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40-637: In 1852, the American Geographical Society began publishing its first academic journal, the Bulletin [and Journal] of the American Geographical Society . This publication continued through 1915, when it was succeeded by the Geographical Review under the direction of the American Geographical Society's Director Isaiah Bowman . Influential editors include Gladys M. Wrigley, who served as editor from 1920 to 1949, and Wilma B. Fairchild who edited

80-620: A STEM Center and a combination of 100 huddle, conference and auditorium breakout rooms. APL hired its first full-time sustainability manager in 2022. APL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences, called Engineering for Professionals. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area , including the APL Education Center. APL's STEM includes several internships and programs, including

120-629: A State Department adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Second World War, spending part of each week in Washington, DC, and leaving the running of the university in the hands of Provost P. Stewart Macaulay. In 1942, with Bowman's strong encouragement, Hopkins founded a facility that became the Applied Physics Laboratory , where scientists perfected the proximity fuze , a device that could explode an artillery shell near

160-478: A non-Jewish woman." In 1942, Bowman instituted a quota on the admission of Jewish students. Archival research of private letters reveals Bowman intensely disliked the only tenured geography professor at Harvard, Derwent S. Whittlesey, for his scholarship and homosexuality. Beginning in 2005, the American Geographical Society has helped launch international collaborative research projects, called

200-468: A school of geography at Johns Hopkins. As with many non-defense disciplines, geography had languished during the war years, and it became Bowman's mission to build geography into a full-fledged division of the university. He was briefly successful, but the Isaiah Bowman School of Geography was never able to attract a high-profile scholar to give it the prestige it needed. Isaiah Bowman retired from

240-632: A target, rather than on contact or in a place where the target was predicted to be. This fuze aided greatly in repelling Japanese kamikaze attacks late in the war, and in the Ardennes region of Europe during the 1944 Battle of the Bulge . As a State Department adviser, Bowman participated in the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the San Francisco Conference , playing a role in the foundation of

280-451: Is the nation's largest UARC . The lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense , NASA , and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, computer security , and space science and spacecraft construction. While APL provides research and engineering services to

320-514: The Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area , including the APL Education Center. APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve , who led Section T throughout the war. Section T

360-534: The DOD , via the U.S. Army 's Foreign Military Services Office, Ft. Leavenworth , Kansas . Applied Physics Laboratory The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (or simply Applied Physics Laboratory , or APL ) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland . It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8,700 people as of 2024. APL

400-651: The Discovery Program to solicit competing proposals for other missions. In 2019, the APL-proposed Dragonfly mission was selected as the fourth NASA New Frontiers mission . Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn's moon Titan by flying between landing sites to move around the moon's surface. In November 2021, APL launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, which struck

440-767: The Missile Defense Agency , the Department of Homeland Security , intelligence agencies, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ), and others. The Laboratory supports NASA through space science, spacecraft design and fabrication, and mission operations. APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense, strike and power projection, submarine security, antisubmarine warfare, strategic systems evaluation, command and control, distributed information and display systems, sensors, information processing, and space systems. APL has built and operated many spacecraft, including

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480-669: The Transit navigation system, Geosat , ACE , TIMED , CONTOUR , MESSENGER , Van Allen Probes , the New Horizons mission to Pluto , the Parker Solar Probe mission to the outer corona of the Sun, and STEREO . In the early 1990s APL began building robotic space probes . It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA's traditional supplier, estimated. APL's bid caused NASA to create

520-457: The United Nations . Upon the conclusion of the Second World War, Bowman relinquished his State Department position and once again became a full-time university president. He presided over Hopkins’ return to a peacetime status, planning for the influx of ex-military personnel as they returned to civilian status and resumed their education. His pet post-war project became the establishment of

560-613: The "Forest Grove Station," north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today's Forest Glen Metro , which included a hypersonic wind tunnel. The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel. In the 1960s, APL built a mobile automaton called the Johns Hopkins Beast . The Laboratory's name comes from its origins in World War II, but APL's major strengths are systems engineering and technology application. More than three-quarters of

600-723: The Balkans, as part of the Paris Peace Conference. Bowman directed the American Geographical Society until 1935, when he was named the fifth president of the Johns Hopkins University, succeeding Joseph Sweetman Ames . Bowman inherited a growing deficit due to the Great Depression and he began working to reduce the deficit and build the university's endowment. By the late 1930s, Hopkins was back on stable financial ground. Continuing his government service, Bowman became

640-702: The Bowman Expeditions in Bowman's honor, in part to advise the U.S. government concerning future trends in the human terrain of other countries. The first project, in Mexico, is called Mexico Indigena , and has generated considerable controversy, including a public statement from the Union of Organizations of the Sierra Juarez of Oaxaca (UNOSJO) denouncing Mexico Indigena's lack of full disclosure regarding funding procured from

680-617: The Hopkins presidency at the end of 1948, and died just over a year later. Shortly after his death, the School of Geography was downgraded to department status, and, by 1968, his name was removed from the department. In 1916 he became associate editor of the Geographical Review . He was associate editor of the Journal of Geography in 1918−19 and editor in 1919−20. In 1921 he became a director of

720-618: The Lab's 12 mission areas, that focus on solving complex research, engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States. Projects span from those in APL's more traditional areas of work, including air and missile defense, undersea warfare, to newer projects such as homeland security, artificial intelligence and cyber operations. The U.S. Navy continues to be APL's primary long-term sponsor. The Laboratory performs work for

760-678: The Maryland MESA program, which is an after-school program for students in grades 3-12; APL STEM in the Community, which focuses on STEM community outreach; the STEM Academy, which is an after-school course program for middle and high school students (grades 8-12); and APL's Student Program to Inspire, Relate and Enrich (ASPIRE), which allows high school juniors and seniors to experience and explore STEM careers before college. As of APL's 80th anniversary in 2022, there were hundreds of projects spanning

800-872: The US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the Pershing missile systems. APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program (OTP), provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems. The modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel, Maryland , and spans 461 acres with more than 30 buildings on site. Additional auxiliary campuses exist in

840-573: The US. Roosevelt knew well Bowman's antisemitism and that Bowman would not cause a political uproar by encouraging resettlement of Jews in America. Bowman's opposition to accepting Jewish refugees stemmed from his deep antisemitism. At the Johns Hopkins University, he established an anti-Jewish admissions quota in 1945, when other leading universities were dismantling their Jewish quota systems, on grounds that Jews were an alien threat to American culture. Bowman

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880-654: The University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service. APL was originally located in Silver Spring, Maryland in a used-car garage at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue. APL began moving to Laurel in 1954, with the construction of a two million dollar building and a $ 700,000 wing expansion in 1956. The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975. Before moving to Laurel, APL also maintained

920-591: The attention of Mark Jefferson, a geographer who had studied at Harvard under the most prominent geographer of the day, William Morris Davis . Jefferson recommended Bowman to Davis, smoothing the way for Bowman's study. After one year, by prearrangement with Jefferson, Bowman returned to Michigan in 1903 for a year, before returning again to Harvard. After graduating from Harvard in 1905, he became an instructor and graduate student at Yale , where he stayed for ten years. While at Yale, Bowman participated in three study expeditions to South America, in 1907, 1911 and 1913; on

960-614: The author of the best article by an early-career scholar published in the most recent three volumes of the Geographic Review . Beginning in 2020, the Wrigley-Fairchild Prize will be awarded each year. The prize is named for previous editors Gladys M. Wrigley and Wilma B. Fairchild who edited the journal for a combined 52 years. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports ,

1000-509: The fuze's success, the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944. Pleased with the APL's work, the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats. From there on, the APL became very involved in wartime research. Expected to disband at the end of the war, APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy. At governmental request,

1040-436: The government, it is not a traditional defense contractor , as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins. Hopkins' Whiting School of Engineering offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in

1080-411: The journal from 1949 to 1972. Douglas McManis edited the journal from 1978 until 1995 and was credited with maintaining a legacy of high scholarly standards set by his predecessors. The Wrigley-Fairchild Prize was established by the American Geographical Society in 1994 as a way to promote scholarly writing among new scholars published in the Geographical Review . The prize was given every three years to

1120-599: The journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.636. Isaiah Bowman Isaiah Bowman, AB, Ph. D. (December 26, 1878, Waterloo, Ontario , Canada – January 6, 1950, Baltimore, Maryland ), was an American geographer and President of the Johns Hopkins University , 1935–1948, controversial for his antisemitism and inaction in Jewish resettlement during WWII. Bowman was born in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. His family

1160-701: The newly formed Council of Foreign Relations . Before and during World War II he served on the Council of Foreign Relations ' War and Peace Studies project as chairman of its territorial group. From 1945 to 1949 he was a CFR vice-president. Bowman was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1916, the American Philosophical Society in 1923, and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1930. In 1941 he

1200-441: The prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee's body. Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to "fist-bump" Barack Obama using signals sent from an implanted brain chip . The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain. In 2023, APL announced that researchers have developed one of the world's smallest, most intense and fastest refrigeration devices,

1240-652: The smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September 2022 and was the first NASA planetary defense mission. The asteroid 132524 APL was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft. In 2014, APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb — a fully artificial articulated arm and hand — by a bilateral shoulder-level amputee . APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable

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1280-724: The staff are technical professionals, and 25% have computer science and math degrees. APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research; exploratory and advanced development; test and evaluation; and systems engineering and integration. During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the Operation Bumblebee Program on the Talos missile , Tartar missile , Terrier, and RIM-2 Terrier Surface to Air Missile systems. The follow-on RIM-50 Typhon Missile Project, based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles, while successful,

1320-439: The surrounding areas. The campus includes multiple cutting-edge innovation and collaboration spaces as well as state-of-the-art labs and test facilities. In 2021, APL opened an interdisciplinary research center, known as Building 201, with 263,000 square feet of space, a 200-person auditorium and more than 90,000 square feet of specialized laboratory space. The building also includes a four-story atrium filled with natural light,

1360-530: The third trip, he served as the leader of the group. This research provided material for his PhD dissertation, conferred in 1909, and for several publications. In 1915, he became the first director of the American Geographical Society (AGS). Some of his more notable works include: When the United States entered the First World War in 1917, Bowman placed the resources of the AGS at the government's service, and he

1400-510: Was Mennonite and of Swiss descent, and, at the age of eight weeks, Bowman's father moved his family to a log cabin in Brown City, Michigan , sixty miles north of Detroit. In 1900, Isaiah became an American citizen and began intensive study to prepare himself for admittance to Harvard . Studying first at Michigan State Normal College in Ypsilanti (now Eastern Michigan University ), Bowman came to

1440-510: Was a known anti-Semite: extremely suspect of Jews and reluctant to hire them at the university. According to Neil Smith, Bowman fired one of the most promising young historians on the Johns Hopkins faculty in 1939, saying "there are already too many Jews at Hopkins." In American Empire , Bowman is further quoted as saying "Jews don't come to Hopkins to make the world better or anything like that. They come for two things: to make money and to marry

1480-491: Was asked to "gather and prepare data" to assist with a future peace conference once the fighting stopped. Bowman sailed for France in December 1918 as Chief Territorial Specialist, but he quickly assumed an administrative role as well, gaining the ear of President Woodrow Wilson and his chief adviser, Colonel Edward House . Bowman thus played a major role in determining distribution of land areas and national borders, especially in

1520-725: Was awarded the British Royal Geographical Society 's Patron's Medal for his travels in South America and his services to Geography. In 1939 Roosevelt appointed Bowman to head Project M, to find refuge for Jewish emigrants from Europe. According to "harrowing" evidence uncovered by Bowman's biographer Neil Smith, news of mass slaughter of Jews in Europe did not increase Bowman's sense of urgency for rescue or swift resettlement elsewhere. Bowman's team looked for uninhabited or sparsely settled land on five continents, but not in

1560-479: Was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well-known Aegis Combat System based on an improved Terrier. In 1990, APL became involved with Operation Desert Storm and was involved in the Gulf Crisis Room among other efforts. In the same decade (1992), APL, along with Johns Hopkins University, developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis. In 1965,

1600-475: Was created on August 17, 1940. According to the official history of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Scientists Against Time , APL was the name of Section T's main laboratory from 1942 onward, not the name of the organization overall. Section T's Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the variable-time proximity fuze that played a significant role in the Allied victory. In response to

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