The Germanenorden ( Germanic or Teutonic Order ) was an occultist and völkisch secret society in early 20th-century Germany.
42-627: The Germanenorden was founded in Berlin in 1912 by Theodor Fritsch and several prominent German occultists including Philipp Stauff , who held office in the Guido von List Society and High Armanen Order as well as Hermann Pohl, who became the Germanenorden's first leader. The order was a clandestine movement that wished to create a small but devoted group and was a sister movement to the more open and mainstream Reichshammerbund . In 1916, during World War I ,
84-646: A charge of defamation of religious societies and disturbing the public peace. Fritsch was sentenced to one week in prison, and received another ten-day term in 1911. In 1890, Fritsch became, along with Otto Böckel , a candidate of the German Reform Party , founded by Böckel and Oswald Zimmermann, to the German Reichstag . He was not elected. The party was renamed German Reform Party in 1893, achieving sixteen seats. The party failed, however, to achieve significant public recognition. One of Fritsch's major goals
126-654: A competitive selection process, the DFG selects the best research projects from researchers at universities and research institutes and finances them. The ranking is thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research. In the 2017 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , the TU Berlin ranked 40th in the field of Engineering & Technology (3rd in Germany) and 36th in Computer science discipline (4th in Germany), making it one of
168-449: A cross as its symbol in 1916. The rituals of the order were influenced by theories about the Aryan race , Freemasonry and the operas of Richard Wagner . Theodor Fritsch Theodor Fritsch (born Emil Theodor Fritsche ; 28 October 1852 – 8 September 1933) was a German publisher and journalist . His antisemitic writings did much to influence popular German opinion against Jews in
210-613: A farmer in the village of Wiesenena (present-day Wiedemar ) in the Prussian province of Saxony , and his wife August Wilhelmine, née Ohme. Four of his siblings died in childhood. He attended vocational school ( Realschule ) in Delitzsch where he learned casting and machine building. He then undertook study at the Royal Trade Academy ( Königliche Gewerbeakademie ) in Berlin , graduating as
252-545: A franchise of its Global Production Engineering course – called Global Production Engineering and Management at the Vietnamese-German University in Ho Chi Minh City. Since 2002, the TU Berlin has consisted of the following faculties and institutes: As of 2015, 8,455 people work at the university: 338 professors, 2,598 postgraduate researchers , and 2,131 personnel work in administration,
294-448: A hierarchical fraternal structure based on Freemasonry . The structure was adopted due to the assumption that Jews engaged in secret organizing, and that it would be best to counter their influence over the German public life by using the same method. The primary concern was to monitor Jewish activity and to be a centre for the distribution of antisemitic material. Secondary concerns involved
336-697: A hundred in 1917 to 1,500 by the autumn of the following year. The Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater when it was formally dedicated on August 18, 1918, was given the cover name the Thule Society , which is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP), which was later transformed by Adolf Hitler into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The Germanenorden had
378-413: A letter in which he thanked him to be permitted "to cast a glance at the muddle of principles that lie at the heart of this strange movement", but requested not to be sent again such writings, for he was afraid that he might lose his patience. Fritsch offered editorship to right-wing politician Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg in 1894, whereafter it became an organ for Sonnenberg's German Social Party under
420-556: A library with 340,000 volumes in the university's main building ( Die Bibliothek – Wirtschaft & Management /"The Library" – Economics and Management) and the 'Department of Mathematics' maintains a library with 60,000 volumes in the Mathematics building ( Mathematische Fachbibliothek /"Mathematics Library"). (Including those of the Academies mentioned in the History section) According to
462-565: A practitioner of Sufism and astrology , Sebottendorff was also an admirer of Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels . Convinced that the Islamic and Germanic mystical systems shared a common Aryan root, he was attracted by Pohl’s runic lore and became the Master of the Walvater's Bavarian province late in 1917. Charged with reviving the province's fortunes, Sebottendorff increased membership from about
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#1732851886848504-508: A return to the traditional peasant values and customs of the distant past, which he believed exemplified the essence of the Volk . In 1893, Fritsch published his most famous work, The Handbook of the Jewish Question , which leveled a number of conspiratorial charges at European Jews and called upon Germans to refrain from intermingling with them. Vastly popular, the book was read by millions and
546-505: A technician in 1875. In the same year Fritsche found employment in a Berlin machine shop. He gained independence in 1879 through the founding of a technical bureau associated with a publishing firm. In 1880 he founded the Deutscher Müllerbund (Miller's League) which issued the publication Der Deutsche Müller (The German Miller). In 1905 he founded the "Saxon Small Business Association." He devoted himself to this organization and to
588-451: Is a public research university located in Berlin , Germany. It was the first German university to adopt the name "Technische Universität" (university of technology). The university alumni and staff includes several US National Academies members , two National Medal of Science laureates, the creator of the first fully functional programmable (electromechanical) computer, Konrad Zuse , and ten Nobel Prize laureates. TU Berlin
630-583: Is a member of TU9 , an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology and of the Top International Managers in Engineering network, which allows for student exchanges between leading engineering schools. It belongs to the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research . The TU Berlin is home of two innovation centers designated by
672-412: Is that only the German name, Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin), should be used abroad in order to promote corporate identity and that its name is not to be translated into English. The TU Berlin covers 604,000 square metres (6.5 million square feet), distributed over various locations in Berlin. The main campus is located in the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf . The seven schools of
714-609: Is today covered by the large-scale Teufelsberg rubble hill. The north section of the main building of the university was destroyed during a bombing raid in November 1943. Due to the street fighting at the end of the Second World War, the operations at the TH Berlin were suspended as of 20 April 1945. Planning for the re-opening of the school began on 2 June 1945, once the acting rectorship led by Gustav Ludwig Hertz and Max Volmer
756-651: The QS World University Rankings 2025, TU Berlin was ranked 147th globally, making it the 8th best university in the country. In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2023, the institution was ranked 136th globally and within the 12–13th range nationally. The Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2023 positions TU Berlin within the 201–300 range globally and the 10–19 range within Germany. Measured by
798-521: The Reichshammerbund (Reich's Hammer League) as an antisemitic collective movement. He also established the secret Germanenorden in that year. Influenced by racist Ariosophic theories, it was one of the first political groups to adopt the swastika symbol. Members of these groups formed the Thule Society in 1918, which eventually sponsored the creation of the Nazi Party . The Reichshammerbund
840-626: The European Institute of Innovation and Technology . The university is labeled as "The Entrepreneurial University" ("Die Gründerhochschule") by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The university is notable for having been the first to offer a degree in Industrial Engineering and Management ( Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen ). The university designed the degree in response to requests by industrialists for graduates with
882-640: The German Universities Excellence Initiative . On 1 April 1879, the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin (en: "Royal Technical Academy of Berlin") came into being in 1879 through a merger of the Königliche Gewerbeakademie zu Berlin (en: "Royal Trade Academy", founded in 1827) and Königliche Bauakademie zu Berlin (en: "Royal Building Academy", founded in 1799), two predecessor institutions of
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#1732851886848924-521: The Germanenorden split into two parts. Eberhard von Brockhusen became the Grand Master of the "loyalist" Germanenorden. Pohl, previously the order's Chancellor, founded a schismatic offshoot: the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail. He was joined in the same year by Rudolf von Sebottendorff (formerly Rudolf Glauer), a wealthy adventurer with wide-ranging occult and mystical interests. A Freemason and
966-789: The Nazis as a legal means to election after the Nazi Party had been banned in the aftermath of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch . He only served until the next election in December, 1924. In February 1927, Fritsch left the Völkisch Freedom Party in protest. He died shortly after the 1933 Nazi seizure of power at the age of 80 in Gautzsch (today part of Markkleeberg ). A memorial to Fritsch, described as "the first antisemitic memorial in Germany",
1008-597: The Prussian State. In 1899, the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin was the first polytechnic in Germany to award doctorates , as a standard degree for the graduates, in addition to diplomas , thanks to professor Alois Riedler and Adolf Slaby , chairman of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) and the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE). In 1916
1050-419: The assistance between members in business and the circulation of völkisch journals, especially Fritsch's journal Hammer . Applicants were required to prove their Germanic descent, and if they were married also their wife's. Through Bernhard Koerner, Stauff and Brockhusen, the order became imbued with the occult-nationalist ideas of List. Influenced by List's Ariosophy , it adopted a swastika superimposed on
1092-451: The campus along the "East-West axis" were part of the Nazi plans of a Welthauptstadt Germania , including a new faculty of defense technology under General Karl Becker , built as a part of the greater academic town ( Hochschulstadt ) in the adjacent west-wise Grunewald forest. The shell construction remained unfinished after the outbreak of World War II and after Becker's suicide in 1940, it
1134-405: The interests of crafts and small businesses ( Mittelstand ), as well as to the spread of antisemitic propaganda. When he changed his name to Fritsch is unclear. Fritsch created an early discussion forum, "Antisemitic Correspondence" in 1885 for antisemites of various political persuasions. In 1887 he sent several editions to Friedrich Nietzsche but was brusquely dismissed. Nietzsche sent Fritsch
1176-487: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. His writings also appeared under the pen names Thomas Frey, Fritz Thor, and Ferdinand Roderich-Stoltheim. He is not to be confused with his son, also named Theodor Fritsch (1895–1946) and also a bookseller, who was a member of the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, the Sturmabteilung . Fritsch was born Emil Theodor Fritsche, the sixth of seven children to Johann Friedrich Fritsche,
1218-617: The long-standing Königliche Bergakademie zu Berlin , the Prussian mining academy created by the geologist Carl Abraham Gerhard in 1770 at the behest of King Frederick the Great , was incorporated into the Königlich Technische Hochschule as the "Department of Mining". Beforehand, the mining college had been, however, for several decades under the auspices of the Frederick William University (now Humboldt University of Berlin ), before it
1260-702: The name "German Social Articles." Fritsch' 1896 book The City of the Future became a blueprint of the German garden city movement which was adopted by Völkisch circles. In 1902 Fritsch founded a Leipzig publishing house, Hammer-Verlag , whose flagship publication was The Hammer: Pages for German Sense (1902–1940). The firm issued German translations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and The International Jew (collected writings of Henry Ford from The Dearborn Independent ) as well as many of Fritsch's own works. An inflammatory article published in 1910 earned him
1302-525: The number of top managers in the German economy, TU Berlin ranked 11th in 2019. According to the research report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2018, TU Berlin ranked 24th absolute among German universities across all scientific disciplines. Thereby TU Berlin ranked 9th absolute in natural sciences and engineering . The TU Berlin took 14th place absolute in computer science and 5th place absolute in electrical engineering . In
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1344-641: The pseudonym F. Roderich-Stoltheim (an anagram of his full name). Another work, The Riddle of the Jew's Success , was published in English in 1927 under the pseudonym F. Roderich-Stoltheim. Technical University of Berlin Technische Universität Berlin ( TU Berlin ; also known as Berlin Institute of Technology and Technical University of Berlin , although officially the name should not be translated)
1386-476: The technical and management training to run a company. First offered in winter term 1926/27, it is one of the oldest programmes of its kind. TU Berlin has one of the highest proportions of international students in Germany, almost 27% in 2019. In addition, TU Berlin is part of the Berlin University Alliance , has been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under and receiving funding from
1428-606: The university have some 33,933 students enrolled in 90 subjects (October 2015). From 2012 to 2022, TU Berlin operated a satellite campus in Egypt, the El Gouna campus, to act as a scientific and academic field office. The nonprofit public–private partnership (PPP) aimed to offer services provided by Technische Universität Berlin at the campus in El Gouna on the Red Sea. The university also has
1470-684: The workshops, the library, and the central facilities. In addition, there are 2,651 student assistants and 126 trainees. International student mobility is available through the ERASMUS programme or through the Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) network. The new common main library of Technische Universität Berlin and of the Berlin University of the Arts was opened in 2004 and holds about 2.9 million volumes (2007). The library building
1512-461: Was appointed. As both Hertz and Volmer remained in exile in the Soviet Union for some time to come, the college was not re-inaugurated until 9 April 1946, now bearing the name "Technische Universität Berlin". Since 2009 the TU Berlin has housed two Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KIC) designated by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology . The official policy of the university
1554-465: Was erected in Zehlendorf (Berlin) in 1935. The memorial was the idea of Zehlendorf's mayor, Walter Helfenstein (1890–1945), and the work of Arthur Wellmann (1885–1960). The memorial was melted down in 1943 to make armaments for the war. A believer in the absolute superiority of the Aryan race , Fritsch was upset by the changes brought on by rapid industrialization and urbanization , and called for
1596-669: Was eventually folded into the Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation), on whose advisory board Fritsch sat. He later became a member of the German Völkisch Freedom Party (DFVP). In the general election of May 1924 , Fritsch was elected to serve as a member of the National Socialist Freedom Movement , a party formed in alliance with the DFVP by
1638-627: Was in its 49th edition by 1944 (330,000 copies). The ideas espoused by the work greatly influenced Hitler and the Nazis during their rise to power after World War I . Fritsch also founded an anti-semitic journal – the Hammer – in 1902, and this became the basis of a movement, the Reichshammerbund , in 1912. Fritsch was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity . He published Einsteins Truglehre (Einstein's Fraudulent Teachings) in 1921, under
1680-502: Was sponsored partially (estimated 10% of the building costs) by Volkswagen and is named officially " University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK (in the Volkswagen building) ". Some of the former 17 libraries of Technische Universität Berlin and of the nearby University of the Arts were merged into the new library, but several departments still retain libraries of their own. In particular, the school of 'Economics and Management' maintains
1722-660: Was spun out again in 1860. After Charlottenburg's absorption into Greater Berlin in 1920 and Germany becoming the Weimar Republic , the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin was renamed "Technische Hochschule zu Berlin" ("TH Berlin"). In 1927, the Department of Geodesy of the Agricultural College of Berlin was incorporated into the TH Berlin . During the 1930s, the redevelopment and expansion of
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1764-492: Was to unite all antisemitic political parties under a single banner; he wished for antisemitism to permeate the agenda of every German social and political organization. This effort proved largely to be a failure, as by 1890 there were over 190 various antisemitic parties in Germany. He also had a powerful rival for the leadership of the antisemites in Otto Böckel, with whom he had a strong personal rivalry. In 1912 Fritsch founded
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