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46-559: Geneva Steel was a steel mill located in Vineyard , Utah , United States , founded during World War II to enhance national steel output. It operated from December 1944 to November 2001. Its unique name came from a resort that once operated nearby on the shore of Utah Lake . The plant was an integrated steel mill . Raw materials were shipped in by rail , processed into steel and steel products, and then reshipped by rail and truck to their final market. The plant, in addition to having all of

92-501: A blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as

138-709: A rolling mill . Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as concrete reinforcing bar , flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the direct strip casting process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for wire-drawing use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture. Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year,

184-613: A continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible. Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails , and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe . A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills

230-582: A former Utah steel mill may be moving toward Utah Lake according to a recent report conducted by a Salt Lake City engineering company. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is investigating the CH2M Hill study of the Geneva Steel site to determine if contaminated groundwater is moving beyond the facility boundary. The facility site and environmental contaminants are being remediated under EPA's voluntary Brownfields cleanup program. U.S. Steel operated

276-588: A group to attempt to purchase and retire those credits in order to maintain local air quality. The exact price of the credits will be determined by the open market, but estimates of the value of the emissions reduction credits range from $ 350,000 to $ 35,000,000. The movie Footloose was set in a fictional town in Oklahoma, but was filmed entirely in Utah County, Utah, part of the Provo metropolitan area. The Geneva steel mill

322-652: A new “West” Campus. Steel mill A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel . It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap . Since the invention of the Bessemer process , steel mills have replaced ironworks , based on puddling or fining methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an electric arc furnace and, more recently, from direct reduced iron processes. In

368-483: A number of groundwater monitoring wells around the perimeter of the plant. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is still unsure, however, if toxic chemicals are definitely moving toward Utah Lake. Liquidation of Geneva Steel's substantial assets may have broad effects on Utah County's future development. Geneva Steel's 1,750 acres (7 km) of land were sold in November 2005 for $ 46.8 million to Anderson Geneva ,

414-582: A part of Chevron), and Socony-Vacuum Oil Company (now part of ExxonMobil), however, it eventually became a fully owned subsidiary of Aramco . The company continued operating with no oil being transported until the end of 2002, when Aramco fully closed the Tapline subsidiary. For the Israeli Road see: Petroleum Road Tapline Road is the major east-west two lane highway running the length of Saudi Arabia from Turaif , on Saudi Arabia 's border with Jordan , in

460-523: A regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower. Trans-Arabian Pipeline The Trans-Arabian Pipeline ( Tapline ), was an oil pipeline from Qaisumah in Saudi Arabia to Sidon in Lebanon , active between 1950–1976. In its heyday, it was an important factor in

506-567: A sister company to Anderson Development , which plans to reuse the land for a wide range of purposes, including the FrontRunner commuter rail corridor. The land must undergo environmental cleanups before any development can occur, with most of the cost paid for by U.S. Steel. The mill equipment will not remain because it has been sold for $ 40 million to the Chinese firm Qingdao Iron & Steel Group . Most of Geneva Steel's water rights were sold to

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552-569: A steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into development. Geneva shipped its first order in April 1944, comprising over 600 tons of steel plate. The thousands of new jobs created by the plant were hard to fill as many men were overseas fighting; women began working to make up

598-457: A typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. Nucor Corporation , for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills. Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on

644-572: Is far inland, away from possible Japanese attack on the West Coast. Columbia had opened a 120,000 tons/year blast furnace in Ironton in 1924 during a time of expansion from its home town of Pittsburg, California , that expansion had also included the acquisition of the Llewellyn Iron Works Torrance plant, which made Columbia one of the largest if not outright the largest steel business on

690-416: Is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an electric arc furnace for scrap melting, a ladle furnace or vacuum furnace for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet continuous caster for converting molten steel to solid form, a reheat furnace and

736-640: Is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke , which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs. A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, Nucor (one of the world's largest steel producers) and Commercial Metals Company (CMC) use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from scrap steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. Direct reduced iron (DRI)

782-670: The Central Utah Water Conservancy District in May 2005 for $ 88.5 million, with some additional water rights sold for $ 14 million to the private firm Summit Vineyard, LLC, which has used them to support their Lake Side power plant . Its iron ore properties were sold for $ 10 million to Palladon Ventures Ltd, which hopes to build a new steel mill with modern technology closer to the iron ore mines. Geneva Steel's 7,000 tons of emission reduction credits are also for sale. In January 2006, local citizens announced they were forming

828-761: The Golan Heights came under Israeli control , though the Israelis permitted the pipeline's operation to continue. The pipeline was attacked and damaged by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine on 31 May 1969. Due to the attack tons of oil spilt into the Sea of Galilee and both Aramco and the Saudi government lost significant revenues. After years of constant arguing between Saudi Arabia and Syria and Lebanon over transit fees,

874-434: The basic oxygen furnace . Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms . During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum , so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom. Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on

920-622: The global trade of petroleum , as well as in American – Middle Eastern political relations, while locally helping with the economic development of Lebanon. The pipeline was built and operated by the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company, now a fully owned subsidiary of Aramco . It largely ceased functioning in the early 1980s and completely stopped operating in 1990. Construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline began in 1947 and

966-512: The Fontana plant around the same time. In October 1948 Columbia Steel Co. opened a new 325,000 tons / year cold reduction and tin plate mill in Pittsburg, California . In May 1955 Consolidated Western's new pipe mill in Provo shipped its first deliveries. During its operation Geneva Steel was important to Utah County 's economy, providing thousands of jobs and attracting many ancillary businesses to

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1012-527: The Tapline at an estimated cost of US$ 100 to US$ 300 million was one of the strategic options being considered by the Jordanian government to meet oil needs. The pipeline was built and operated by the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company. It was founded as a joint venture between Standard Oil of New Jersey (now ExxonMobil ), Standard Oil of California ( Chevron ), the Texas Company (better known as Texaco , now

1058-721: The Texas-California pipeline. Originally the Tapline was intended to terminate in Haifa , which was then in the British Mandate of Palestine , but due to the establishment of the state of Israel , an alternative route through Syria ( Golan Heights ) and Lebanon was selected with an export terminal in Sidon. The 12-inch Haifa branch and the almost completed 16-inch loop line of the Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline had to shut down in April 1948 due to

1104-442: The U.S. Pacific Coast prior to World War II. Geneva Steel operated as a US government facility until June 1946, when it was sold for $ 47.5 million to U.S. Steel, a vast underbid compared to the mill's estimated $ 144 million value. But this was no different for many other war surplus facilities. Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening

1150-419: The area. As time went on, however, the plant's fortunes declined due to multiple factors increasing labor costs and pension woes, foreign imports, Utah's relative isolation from the rest of the United States and the general decline of manufacturing industries in the United States. On at least one occasion, Geneva Steel paid its workers in uncommon $ 2 bills intending to flood the local community with evidence of

1196-563: The difference, filling 25 percent of the plant's workforce. To acknowledge Utah's and Geneva Steel's contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden. The initial first stage construction encompassed a plant on 1600 acres. The main constituent facilities were Ground was broken in April 1942. On December 23, 1943

1242-485: The emergence of oil supertankers , and pipeline breakdowns, the section of the line beyond Jordan ceased operation in 1976. The remainder of the line between Saudi Arabia and Jordan continued to transport modest amounts of petroleum until 1990 when the Saudis cut off the pipeline in response to Jordan's support of Iraq during the first Gulf War . Today, the entire line is unfit for oil transport. The Trans-Arabian Pipeline

1288-473: The facilities for primary steel making, included on-site conversion of coal into coke , plus other facilities for post-processing of coal byproducts, including production of inorganic fertilizers . Blast furnaces converted raw iron ores into pig iron , and final conversion into steel was via open hearth furnaces . Rolling mill facilities for forming steel into plate, and some structural shapes were also located there. At its peak of operations Geneva Steel

1334-453: The first coke oven battery was charged. The first trial runs of the plate mill took place on March 23, 1944. By that date 2 blast furnaces, 3 open hearth furnaces and the slabbing mill were in regular operation. After the purchase by U.S. Steel, the Geneva plant was started up again. By August 1946, 2 of 3 blast furnaces, 2 of 4 coke oven batteries, 3 of 9 open heath furnaces, the slabbing mill and

1380-648: The late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks located in Barrow-in-Furness , United Kingdom . Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang , South Korea . An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production: The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into

1426-423: The parallel 12-inch and 16-inch Tripoli line's) three pumping stations on Syrian soil were sabotaged. Tapline was not affected and continued to produce 340,000 bbl /day. A modernization program including the installation of four 5,000hp gas turbine auxiliary pumps in existing stations with a planned increase by 90,000 bbl/day was underway. Since the 1967 Six-Day War , the section of the pipeline which runs through

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1472-476: The pipeline was considered groundbreaking and innovative at the time it was built, were it still operational to this day it would be considered somewhat outdated — nowadays, most modern long-distance pipelines constructed beginning in the second half of the twentieth century have been built to a diameter of 42 inches (1,070 mm) or 48 inches (1,220 mm) and are thus able to transport considerably more crude oil per day than Tapline did in its heyday. The pipeline

1518-650: The plant with the help of Utah Senator Orrin Hatch . They tried to keep it open for as long as possible. However, in March 1999 the company filed bankruptcy and reorganized with a $ 110 million loan via the Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Act of 1999, but the reorganization attempt failed. Geneva Steel filed bankruptcy again and shut down permanently in November 2002. There is some controversy regarding their alleged pollution of Utah Lake. Contaminated groundwater under

1564-540: The plant's importance to the economy. Early in 1987 the mill shut down temporarily, but reopened later after the mill was spun off from US Steel and purchased by local business interests. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, students from Brigham Young University (BYU) protested the pollution, particularly the particulate matters, emitted from the steel operation. They carried signs at the entrance of BYU football games that included slogans like, "Pollution makes God barf." The Cannon Brothers ( Christopher and Joseph ) bought

1610-474: The plate mill were in operation, but not the structural mill. Employment at the mill, the Horse Canyon coal mine and the limestone and dolomite quarry at Payson rose to slightly more than 2000. The Consolidated Steel Corporation of Los Angeles bought approximately 60,000 tons of 31 feet by 92 inches plates for a 214 mile section of the 30-inch Texas-California pipe line in 1946-1947 and 92 and 95-inch plates of

1656-528: The regional conflict, and it never opened again. The Syrian government initially opposed the plan. Four days after a military coup that overthrew democratic rule the deal was ratified. The coup's leader Husni al-Za'im was overthrown and murdered 136 days later, but the project was unstoppable. During the Suez crisis the biggest artery for oil, the Suez canal, was shut down. The Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline 's (together with

1702-715: The same length for the 980 miles of 30 and 31-inch pipes for the Trans-Arabian Pipeline in 1947-? and then 167,918 tons of plates for the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline in 1950 and 1951 from the Geneva Mill. Even though a U.S. Steel subsidiary after August 1948, Consolidated bought its plate for the Transcontinental Pipeline project from the Kaiser Fontana mill in 1949-1950 and also built a new blast furnace for

1748-433: The site in the early 1940s, producing millions of tons of steel for the war effort. After the war, U.S. Steel ran the company until 1987 when it sold the plant to Geneva Steel Company. During its years of operation, the facility produced wastes contaminated with human carcinogens and hazardous substances including arsenic, lead, zinc, nickel, acids, PCBs and petroleum products. Arsenic, ammonia, and benzene recently showed up in

1794-421: The street from the old Geneva Steel Pipe Mill facility on the site of an old truck stop serving the many trucks that visited the plant. The building is constructed from salvaged materials and beams from various mill buildings with the interior walls, doors, and partitions coming from other mill buildings and offices. In 2014 Utah Valley University purchased 125 acres of the Geneva Steel site in order to expand to

1840-538: The west, to Qaisumah , on the Persian Gulf, in the east. It was so named because it parallels the Trans-Arabian Pipeline. The Tapline Road was, on average, only 50 kilometers from Saudi Arabia's northern border for a distance of 514 miles or 827.2 kilometers. Initially only a dirt and gravel road used by ARAMCO and the Saudi Government it was widened and paved by 1965 due to use by civilian and commercial traffic. It

1886-399: Was 1,214 kilometres (754 mi) long with a diameter of 30 inches (760 mm) and 31 inches. When constructed, it was the world's largest oil pipeline system. The initial capacity of the pipeline was 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m /d) (bpd), eventually rising to a maximum capacity of about 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m /d) with the addition of several more pumping stations. While

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1932-598: Was incorporated into the Saudi Highway system in 1965 when it was extended into Dammam . Since Tapline Road is a semi-private road mostly maintained by Aramco, and has been assigned the number 6335 until it meets Highway 85 (King Fahd Road) where-after it is maintained by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Transport, it remains Highway 85 until near the Jordanian border where it meets Highway 65 , in Qurayyat and crosses

1978-546: Was mainly managed by the American company Bechtel . Consolidated Steel of Los Angeles was contracted to provide 980 miles of 30 and 31-inch pipe in sections 31 feet long in March 1947 (date of press notice) and the National Tube Company of Pittsburgh (a U.S. Steel subsidiary) for another 70 miles. This was the second pipe contract for Consolidated, then still busy with their plant's inaugural 214 mile 30-inch section of

2024-470: Was supplied from the oil fields near Abqaiq . The Tapline corridor has remained a potential export route for Persian Gulf oil exports to Europe and the United States. At least one analysis has indicated that the transportation cost of exporting oil via the Tapline through Haifa to Europe would cost as much as 40 percent less than shipping by tanker through the Suez Canal . In early 2005, rehabilitation of

2070-685: Was the largest steel mill west of the Mississippi River and produced 60 percent of the steel used in the Western United States . The Geneva Steel mill was constructed with federal funds from November 1941 to December 1944 by Columbia Steel Company (since 1930 a U.S. Steel subsidiary) and United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel). Vineyard, Utah, was chosen as the location for the new plant because iron ore , coal , limestone , and other resources necessary for primary steel making are located in nearby areas of Utah, and because Utah Valley

2116-401: Was the setting for a dance montage by the lead character, Ren McCormack. Early in 2007, the site made headlines in the Utah press, as owner Anderson Geneva made an offer to Real Salt Lake . The deal included moving their stadium to the Geneva site and they (Anderson Geneva) would offer up the land for free. The offer was subsequently turned down. Timpanogos Harley-Davidson is located across

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