscraper in Malmö, Sweden, and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sweden, and

18340-455: The world from Shanghai to Moscow. The building was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture of "seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a spiral structure resembling a twisting spinal column." The tower is 190 metres (620 ft) high, and twists a full ninety degrees from the base to the top. Each of the nine cubes cube is like a separate five-story building; each floor contains from one to five apartments. The support holding

18480-453: Was a glass and steel entry hall 2 metres (6.6 ft) high with a moveable sun screen roof, composed of two large wings made up of twenty-six smaller wings, from 8 to 32 metres (26 to 105 ft) in length. The sunscreen, weighing 115 tonnes (113 long tons; 127 short tons), can be hoisted up by a single pylon, like an enormous bird's wing, or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour (35 kn). The interior of

18620-686: Was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation . In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers . In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he

18760-552: Was born on 28 July 1951, in Benimàmet, an old municipality now part of Valencia, Spain . His Calatrava surname was an old aristocratic one from medieval times, and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain. He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, studied drawing and painting at the School of Applied Art. In 1964, as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became more open to

18900-716: Was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2005 he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT . He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council . Calatrava has received a total of twenty-two honorary degrees in recognition of his work. In 2013, Calatrava

19040-561: Was inspired by early space exploration games such as Starflight and Star Control , according to Bioware founder Ray Muzyka . Writer Mike Laidlaw explained that Star Control II heavily influenced the worldbuilding of the Mass Effect series, especially its exploration sequences. Mass Effect was also influenced by diverse and eclectic visual references, from the work of Spanish neo-futurist architect Santiago Calatrava to electron microscope imagery of insects. Artwork by American illustrator Syd Mead in particular represents

19180-462: Was later discarded, with the focus of the narrative turned to the tension between synthetic and organic life and the batarians were replaced with the geth as antagonists to strengthen the human versus machine conflict. The batarians were later redesigned as a four-eyed humanoid species and repurposed as the villains of Bring Down the Sky , a piece of downloadable content for the first Mass Effect . For

19320-652: Was originally formed as a limited peacekeeping force by multiple human nations—to operate under the mandate by the United Nations—to safeguard humanity as it expanded to new colonies through the mass relay. When the Citadel Human Embassy, Alliance Parliamentary, United Nations Prime Ministry, and the line of succession all decapitated during the Reaper invasion, the Systems Alliance Military has acted as

19460-588: Was particularly influenced by the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer Robert Maillart (1872–1940), which taught him that, "with an adequate combination of force and mass, you can create emotion." As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981, he opened his own office in Zurich. He designed an exposition hall, a factory, a library, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in 1983, he began to receive commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater size; he designed and built

19600-486: Was the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge , opened for traffic in March 2012. The bridge, carrying six lanes of traffic, is 209 metres (686 ft) long, with the appearance of being suspended from an arc-shaped tubular steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres (446 ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from 119 to 196 metres (390 to 643 ft). In form, the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed in 2005–2005 on

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