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88-529: The geology of Gatineau Park , which encompasses these foothills, is related to the Eardley Escarpment, which is a fault line that lies along the southern edge of the hills. This escarpment makes the park an attractive location for rock climbers and hikers, offering a beautiful view of the relatively flat fields below, which extend to the Ottawa River . The Eardley Escarpment is part of the northern side of

176-472: A fait accompli . Some academics described the Accord as resulting from an exercise in "elite accommodation" not compatible with a more democratic Canada. Aside from Quebec, no province held public hearings on the Accord until opposition began to sprout. Some critics said that "distinct society" focus unbalanced the federation, creating a "special status" for Quebec that would lead to asymmetrical federalism and

264-564: A Quebec flag in Brockville, Ontario was replayed frequently on Quebec television to symbolize English Canada's opposition to the Accord. In April 1990, Wells invoked section 46(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 to revoke Newfoundland's previous assent to the Accord. This meant that the Accord now required passage in three provinces: Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Hope for the Accord gained momentum after New Brunswick proposed

352-417: A 30-foot-high (9.1 m) red-coloured cedar cross was located on top of King Mountain. Originally erected by Old Chelsea's parish priest, Father Maguire, it could be seen for miles around. It eventually rotted and fell over the cliff. Gatineau Park provides habitat for many species of birds including the pileated woodpecker and common loon . Turkey vultures and migrating hawks may be observed soaring on

440-493: A constitutional agreement was possible, Mulroney called a conference with provincial premiers for April 30, 1987 at Willson House, located on the shores of Meech Lake , Quebec, in the Gatineau Hills . In contrast to previous constitutional conferences, which tended to feature a multitude of bureaucrats and advisors, the 11 first ministers were the only participants at the bargaining table. Other officials were kept downstairs and

528-554: A disgruntled backbencher voted against the government, prompting an election in April 1988 . The result was a PC minority government under Gary Filmon that was tacitly supported by Gary Doer 's NDP. The leader of the opposition, Liberal Sharon Carstairs , was a fervent opponent of the Accord, and believed some dissident PC and NDP members could be convinced to vote it down. The unstable confidence situation meant that all three leaders would have to negotiate on Manitoba's behalf. Trudeau

616-471: A guarantee that Senate reform would be carried out. The Ontario delegation then proposed a new formula: a clause would be placed in the new accord for Senate reform negotiations to continue to 1995. If negotiations failed by 1995, Ontario would agree to give up six Senate seats, meaning that Quebec would have 24 seats, Ontario 18, Prince Edward Island 4, and the remaining provinces 8. Wells immediately agreed in principle. The next day, another signing ceremony

704-465: A month before the Accord's constitutionally-mandated ratification deadline seemed to show renewed agreement on a second series of amendments that would address the concerns raised in the intervening debates. Despite this, the original accord would not gain acceptance in the Manitoba or Newfoundland legislatures in time for ratification. Failure to pass the Accord greatly increased tensions between Quebec and

792-478: A park around his Kingsmere property and ease access to it by building a parkway. Though he denied the charge, the criticism would shape King's subsequent decisions regarding the park. It would take another eleven years for the park to be created in embryonic form on July 1, 1938, as a result of efforts by Percy Sparks of the Federal Woodlands Preservation League . By choosing to create

880-688: A prominent communications tower at Camp Fortune , provides a large portion of the area's broadcast television and radio signals. The area is a prime tourist attraction, particularly during the month of October when the foliage is turning colour. Photographs and paintings of the area are a popular tourist item. The Gatineau Hills are located in the city of Gatineau, and in Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality, Quebec . 45°34′N 75°57′W  /  45.567°N 75.950°W  / 45.567; -75.950 Gatineau Park Gatineau Park ( French : Parc de la Gatineau )

968-542: A prominent peak along the Eardley Escarpment at approximately 350 m (1,150 ft), was the first triangulation point in Canada. The mountain's unique positioning provides an interesting spectrum of vegetation ranging from evergreen and deciduous forests to windswept savannas . The mountain is also home to a number of trees which are rare in the area, including some that are nearly 600 years old. For many years,

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1056-524: A renovated farmhouse and five outbuildings surrounded by 1.74 hectares (4 acres) of fields and forests. The residence is closed to the public, but a virtual tour is available. Also located inside the park is the Prime Minister of Canada's country retreat and official summer residence Harrington Lake , also called Lac Mousseau. At the end of the Gatineau Parkway, Champlain lookout provides views of

1144-603: A result of former Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King 's caution, fear of criticism, and desire for privacy. Gatineau Park was not only the first national park advocated for Quebec, it was also intended as the first one outside the Rocky Mountains . As well, it was to be the first national park created by the first parks service in the world, the Dominion Parks Branch. On December 3, 1913, Dominion Parks Commissioner James B. Harkin wrote to Deputy Minister of

1232-416: A series of alternate concerns that would have to be addressed to enable passage of the original agreement. Jean Charest , a former federal cabinet minister, was tasked with heading a commission on addressing New Brunswick's concerns on March 22, 1990, which expanded into an attempt to forge an all-party consensus on the Accord. Despite his opposition, leading Liberal leadership candidate Jean Chrétien, wishing

1320-403: A standard basis. Opponents of the Accord took issue with both the process and ultimate results of the negotiations. Process objections focused on the agreement being negotiated in circumstances considered to be opaque and undemocratic: the amendments were effectively drafted and agreed to by the Prime Minister and ten Premiers themselves in two meetings and were presented to their legislatures as

1408-575: A standing ovation. Supporters of the Accord argued that it would provide a generation of constitutional peace and do so in a simple and understandable way without major structural changes to the Federal government or the Canadian federation. Bourassa described Quebec's exclusion from the 1982 agreement as a "hole in the heart" that had to be mended before Quebec could become a normalized participant in constitutional matters. Mulroney and others, acknowledging that

1496-621: Is a federal park located in the Outaouais region of Quebec , Canada. Administered by the National Capital Commission as part of the National Capital Region , Gatineau Park is a 361 square kilometres (139 sq mi) wedge of land extending north and west from the city of Gatineau . With a perimeter of 179.2 kilometres (111.3 mi), the park includes parts of the municipalities of Chelsea , Pontiac , La Pêche , and

1584-563: Is a recreational destination offering public facilities including beaches, campgrounds, picnic areas, trails, and parkways. There are 165 km (103 mi) of hiking trails and 90 km (56 mi) of trails for mountain bikes and the Trans Canada Trail passes through the park. The park is also popular with cyclists where many routes are quite steep and very demanding on legs, heart and lungs. Beaches are located at Meech Lake , Lac Phillipe and La Pêche Lake . While no camping

1672-526: Is allowed at Meech Lake, there are campgrounds at the other two lakes. All three lakes are open to canoeists, but gas motor boats are only allowed at Meech Lake due to the presence of many private properties. Cross-country skiing is one of the park's main recreational activities. Nearly 200 km (120 mi) of cross-country trails criss-cross the park, which hosts the annual Gatineau Loppet ski race (formerly known as Keskinada Loppet). Downhill skiing and snowboarding are engaged in at Camp Fortune . During

1760-732: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and ordered the language restrictions be struck down. The decision reignited the long-simmering debate over language use in Quebec. While English-language groups celebrated the decision, the Parti Québécois and nationalist groups demanded Bourassa use the notwithstanding clause to uphold the Charter of the French Language against the court ruling. Both Mulroney and Peterson pressured Bourassa not to use

1848-524: The Gatineau Hills for recreational purposes was proposed as early as 1903. In 1938 money was allotted for the acquisition of Gatineau woodlands (for preservation) and the construction of a parkway. The Government of Canada maintains a conference centre at Meech Lake , known as Willson House, the site of meetings leading to a failed attempt to reform Canada's Constitution in 1987, the Meech Lake Accord . There are significant ongoing controversies about

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1936-639: The October 1987 New Brunswick election to the Frank McKenna -led Liberals . McKenna had campaigned on requesting changes to the Accord, especially protections for New Brunswick's linguistic duality, and demanded the changes before passing the Accord in New Brunswick. The unanimous provincial consensus was now gone, and with it much of the Accord's political momentum. More surprising was the unexpected defeat of Howard Pawley's NDP majority government in Manitoba after

2024-555: The Ottawa Valley from high atop the Eardley Escarpment. When leaves change colour in fall, tourists and locals are drawn to the park's lookouts, roads, and pathways to enjoy the autumn scenery. Pink Lake is a meromictic lake found in the park. Tiny algae in the lake give it a bright green colour. The lake's name comes from the Pink family who originally owned property in the area. The park includes many other lakes . King Mountain,

2112-541: The Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben , which is an ancient rift valley . The Algonquin people settled in the Ottawa valley more than 4000 years ago. French explorers arrived in the early seventeenth century. The Gatineau Hills' pine forests were logged extensively in the early 1800s, with many roads built for mining and farming. The deforestation raised increasing concern from the public. Historical records show interest for

2200-518: The thermals above the Eardley Escarpment. The park is also home to a large population of beavers and white-tailed deer , as well as black bears and two wolf packs in the more remote sections. Meech Lake Accord The Meech Lake Accord ( French : Accord du lac Meech ) was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and all 10 Canadian provincial premiers . It

2288-584: The Accord and the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement was the dominant issue. Bourassa's Liberals, who supported free trade, lent tacit support to the federal Progressive Conservatives and their campaign in favour of the agreement. This support was later speculated to have been a cause of a disconnect between left-wing intellectuals and support for the Accord, and was cited by the Manitoba NDP for their more lukewarm attitude toward

2376-412: The Accord was necessary for the very survival of Canada. As the process wore on, journalists noted that the secrecy and spin began to echo the original meetings that had created problems in the first place. According to historian Michael Bliss , "Many found the spectacle nauseating." After an unsuccessful first day, McKenna attempted to start conversation by announcing that New Brunswick would support

2464-475: The Accord's drafting and its future effects on Canadian federalism, and support for the Accord began to decline. Changes in government in New Brunswick , Manitoba , and Newfoundland brought ministries to power that declined to accept the Accord. Further negotiations were conducted but tension increased between Quebec and the predominantly English-speaking provinces. A dramatic final meeting among first ministers

2552-521: The Accord. The second day saw Filmon agree to a second accord being enacted a number of months after the original passed, allowing for all sides to show more flexibility. At the meeting, Bourassa conceded that a second accord could be adopted that included a guarantee that distinct society would not weaken gender equality and give the territories involvement in the appointment of senators and Supreme Court justices. The Premiers also agreed to hold future conferences on Aboriginal and minority language issues,

2640-526: The Cabinet and PC caucus, Bouchard sat as an independent. He made a speech in defence of the original Meech Lake Accord and stated that without it, sovereignty was the only option. Bourassa announced his support of Bouchard's action from the National Assembly, and said it provided a clear warning to English Canada of what would occur if Meech failed. On June 3, 1990, after each premier met individually with

2728-449: The City of Gatineau. The main entrance to the park is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of downtown Ottawa , Ontario . The park's area has a long history of human inhabitation and usage predating the arrival of European settlers. Its more recent pre-park history includes various forms of human exploitation such as farming, logging, hunting, and industrial activity. The idea of creating a park in

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2816-554: The Conservative government defeated the latest private member's bill pertaining to Gatineau Park, a bill that had been tabled by Hull-Aylmer NDP MP Nycole Turmel . The Conservatives argued that the bill (C-565) was too restrictive, since it applied only to Gatineau Park and not to other green space in the National Capital Region. They also said they voted against it because they intended to re-introduce their own legislation in

2904-658: The Interior William Cory , arguing for the creation of a nationwide system of parks, the first of which was to be Gatineau Park. In his memo, Harkin said: A few months later, on Cory's suggestion, Harkin wrote Quebec Minister of Mines and Forests Charles Devlin inquiring whether he would help establish a national park in the Gatineau district. Although provincial officials wrote back that the matter would receive their minister's immediate attention, Devlin died before he could follow up on Harkin's request, and no further response

2992-457: The NCC reacted to this news by hiring an engineering firm to study the problem. Its report concluded that garbage spread along the trail was within acceptable standards, a conclusion that park advocates met with scepticism. The NCC also confirmed staff for the contractor were not certified in the maintenance of summer trails in the park, as required by their contract. More recently, on April 30, 2014,

3080-538: The National Assembly to accept the amendments "with honour and enthusiasm," won a majority government. The apparent lessening of tension prompted Lévesque to attempt the " beau risque " of federal cooperation. His government split, leading to his resignation and the ultimate defeat of his sovereigntist Parti Québécois by the federalist Quebec Liberal Party of Robert Bourassa in the 1985 provincial election . In his election platform, Bourassa outlined five conditions that would have to be met for Quebec to "sign on" to

3168-468: The Newfoundland House of Assembly or to a referendum. The apparent success of the negotiations was offset by a severe public relations blunder by Mulroney the following day. When describing the negotiation process to The Globe and Mail , the Prime Minister stated that he had intentionally scheduled the final conference until the last few days before the amendment could be passed to put pressure on

3256-455: The Parti Québécois and René Lévesque, to be read by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau . Upon Bouchard's return to Canada, Mulroney demanded he clarify the remark or resign, and Bouchard supplied a lengthy letter of resignation on May 22, 1990. The two men, who had been close friends since attending law school at Université Laval together, did not speak for several decades afterward, but reconciled shortly before Mulroney's death in 2024. After leaving

3344-500: The Premiers and Mulroney announced a consensus for constitutional reform had been reached amongst the first ministers. The consensus would encompass five main modifications to the Canadian constitution: The initial reaction of the public was shock. Interest groups that had been involved in the constitutional debate, unaware that an agreement was practicable, had not thought to begin agitating for consultation. They were caught off balance by

3432-665: The Prime Minister at 24 Sussex Drive , the first ministers met at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull . Scheduled as a one-day meeting, the premiers instead met for a week at the National Conference Centre and the Government Conference Centre . The combined media presence outside created an atmosphere of chaos and drama, with repeated intonations by Mulroney and other federal officials that acceptance of

3520-533: The Section 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 ; this meant that June 22, 1990, would be the last possible day the Accord could pass. Saskatchewan ratified the Accord on September 23, 1987, and Alberta did likewise on December 7, 1987. After the conclusion of public hearings, New Brunswick premier Richard Hatfield was unable to put the Accord to the floor of the provincial legislature, despite significant pressure from Mulroney. Hatfield's government lost every seat in

3608-432: The accepted Accord. The only province to have public hearings after the Accord stage and before the legal text was drafted was Quebec. National public opinion polls initially showed that a majority of Canadians supported the proposed agreement. Liberal Party leader John Turner and New Democratic Party leader Ed Broadbent announced their agreement with the consensus. The first prominent opposition, as reported by

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3696-691: The administration of the park, including its status as the only federal park that is not part of the national parks system, the existence and construction of private residences inside it, residents' extensive violation of shoreline protection bylaws at Meech Lake, and changes to its boundaries without the knowledge of parliament. For instance, inspection reports carried out by the Municipality of Chelsea in 2013 and 2015 confirm that 119 structures have been built without permit at Meech Lake, and that 80% of Meech Lake residents whose properties were inspected continue to violate county bylaw MRC 137-09 several years after it

3784-474: The agreement focused on primarily Quebec concerns, described the agreement as a "bridge" that, once accepted, would allow for further negotiations with other groups to proceed with Quebec's full participation. Mulroney argued that the Senate and Supreme Court reforms would allow for greater involvement of other parties in what was generally a unilateral decision from the Prime Minister. It was an attempt to reduce what

3872-429: The agreement would forestall devolution of further powers. Because the agreement would have changed the constitution's amending formula , it needed to obtain the consent of all provincial legislatures and the federal Parliament within three years. The signatory Premiers undertook to have the Accord approved as soon as possible. Quebec passed the Accord on June 23, 1987, triggering the three-year time limit provided for by

3960-514: The amendments after Pawley's retirement. Shortly after the election, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled on Ford v. Quebec , a compendium of cases regarding sign restrictions in the Charter of the French Language . While acknowledging the protection of Quebec's French identity as a pressing and substantial objective , the Court ruled that the outright ban on English-language signs was a violation of

4048-442: The amendments that involved constitutional change, as they had not had any representation in negotiations. Former Prime Minister Trudeau and similar critics argued that the further devolution of powers was unnecessary and did not result in any "trade-off" with the federal government. Rather, the Accord reduced its ability to speak for all Canadians on matters of national interest. Western and Atlantic Canada particularly objected to

4136-464: The annual Gatineau Loppet competition. Downhill skiing is available at locations including Camp Fortune , Mont Cascades, Mont Ste. Marie , Edelweiss , and Vorlage . The hills are small compared to the ski areas in the northeast, such as Mont Tremblant and Mont-Sainte-Anne , or in Vermont , New Hampshire and New York . The location of the hills are also useful for communications, and Ryan Tower ,

4224-461: The attendees, which would allow him to "roll the dice" and force the deal to go through. Susan Delacourt and Graham Fraser reported Mulroney's remark, prompting general outrage in both the political class and the public for its apparently flippant nature, which contrasted heavily with Mulroney's sombre language and remarks about the necessity of the Accord passing during the previous conference. Filmon and Wells both expressed their displeasure with

4312-676: The basis of the Constitution Act, 1982 . Quebec Premier René Lévesque and the Quebec National Assembly refused to approve the amendments and announced it would use a constitutional veto . The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Quebec Veto Reference that Quebec did not have a veto, and the Constitution Act, 1982 was operative in Quebec. In the 1984 federal election , the Progressive Conservatives , led by Brian Mulroney , committed to eventually allowing

4400-413: The cause of the collapse of talks. They asked Mulroney to take a harder line on federal powers. Trudeau's intervention had also created a separate backlash: Mulroney and the other eight Premiers, insulted by what they saw as undue interference, aggressively embraced the previous consensus. Bourassa in particular refused to move away from any of the Accord's major provisions. Negotiations went on through

4488-422: The conditions had previously been offered by the federal government to Quebec on different occasions. Bourassa and Mulroney, both pragmatic pro-business figures, had a far more congenial relationship than Trudeau and Lévesque had. Mulroney tasked Senator Lowell Murray with coordinating a possible agreement with the provinces. Bourassa announced that talks could proceed based on the five conditions, adding only

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4576-414: The constitution. They were recognition of Quebec's distinct character (as primarily Catholic and French-speaking), a veto for Quebec in constitutional matters, input from Quebec into the appointment of Supreme Court justices, co-determination of the number and selection of immigrants arriving in Quebec, and a limit on the federal spending power. Bourassa considered the demands practical, as all elements of

4664-455: The creation of a "Canada Clause" to guide judicial decisions in the same manner as "distinct society", a new process for how new provinces would be formed, and a new amending procedure. Wells, however, was still not satisfied with the proposed conditions, and threatened to walk out of the conference. After being physically stopped by Alberta Premier Don Getty , he was asked what his conditions were for acceptance, and Wells replied that he needed

4752-464: The creation of a wilderness park in the Gatineau Hills in 1903; many reports, plans and actions were made over the years to protect the area until it became as it looks today. The Gatineau Hills are also a popular skiing destination, serving the neighbouring communities of Ottawa , Ontario and Gatineau , Quebec . Gatineau Park contains over 190 km of cross-country trails, and plays host to

4840-406: The distinct society clause would be subject to the Charter and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces. Bourassa dismissed the report the day it was released. Anger at reading its contents prompted Lucien Bouchard , Mulroney's Environment Minister and Quebec lieutenant , to send a telegram from Paris to a gathering in his native Alma lavishly praising

4928-600: The federal spending power in the final agreement. Ontario Premier David Peterson , as the sole Liberal at the table (Bourassa's Quebec Liberal Party having severed ties with the Liberal Party of Canada in 1955), did not have support for it by most of his caucus (including his main adviser, Ian Scott ). They opposed the consensus, and proposed a variety of amendments to the "federal spending power" and "distinct society" clauses. Pawley and Peterson agreed to follow each other's lead or back out together, to avoid either being seen as

5016-409: The former summer home of William Lyon Mackenzie King , the tenth Prime Minister of Canada , with its 231 hectares of landscaped green space, is located south of Kingsmere Lake. The cottages, including Kingswood and the primary residence, Moorside, were recently restored and now feature interactive exhibits about Mackenzie King's era. There is a café and tea room at the estate. The estate also features

5104-413: The issue to be off the table, used back channels to pressure Wells to support the agreement. On May 17, 1990, the commission recommended a companion accord that would be approved by all provinces along with Meech Lake; this would permit the original accord to stay in place, saving face for Quebec and the federal government, while addressing the concerns of other provinces. The companion Accord asserted that

5192-427: The lack of more substantive reforms in how the Senate membership was chosen, especially as the Accord required further Senate reform to be subject to unanimous approval by the provinces. On the other hand, activists seeking sovereignty for Quebec were also unhappy; they generally opposed the agreement, believing that "recognition of Quebec as a distinct society" would be only moderately useful. They thought acceptance of

5280-458: The media was locked out of the negotiation process. Mulroney chaired the meeting, and agreement came quickly on the Supreme Court and immigration conditions, both of which were significantly an entrenchment of the status quo. The only agenda item added besides Quebec's conditions was Senate reform. After initially proposing abolition, Mulroney agreed to allow appointment from lists created by

5368-475: The media, was from former Prime Minister Trudeau. In an open letter published in both the Toronto Star and La Presse on May 27, 1987, Trudeau attacked the Accord as a capitulation to provincialism and the end of any dream of "One Canada". Portraying "patriation" as the equalization of the bargaining power of federal and provincial governments that would allow Canada to survive indefinitely, Trudeau wrote that

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5456-425: The move a violation of the "spirit of Meech Lake," immediately ordered that public hearings regarding the Accord be ended and that it be withdrawn from consideration pending a new constitutional conference, officially joining New Brunswick in opposing the Accord. John Turner and the federal Liberals, who had gained little traction in Quebec from their pro-Meech stance in the previous election, attacked Mulroney for what

5544-423: The near term. According to park activists, C-565, though seriously flawed, should have been sent to committee for study and amendment. Building on the work of the predecessor Federal Woodlands Preservation League, the modern-day New Woodlands Preservation League and its Gatineau Park Protection Committee advocate greater public access to the park while opposing residential development inside it. Gatineau Park

5632-462: The new agreement made further devolution of powers inevitable. He referred to Mulroney as a "weakling," the Premiers as "snivelers," and invoked Bourassa's previous reneging of the Victoria Charter as suggesting that the Accord would be the beginning of concessions to Quebec and provincial interests. Trudeau's well-known position as an ardent federalist and a prominent Québécois helped express

5720-402: The night. They ultimately agreed on a clause promising that "the distinct society clause" would not derogate the Charter , providing protections for multicultural and aboriginal rights, and tighter language regarding restrictions on the federal spending power. At a final roll call at 4:45 a.m. June 3, 1987, hours before the signing ceremony, Mulroney knowingly breached convention by taking

5808-478: The notwithstanding clause, while prominent Quebec cabinet minister and nationalist Claude Ryan threatened to resign if the clause was not used. Bourassa opted to not only use the notwithstanding clause but also propose Bill 178, which continued the ban on outdoor signs, causing four of his English-speaking ministers to resign and sparking general outrage in English Canada. Manitoba Premier Gary Filmon, calling

5896-412: The opposition to the Accord for many of its opponents. He generated concerns with the Accord in other groups that had embraced the Charter , such as Indigenous peoples, ethnic communities, and women. His position created turmoil in the federal and provincial Liberal parties, with the federal party split largely on linguistic lines, shaking John Turner's already fragile leadership. As the final agreement

5984-634: The park through gradual property acquisition, the King government allowed private property to continue existing in Gatineau Park—;a situation that has prevented the park from becoming a national park. Today, the National Capital Commission manages the park, along with all federal lands and buildings in Canada's National Capital Region . Its policies on park boundaries, land management and ownership, as well as on residential construction in

6072-453: The park, have been the subject of controversy. To address these issues, several private members’ bills have been introduced in the Senate and House of Commons since 2005. The federal government also tabled its own Gatineau Park legislation in June 2009 and April 2010. None of the bills tabled so far has been enacted into law. The latest government legislation on the subject, Bill C-20,

6160-506: The picturesque collection of stone ruins and a small waterfall that runs down the escarpment near Moorside. Mackenzie King donated his estate to the people of Canada at his death in 1950. Located at Kingsmere, the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada since 1955, and known as The Farm , was part of William Lyon Mackenzie King 's estate. This rural property consists of

6248-469: The possible decline of the English-speaking community in Quebec and Francophones elsewhere in Canada. Aboriginal, feminist, and minority groups worried that courts could interpret the clause to allow the Quebec government to disregard sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and of other constitutional protections in the name of preserving the province's culture. Aboriginal groups were opposed to

6336-517: The possible results of its demise, palpable tension arose between English and French speakers throughout Canada. Using Bourassa's use of the notwithstanding clause as justification, groups such as the Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada convinced municipalities such as Sault Ste. Marie to pass bylaws outlawing the provision of French language services. A video clip of protesters stomping

6424-405: The provinces while awaiting further reform, which the provinces accepted. Changes to the amending formula and recognition of Quebec as a " distinct society " were the most contentious issues. Changes to the wording of the "distinct society clause" that also preserved rights for English and French minorities in other provinces gained acceptance by all representatives at the table. After nine hours,

6512-574: The provision that "recognition of Quebec's distinct character" had to be an interpretive clause rather than a symbolic note in a revised preamble . At a meeting of the first ministers (the Prime Minister and provincial premiers) in Edmonton in August 1986, the ministers agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". It stated that a "Quebec Round" of constitutional talks based on the five conditions would occur before further reforms would be undertaken. Believing that

6600-473: The remainder of the country. The Quebec sovereignty movement gained renewed support for a time. The general aims of the Accord would be addressed in the Charlottetown Accord , which failed to gain a majority vote in a referendum. In 1981, negotiations between the federal and provincial governments to patriate the constitution, led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, resulted in an agreement that formed

6688-421: The remark, and Filmon declared that, while he would place the Accord in front of the Manitoba legislature, he would not exempt it from public hearing requirements. Liberal leader Jean Chrétien, who had been considering endorsing the Accord, backed off after the remark. Peterson and Stanley Hartt, Mulroney's chief of staff, believed that the remark killed any chance of the Accord passing. Wells had determined that

6776-519: The restrictions on the federal spending power, and felt that Quebec would use the "distinct society" provision to gain special status in Confederation. Wells demanded a re-opening of the Accord. A conference held in November 1989 failed to break the logjam, and featured a bitter argument on national television between Wells and Mulroney. As the political discourse moved from the contents of the Accord to

6864-471: The summer months, Camp Fortune offers an aerial experience including ziplines and treetop obstacles. Although the practice is not formally permitted in the park, some of the more secluded corners are popular with nudists . In particular there is an unofficial nude beach that has been in use since the late 1930s. Located northwest of parking lot P11 on trail 36, the beach is extensively used by members of Ottawa's gay community . The Mackenzie King Estate ,

6952-459: The vote in reverse order around the table instead of the traditional order of a province's entry into confederation. Pawley, after pressure from federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent, conceded and approved the agreement. Peterson, the last to vote in this improvised formula, approved the final agreement on behalf of Ontario. At the symbolic signing ceremony, the Premiers signed the Accord. Bourassa declared that Quebec had become reintegrated in Canada to

7040-459: Was adopted. Although advocated by Dominion Parks Commissioner James Harkin to be the first national park outside the Rocky Mountains , it remains the only federal park that is not a national park, a situation that has direct repercussions on its ecology, boundaries, and land mass. Created in 1938, Gatineau is the only federal park not protected by the National Parks Act , largely as

7128-676: Was ever received. With the First World War intervening shortly thereafter, the government of Canada had to tend to more pressing matters. On April 7, 1927, the idea of creating a Gatineau national park was again raised in the House of Commons , where MPs considered a bill to create the Federal District Commission , which would build parks and parkways on both sides of the Ottawa River . During debate, however, Conservative MP John Edwards accused Prime Minister King of wanting to create

7216-426: Was held, but Wells protested that the draft agreement had deleted a request that a 10-year review be conducted on the distinct society clause without informing him. The clause was never seriously considered by federal negotiators who, thinking it would be a poison pill for Quebec, had never brought it to Bourassa's attention. Wells put an asterisk next to his signature, but promised that the Accord would be put before

7304-422: Was intended to persuade the government of Quebec to symbolically endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation. The proposed amendments were initially popular and backed by nearly all political leaders. However, former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , feminist activists, and Indigenous groups raised concerns about the lack of citizen involvement in

7392-505: Was invited to both the Commons and Senate committee hearings to discuss the Accord, with his later Senate appearance lasting several hours. The Senate, the majority of whose members Trudeau had appointed, rejected the Accord, prompting the House of Commons to use s.47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 , to pass the amendment without the Senate's consent. The Accord played very little role in the 1988 federal election , as all three parties supported

7480-535: Was reported back to the House of Commons on November 15, 2010. However, it died on the Order Paper before it could be given third reading when the 40th parliament was dissolved. In the fall of 2010, a controversy broke out in the press pertaining to the rehabilitation of Trail no. 1 in Gatineau Park. According to published reports, the contractor hired by the NCC had laced the trail with broken glass and other debris;

7568-572: Was seen as an overly powerful Prime Minister's Office . Mulroney would tell the Toronto Star , "You can have the old style of warring federalism, or you can have genuine co-operative federalism, on which we're trying to build a new country." Proponents such as constitutional expert Peter Hogg said that the "distinct society" clause was merely an "affirmation of a sociological fact". Chief Justice Brian Dickson noted that court decisions had for decades taken Quebec's "character" into consideration on

7656-506: Was seen as federal acquiescence to and, in the case of Lucien Bouchard and Louis Plamondon , approval of Bill 178. The Accord would gain a third opponent after the 1989 Newfoundland election , which saw the Liberals under Clyde Wells defeat the PC government of premier Tom Rideout . Wells had campaigned against the Accord, as he was opposed to changing the amending formula before Senate reform,

7744-437: Was to be drawn together in Ottawa on June 2, 1987, Trudeau's intervention had made him, in the words of Mulroney advisor L. Ian MacDonald , a "twelfth participant". The meeting, seen as a formality to precede a signing ceremony the next day, instead lasted 19 hours. Manitoba NDP Premier Howard Pawley , faced with left-wing opposition to the consensus in his home province, insisted on more limited language regarding limits on

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