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22-601: The General Film Company was formed by the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) in an attempt to monopolize distribution. In 1909, the General Film Company tried to seize the equipment of independent distribution companies to discourage their activities. Using their control over several film patents, the General Film Company and MPPC tried to force independent distribution companies to sell out or lose their patent licenses. Competing organizations, such as

44-479: A motion picture camera and projector in 1895. Dickson later acknowledged Lauste as inventor of the loop, though rival claims were made in support of another Latham associate, engineer Enoch J. Rector , who used the technology to shoot an hour-and-a-half-long documentary film , The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight , in 1897. Woodville Latham applied for a patent on June 1, 1896. In his patent application, Latham wrote, By 1905, virtually all motion picture projectors used

66-601: A primarily US market. The end came with a federal court decision in United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co. on October 1, 1915, which ruled that the MPPC's acts went "far beyond what was necessary to protect the use of patents or the monopoly which went with them" and was, therefore, an illegal restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act . An appellate court dismissed the MPPC's appeal, and officially terminated

88-441: A uniform rental rate for all licensed films, thereby removing price as a factor for the exhibitor in film selection, in favor of selection made on quality, which in turn encouraged the upgrading of production values. The MPPC also established a monopoly on all aspects of filmmaking. Eastman Kodak owned the patent on raw film stock, and the company was a member of the trust and thus agreed to sell stock only to other members. Likewise,

110-632: The Edison Trust ), founded in December 1908 and effectively terminated in 1915 after it lost a federal antitrust suit , was a trust of all the major US film companies and local foreign-branches ( Edison , Biograph , Vitagraph , Essanay , Selig Polyscope , Lubin Manufacturing , Kalem Company , Star Film Paris , American Pathé ), the leading film distributor ( George Kleine ) and the biggest supplier of raw film stock , Eastman Kodak . The MPPC ended

132-690: The Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company , the National Independent Moving Picture Alliance and the Film Service Association, emerged to challenge the trust. By 1912, the power of the General Film Company had declined and the U.S. Justice Department started prosecution of the MPPC and the General Film Company under the Sherman Act . On March 30, 1918, the General Film Company was sold, along with

154-560: The Edison licensing system. The resulting trust pooled 16 motion picture patents. Ten were considered of minor importance. The remaining six pertained one each to films, cameras, and the Latham loop , and three to projectors. The MPPC eliminated the outright sale of films to distributors and exhibitors, replacing it with rentals, which allowed quality control over prints that had formerly been exhibited long past their prime. The trust also established

176-664: The MPPC lost the ability to control the American film industry through patent licensing and had to rely instead on its subsidiary, the General Film Company , formed in 1910, which monopolized film distribution in US. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 cut off most of the European market, which played a much more significant part of the revenue and profit for MPPC members than for the independents, which concentrated on Westerns produced for

198-527: The MPPC made use of hired thugs and mob connections to violently disrupt productions that were not licensed by the trust. The MPPC also strictly regulated the production content of their films, primarily as a means of cost control. Films were initially limited to one reel in length (13–17 minutes), although competition by independent and foreign producers by 1912 led to the introduction of two-reelers, and by 1913, three and four-reelers. Many independent filmmakers, who controlled from one-quarter to one-third of

220-697: The MPPC was modeled. During the 1890s, Thomas Edison owned most of the major US patents relating to motion picture cameras. The Edison Manufacturing Company's patent lawsuits against each of its domestic competitors crippled the US film industry, reducing production mainly to two companies: Edison and Biograph, which used a different camera design. This left Edison's other rivals with little recourse but to import French and British films. Since 1902, Edison had also been notifying distributors and exhibitors that if they did not use Edison machines and films exclusively, they would be subject to litigation for supporting filmmaking that infringed Edison's patents. Exhausted by

242-506: The MPPC was very reluctant to make the changes necessary to distribute such longer films. Edison, Biograph, Essanay, and Vitagraph did not release their first features until 1914, after dozens, if not hundreds, of feature films, had been released by independents. Patent royalties to the MPPC ended in September 1913 with the expiration of the last of the patents filed in the mid-1890s at the dawn of commercial film production and exhibition. Thus

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264-574: The MPPC, to the Lincoln & Parker Film Company of Worcester, Massachusetts . Thomas Edison reacquired these assets when the Lincoln & Parker Company went bankrupt and sold them to producer Robert L. Giffen in October 1919. This article about an American film distributor or production company is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Motion Picture Patents Company The Motion Picture Patents Company ( MPPC , also known as

286-496: The US to Mexico, where the trust's patents were not in effect and thus equipment could not be seized. The reasons for the MPPC's decline are manifold. The first blow came in 1911 when Eastman Kodak modified its exclusive contract with the MPPC to allow Kodak, which led the industry in quality and price, to sell its raw film stock to unlicensed independents. The number of theaters exhibiting independent films grew by 33 percent within twelve months, to half of all houses. Another reason

308-462: The company in 1918. Latham loop The Latham Loop is used in film projection and image capture. It isolates the filmstrip from vibration and tension, allowing movies to be continuously shot and projected for extended periods. Invention of the Latham loop is usually credited to film pioneers William Kennedy Laurie Dickson and Eugene Lauste . Both men worked with Woodville Latham , developing

330-454: The domestic marketplace, responded to the creation of the MPPC by moving their operations to Hollywood , whose distance from Edison's home base of New Jersey made it more difficult for the MPPC to enforce its patents. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , which is headquartered in San Francisco , California , and covers the area, was averse to enforcing patent claims. Southern California

352-438: The domination of foreign films on US screens, standardized the manner in which films were distributed and exhibited within the US, and improved the quality of US motion pictures by internal competition. It also discouraged its members' entry into feature film production , and the use of outside financing, both to its members' eventual detriment. The MPPC was preceded by the Edison licensing system, in effect in 1907–1908, on which

374-506: The largest company in the world, withdrew in April. Biograph retaliated for being frozen out of the trust agreement by purchasing the patent to the Latham film loop , a key feature of virtually all motion picture cameras then in use. Edison sued to gain control of the patent. After a federal court upheld the validity of the patent in 1907, Edison began negotiation with Biograph in May 1908 to reorganize

396-433: The lawsuits, Edison's competitors — Essanay, Kalem, Pathé Frères, Selig, and Vitagraph — approached him in 1907 to negotiate a licensing agreement, which Lubin was also invited to join. The one notable filmmaker excluded from the licensing agreement was Biograph, which Edison hoped to squeeze out of the market. No further applicants could become licensees. The purpose of the licensing agreement, according to an Edison lawyer,

418-496: The trust's control of patents on motion picture cameras ensured that only MPPC studios were able to film, and the projector patents allowed the trust to make licensing agreements with distributors and theaters – and thus determine who screened their films and where. The patents owned by the MPPC allowed them to use federal law enforcement officials to enforce their licensing agreements and to prevent unauthorized use of their cameras, films, projectors, and other equipment. In some cases,

440-408: Was also chosen because of its beautiful year-round weather and varied countryside; its topography , semi-arid climate and widespread irrigation gave its landscapes the ability to offer motion picture shooting scenes set in deserts, jungles and great mountains. Hollywood had one additional advantage: if a non-licensed studio was sued, it was only a hundred miles to "run for the border" and get out of

462-478: Was the MPPC's overestimation of the efficiency of controlling the motion picture industry through patent litigation and the exclusion of independents from licensing. The slow process of using detectives to investigate patent infringements, and of obtaining injunctions against the infringers, was outpaced by the dynamic rise of new companies in diverse locations. Despite the rise in popularity of feature films in 1912–1913 from independent producers and foreign imports,

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484-499: Was to "preserve the business of present manufacturers and not to throw the field open to all competitors." In February 1909, major European producers held the Paris Film Congress in an attempt to create a similar European organisation. This group also included MPPC members Pathé and Vitagraph, which had extensive European production and distribution interests. This proposed European cartel ultimately failed when Pathé, then still

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