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54-602: The General Campaign Star is in the form of a 44-millimetre-wide (1.7 in) four-point compass rose with, on the obverse, a wreath of maple leaves surrounding a superimposed composition of two crossed swords (representing the Canadian Army ), an anchor (symbolizing the Royal Canadian Navy ), and a soaring eagle (representing the Royal Canadian Air Force ), all surmounted by a St. Edward's Crown , evoking

108-406: A central band in green, representing service. The accompanying medal bars are rectangular with raised edges and bear the name of the campaign for which they presented; the first is worn centred on the ribbon, while additional bars are evenly spaced and arranged in the chronological order earned, with the eldest at the bottom, closest to the medal. For wear on undress, a silver, gold or red maple leaf

162-489: A compass rose were frequently labeled by the initial letters of the mariner's principal winds (T, G, L, S, O, L, P, M). From the outset, the custom also began to distinguish the north from the other points by a specific visual marker. Medieval Italian cartographers typically used a simple arrowhead or circumflex-hatted T (an allusion to the compass needle) to designate the north, while the Majorcan cartographic school typically used

216-454: A compass rose, but rather separately on small disks or coins on the edges of the map. The compass rose was also depicted on traverse boards used on board ships to record headings sailed at set time intervals. The contemporary compass rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside the other. The outside ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to

270-515: A cosmology of seven directions. For example, among the Hopi of the Southwestern United States , the four named cardinal directions are not North, South, East and West but are the four directions associated with the places of sunrise and sunset at the winter and summer solstices. Each direction may be associated with a color, which can vary widely between nations, but which is usually one of

324-549: A result, recipients of the original GCS with the Allied Force bar remounted their medals without the bar and used the new Allied Force ribbon. Recipients of the medal with the ISAF+FIAS bar needed only to have the medal remounted without the bar on the same ribbon. The Allied Force bar was presented to fighter pilots and AWACS crew members who flew a minimum of five sorties over Kosovo and other territories, including Albania and

378-466: A special word: tenggara . Sanskrit and other Indian languages that borrow from it use the names of the gods associated with each direction : east (Indra), southeast (Agni), south (Yama/Dharma), southwest (Nirrti), west (Varuna), northwest (Vayu), north (Kubera/Heaven) and northeast (Ishana/Shiva). North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of

432-530: A stylized Pole Star for its north mark. The use of the fleur-de-lis as north mark was introduced by Pedro Reinel , and quickly became customary in compass roses (and is still often used today). Old compass roses also often used a Christian cross at Levante (E), indicating the direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of the Mediterranean sea. The twelve Classical winds (or a subset of them) were also sometimes depicted on portolan charts, albeit not on

486-563: A terrestrial map because one is looking up instead of down. Similarly, when describing the location of one astronomical object relative to another, "north" means closer to the North celestial pole, "east" means at a higher right ascension , "south" means closer to the South celestial pole, and "west" means at a lower right ascension. If one is looking at two stars that are below the North Star, for example,

540-483: Is easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° circle. Eight points make a right angle and a point is easy to estimate allowing bearings to be given such as "two points off the starboard bow". Cardinal direction The four cardinal directions , or cardinal points , are the four main compass directions: north , south , east , and west , commonly denoted by their initials N, S, E, and W respectively. Relative to north,

594-424: Is not clear at what angles the classical winds are supposed to be with each other; some have argued that they should be equally spaced at 30 degrees each; for more details, see the article on Classical compass winds ). The sidereal compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of stars ("steering stars"; not to be confused with zenith stars ) in the night sky, rather than winds. Arab navigators in

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648-629: Is pinned to the ribbon bar, denoting, respectively, the award of a second, third or fourth or subsequent bar. On 7 July 2004, Queen Elizabeth II , on the advice of her Cabinet under Prime Minister Paul Martin , created the General Campaign Star to recognize, without having to produce a new medal for each mission, members of the Canadian Armed Forces or allied forces who had participated in Canadian military campaigns . To qualify for

702-500: Is related to I Ching , the Wu Xing and the five naked-eye planets . In traditional Chinese astrology , the zodiacal belt is divided into the four constellation groups corresponding to the directions. Each direction is often identified with a color, and (at least in China) with a mythological creature of that color . Geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of

756-584: Is the interesting situation that native Japanese words ( yamato kotoba , kun readings of kanji) are used for the cardinal directions (such as minami for 南, south), but borrowed Chinese words (on readings of kanji) are used for intercardinal directions (such as tō-nan for 東南, southeast, lit. "east-south"). In the Malay language , adding laut (sea) to either east ( timur ) or west ( barat ) results in northeast or northwest, respectively, whereas adding daya to west (giving barat daya ) results in southwest. Southeast has

810-487: Is used for the center. All five are used for geographic subdivision names ( wilayahs , states, regions, governorates, provinces, districts or even towns), and some are the origin of some Southern Iberian place names (such as Algarve , Portugal and Axarquía , Spain). In Mesoamerica and North America , a number of traditional indigenous cosmologies include four cardinal directions and a center. Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on

864-543: Is used on compasses (including magnetic ones), maps (such as compass rose networks ), or monuments. It is particularly common in navigation systems , including nautical charts , non-directional beacons (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) systems, satellite navigation devices (" GPS "). Linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most human communities have four points of cardinal direction . The names given to these directions are usually derived from either locally-specific geographic features (e.g. "towards

918-654: The Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively; the Greco (a NE wind), reflects the position of Byzantine-held Calabria-Apulia to the northeast of Arab Sicily, while the Maestro (a NW wind) is a reference to the Mistral wind that blows from the southern French coast towards northwest Sicily. The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean by the 14th century, had increments of 11 1 ⁄ 4 ° between points. Only

972-559: The Red Sea and the Indian Ocean , who depended on celestial navigation , were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th century. In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star ( Polaris ) was used for the N–S axis; the less-steady Southern Cross had to do for the southern hemisphere, as the southern pole star, Sigma Octantis , is too dim to be easily seen from Earth with

1026-780: The Socialist Republic of Macedonia , as well as the Adriatic and Ionian Seas , during Operation Allied Force , between 24 March and 10 June 1999. For some recipients, it might have been necessary for them to return their NATO Medal before accepting the Allied Force bar. Those in the Canadian Armed Forces who served for at least 30 days after 24 April 2003 in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) effort in Afghanistan were eligible to receive

1080-490: The map layout . The modern compass rose has eight principal winds . Listed clockwise, these are: Although modern compasses use the names of the eight principal directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.), older compasses use the traditional Italianate wind names of Medieval origin (Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc.). Four-point compass roses use only the four "basic winds" or " cardinal directions " (North, East, South, West), with angles of difference at 90°. Eight-point compass roses use

1134-440: The summer solstice horizon ( Caecias , Argestes ), the equinox ( Apeliotes , Zephyrus ) and the winter solstice ( Eurus , Lips ). Aristotle's system was asymmetric. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the classical 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographical direction in navigation. Eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotle's system, to produce

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1188-543: The Germanic names for the intermediate directions. Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions. In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and intercardinal directions. For example, classical Greek culture characterized these winds as Anemoi . In pre-modern Europe more generally, between eight and 32 points of

1242-621: The ISAF bar. Those soldiers not under NATO control (such as those operating as part of the US controlled Operation Enduring Freedom ) were awarded the South-West Asia Service Medal . Compass rose A compass rose or compass star , sometimes called a wind rose or rose of the winds , is a polar diagram displaying the orientation of the cardinal directions ( north , east , south , and west ) and their intermediate points . It

1296-578: The Medieval era, but seafarers in the Mediterranean came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. The mariners used names derived from the Mediterranean lingua franca , composed principally of Ligurian , mixed with Venetian , Sicilian , Provençal , Catalan , Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin. The exact origin of the mariner's eight-wind rose is obscure. Only two of its point names ( Ostro , Libeccio ) have Classical etymologies,

1350-500: The North celestial pole. Similarly, a line from the center to the South celestial pole will define the South point by its intersection with the limb. The points at right angles to the North and South points are the East and West points. Going around the disk clockwise from the North point, one encounters in order the West point, the South point, and then the East point. This is opposite to the order on

1404-576: The additional directions of up and down . Each of the ten directions has its own name in Sanskrit . Some indigenous Australians have cardinal directions deeply embedded in their culture. For example, the Warlpiri people have a cultural philosophy deeply connected to the four cardinal directions and the Guugu Yimithirr people use cardinal directions rather than relative direction even when indicating

1458-630: The angles of the principal winds to come up with intermediate compass points, known as half-winds , at angles of difference of 22 1 ⁄ 2 °. The names of the half-winds are simply combinations of the principal winds to either side, principal then ordinal. E.g. North-northeast (NNE), East-northeast (ENE), etc. Using gradians , of which there are 400 in a circle, the sixteen-point rose has twenty-five gradians per point. Thirty-two-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 11 1 ⁄ 4 ° angles of difference. Quarter-wind names are constructed with

1512-433: The basic colors found in nature and natural pigments, such as black, red, white, and yellow, with occasional appearances of blue, green, or other hues. There can be great variety in color symbolism, even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically. Ten Hindu deities , known as the " Dikpālas ", have been recognized in classical Indian scriptures, symbolizing the four cardinal and four intercardinal directions with

1566-415: The center as a fifth cardinal point . Central Asian , Eastern European and North East Asian cultures frequently have traditions associating colors with four or five cardinal points. Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China , as well as traditional Turkic , Tibetan and Ainu cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five cardinal point system

1620-432: The circumference of a large implicit circle. The cartographer Cresques Abraham of Majorca , in his Catalan Atlas of 1375, was the first to draw an ornate compass rose on a map. By the end of the 15th century, Portuguese cartographers began drawing multiple ornate compass roses throughout the chart, one upon each of the sixteen circumference roses (unless the illustration conflicted with coastal details). The points on

1674-639: The classical 12 winds. During the Migration Period , the Germanic names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages , where they replaced the Latin names borealis with north, australis with south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east. The following table gives a rough equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions (Note: the directions are imprecise since it

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1728-586: The classical eight-wind rose. The Romans (e.g. Seneca , Pliny ) adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e.g. Septentrio , Subsolanus , Auster , Favonius , etc. The De architectura of the Roman architect Vitruvius describes 24 winds. According to the chronicler Einhard ( c.  830 ), the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for

1782-431: The compass (naming all 32 winds) was expected of all Medieval mariners. In the earliest medieval portolan charts of the 14th century, compass roses were depicted as mere collections of color-coded compass rhumb lines : black for the eight main winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds. The average portolan chart had sixteen such roses (or confluence of lines), spaced out equally around

1836-658: The compass – cardinal and intercardinal directions – were given names. These often corresponded to the directional winds of the Mediterranean Sea (for example, southeast was linked to the Sirocco , a wind from the Sahara). Particular colors are associated in some traditions with the cardinal points. These are typically " natural colors " of human perception rather than optical primary colors . Many cultures, especially in Asia , include

1890-424: The directions east, south, and west are at 90 degree intervals in the clockwise direction. The ordinal directions (also called the intercardinal directions ) are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary intercardinal direction. These eight shortest points in the compass rose shown to

1944-409: The eight principal winds —that is, the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) plus the four "intercardinal" or " ordinal directions " (NE, SE, SW, NW), at angles of difference of 45°. Twelve-point compass roses, with markings 30° apart, are often painted on airport ramps to assist with the adjustment of aircraft magnetic compass compensators. Sixteen-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting

1998-590: The eight principal winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) were given special names. The eight half-winds just combined the names of the two principal winds, e.g. Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. Quarter-winds were more cumbersomely phrased, with the closest principal wind named first and the next-closest principal wind second, e.g. "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco" (literally, "one quarter wind from North towards Northeast", i.e. North by East), and "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana" ("one quarter wind from NE towards N", i.e. Northeast by North). Boxing

2052-591: The fathers (Pitr loka). The directions are named by adding "disha" to the names of each god or entity: e.g. Indradisha (direction of Indra) or Pitrdisha (direction of the forefathers i.e. south). The cardinal directions of the Hopi language and the Tewa dialect spoken by the Hopi-Tewa are related to the places of sunrise and sunset at the solstices, and correspond approximately to the European intercardinal directions. Use of

2106-782: The following degrees of a compass: The intercardinal (intermediate, or, historically, ordinal ) directions are the four intermediate compass directions located halfway between each pair of cardinal directions. These eight directional names have been further compounded known as tertiary intercardinal directions, resulting in a total of 32 named points evenly spaced around the compass: north (N), north by east (NbE), north-northeast (NNE), northeast by north (NEbN), northeast (NE), northeast by east (NEbE), east-northeast (ENE), east by north (EbN), east (E), etc. Cardinal directions or cardinal points may sometimes be extended to include vertical position ( elevation , altitude , depth ): north and south , east and west , up and down; or mathematically

2160-495: The geographical location of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the direction towards which the north pole of a magnetic object (as found in a compass ) will point. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is called variation , which varies depending on location. The angular difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called deviation which varies by vessel and its heading. North arrows are often included in contemporary maps as part of

2214-1062: The hills", "towards the sea") or from celestial bodies (especially the sun) or from atmospheric features (winds, temperature). Most mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South. The ancient Greeks originally maintained distinct and separate systems of points and winds. The four Greek cardinal points ( arctos , anatole , mesembria and dusis ) were based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds ( Boreas , Notos , Eurus , Zephyrus ) were confined to meteorology . Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came eventually to denote cardinal directions as well. In his meteorological studies, Aristotle identified ten distinct winds: two north–south winds ( Aparctias , Notos ) and four sets of east–west winds blowing from different latitudes—the Arctic Circle ( Meses , Thrascias ),

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2268-454: The intercardinal directions have names that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions (as, for instance, northeast is compounded from north and east ). In Estonian, those are kirre (northeast), kagu (southeast), edel (southwest), and loe (northwest), in Finnish koillinen (northeast), kaakko (southeast), lounas (southwest), and luode (northwest). In Japanese, there

2322-569: The medal, individuals had to have served in a theatre of war in the presence of an armed enemy. As with the General Service Medal , the General Campaign Star (GCS) was initially only awarded with one ribbon. Bars were to be attached to denote the area or mission which qualified for recognition; the first two bars were titled "ALLIED FORCE" and "ISAF+FIAS". In 2009, the system of bars was revised such that ribbons denoted specific theatres or services and bars recognized multiple rotations. As

2376-429: The naked eye. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rising and setting positions, these are: The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their setting position. The true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumbs on the sidereal compass. Stars with

2430-422: The name of the corresponding direction. East: Green ( 青 "qīng" corresponds to both green and blue); Spring; Wood South: Red ; Summer; Fire West: White ; Autumn; Metal North: Black ; Winter; Water Center: Yellow ; Earth Countries where Arabic is used refer to the cardinal directions as Ash Shamal (N), Al Gharb (W), Ash Sharq (E) and Al Janoob (S). Additionally, Al Wusta

2484-458: The names "X by Y", which can be read as "one quarter wind from X toward Y", where X is one of the eight principal winds and Y is one of the two adjacent cardinal directions. For example, North-by-east (NbE) is one quarter wind from North towards East, Northeast-by-north (NEbN) is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called " boxing the compass ". The 32-point rose has 11 1 ⁄ 4 ° between points, but

2538-402: The one that is "east" will actually be further to the left. During the Migration Period , the Germanic names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages , where they replaced the Latin names borealis (or septentrionalis ) with north, australis (or meridionalis ) with south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east. It is possible that some northern people used

2592-484: The position of an object close to their body. (For more information, see: Cultures without relative directions .) The precise direction of the cardinal points appears to be important in Aboriginal stone arrangements . Many aboriginal languages contain words for the usual four cardinal directions, but some contain words for 5 or even 6 cardinal directions. In some languages , such as Estonian , Finnish and Breton ,

2646-470: The rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. Two Arabic words stand out: Scirocco (SE) from al-Sharq (الشرق – east in Arabic) and the variant Garbino (SW), from al-Gharb (الغرب – west in Arabic). This suggests the mariner's rose was probably acquired by southern Italian seafarers; not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Norman Sicily in the 11th to 12th centuries. The coasts of

2700-519: The right are: Points between the cardinal directions form the points of the compass . Arbitrary horizontal directions may be indicated by their azimuth angle value. The directional names are routinely associated with azimuths , the angle of rotation (in degrees ) in the unit circle over the horizontal plane . It is a necessary step for navigational calculations (derived from trigonometry ) and for use with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers . The four cardinal directions correspond to

2754-521: The same declination formed a "linear constellation" or kavenga to provide direction as the night progressed. A similar sidereal compass was used by Polynesian and Micronesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars were used in a number of cases, clustering around the east–west axis. In Europe, the Classical 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during

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2808-404: The six directions of the x-, y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates . Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines . Alternatively, elevation angle may be combined with cardinal direction (or, more generally, arbitrary azimuth angle) to form a local spherical coordinate system . In astronomy , the cardinal points of an astronomical body as seen in

2862-449: The sky are four points defined by the directions toward which the celestial poles lie relative to the center of the disk of the object in the sky. A line (a great circle on the celestial sphere ) from the center of the disk to the North celestial pole will intersect the edge of the body (the " limb ") at the North point. The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to

2916-526: The sovereign's roles as both fount of honour and Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces . On the reverse is a space for engraving the recipient's name and rank between the reigning monarch's royal cypher topped by another crown above and a sprig of three maple leaves below. This medallion is worn at the left chest, suspended on a 31.8-millimetre-wide (1.25 in) ribbon coloured with vertical stripes in Canada's official colours of red and white flanking

#198801