59-454: Gascogne may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Gascony (French Gascogne ), a region and former province of France Côtes de Gascogne , a wine-growing area of Gascony Golfe de Gascogne, an alternative name for the Bay of Biscay People [ edit ] Matthias Gascogne , a 16th-century French composer Severus de Gascogne ,
118-452: A contingent of men at arms). In that year, the three entered into a perpetual union, after which their contribution of royal officers was summoned jointly rather than separately for each of the three sénéchaussées . Towards the end of the 14th century, the term "country of the three seneschalties" ( pays des trois sénéchaussées ), later to become known as Languedoc, designated the two bailiwicks of Bèucaire-Nimes and Carcassona , and
177-659: A member of the Socialist Party , was elected to the presidency of the Regional Council of Occitania . The Hôtel de région , where the Regional Council of Occitania meets, is situated in Toulouse . The new administrative region includes provinces and territories of diverse cultural and historical origin: Languedoc (High and Low Languedoc), Països Catalans ( Roussillon , Cerdanya , Vallespir , Conflent , Capcir ),
236-575: A settlement. The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325, and in September was joined by her son, the heir to the throne, Prince Edward (later Edward III of England). Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did on 24 September and so the duchy was returned to the English crown. When France's Charles IV died in 1328 leaving only daughters, his nearest male relative
295-490: A suggested Duke of Aquitaine Other [ edit ] French battleship Gascogne (1914) , a Normandie-class battleship of the French Navy. Basset Bleu de Gascogne , a breed of dog Grand Bleu de Gascogne , a breed of dog Petit Bleu de Gascogne , a breed of dog Griffon Bleu de Gascogne , a breed of dog Floc de Gascogne , an apéritif See also [ edit ] Gascoigne Topics referred to by
354-711: Is a historical region of southwestern Europe in which Occitan language was the main vernacular language . This territory was already united, in Roman times first as the Diocese of Vienne and then as the Seven Provinces ( Septem Provinciae ) and in Aquitaine at the beginning of the Middle Ages (Aquitanica, Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse), before the Frankish conquest. Occitania
413-692: Is characterized by "the Occitan culture", since the Middle Ages another expression of Romance culture in France and to a lesser extent in Italy , Spain and Monaco . It is presented and recognized on institutional sites of French communities, such as those of the Lot-et-Garonne County Council and the city of Agen . Most of the territory that came to be called Languedoc (the region where langue d'oc
472-510: Is classified as a regional variant of the Occitan language . Gascony is the land of d'Artagnan , who inspired Alexandre Dumas 's character d'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , as well as the land of Cyrano de Bergerac , the eponymous character of the play by Edmond Rostand . It is also home to Henry III of Navarre , who later became king of France as Henry IV . In pre-Roman times ,
531-561: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gascony Gascony ( / ˈ ɡ æ s k ə n i / ; French : Gascogne [ɡaskɔɲ] ) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453). From the 17th century until the French Revolution (1789–1799), it was part of the combined Province of Guyenne and Gascony. The region
590-508: Is not proved and is not necessary to understand the historical evolution of this region". This Basque-related culture and race is, whatever the origin, attested in (mainly Carolingian) Medieval documents, while their exact boundaries remain unclear ("Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant" -- "Wascones, who live across the Garonne and around the Pyrenees mountains", as stated in
649-930: Is spoken; in Occitan Lengadòc , pronounced [ˌleŋɡɔˈðɔ(k)] ) became attached to the Kingdom of France in the 13th century, following the Albigensian Crusade (1208–1229). This crusade aimed to put an end to what the Church considered the Cathar heresy , and enabled the Capetian dynasty to extend its influence south of the Loire . As part of this process, the former principalities of Trencavel (the Viscounty of Albi , Carcassona , Besièrs , Agde and Nimes ) were integrated into
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#1732858827666708-484: Is the second-largest region in mainland France, covering an area of 72,724 km (28,079 sq mi); it has a population of 5,845,102 (2017). It has a Mediterranean coast on the southeast and is neighboured by Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur on the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes on the northeast and Nouvelle-Aquitaine on the west and northwest, as well as foreign borders of Andorra ( Canillo , Encamp , La Massana , Ordino ) and Spain ( Aragon and Catalonia ) on
767-453: Is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica , created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées . The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016. The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania , which corresponds with
826-401: Is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux . It is currently divided between the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine (departments of Landes , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , southwestern Gironde , and southern Lot-et-Garonne ) and
885-703: The Adour . Pau and Lourdes are crossed by the Gave de Pau . Mont-de-Marsan also belongs to the drainage basin of the Adour. The Gers (river) , a tributary of the Garonne , flows through Auch . 44°00′N 0°30′W / 44.0°N 0.5°W / 44.0; -0.5 Occitania (administrative region) Occitania ( French : Occitanie [ɔksitani] ; Occitan : Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ] ; Catalan : Occitània [uksiˈtaniə] )
944-554: The County of Foix , and the eastern parts of what was formerly Gascony ( Armagnac , Comminges , Couserans , Bigorre , Condomois , Nébouzan , Rivière-Verdun ), and Guiana ( Carcin , Roergue ). During the Ancien Régime , most of these territories lay within the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Toulouse , founded in 1443. Occitania ( Occitània or Óucitanìo in Occitan )
1003-618: The County of Roussillon in 1209). The new Province of Roussillon also known simply as Roussillon, brought together the medieval administrative courts, or vigueries , of Roussillon, Conflent , and the north of the County of Cerdanya which were part of the government structure of the Crown of Aragon 's (and attached to the Principality of Catalonia ) counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya ( governació dels comtats de Rosselló i Cerdanya in Catalan ) at
1062-579: The Frankish Kingdom like the rest of southern France. However, Novempopulania was far away from the home base of the Franks in northern France, and was only very loosely controlled by the Franks. During all the troubled and historically obscure period, starting from early 5th-century accounts, the bagaudae are often cited, social uprisings against tax exaction and feudalization, largely associated to Vasconic unrest. Old historical literature sometimes claims
1121-518: The Haut-Agenais used the term Pais de Guiana in a campaign which evoked its historical identity to promote the Lot-et-Garonne and part of the valley of Dròt . This reference is now superseded in the promotion of tourism by the designation Pais del Dròt . The appellations Quercy and Roergue, in contrast, retain a strong identity. Gascony is the former province located on the territory of
1180-577: The Occitan linguistic area, in its Languedocien dialectal variant. They were possessions of the Counts of Toulouse from the 9th century, at various stages a minor branch or the main branch. Like the other possessions of the Counts of Toulouse, they were integrated for the first time with the French royal domain in 1271, and then yielded to the kings of England under the 1360 Treaty of Brétigny . The province of Quercy
1239-693: The Pyrenees . In December 1259, Louis IX of France ceded to Henry land north and east of Gascony. In return, Henry renounced his claim to many of the territories that had been lost by King John . In May 1286, King Edward I paid homage before the new king, Philip IV of France , for the lands in Gascony. However, in May 1294, Philip confiscated the lands, initiating the Gascon War . Between 1294 and 1298, Edward sent three expeditionary forces to recover Gascony, but Philip
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#17328588276661298-597: The Royal Frankish Annals , for one). The word Vasconia evolved into Wasconia , and then into Gasconia ( w often evolved into g under the influence of Romance languages ; cf. warranty and guarantee , warden and guardian , wile and guile , William and Guillaume ). The gradual abandonment of the Basque-related Aquitanian language in favor of a local Vulgar Latin was not reversed. The replacing local Vulgar Latin evolved into Gascon. It
1357-649: The Royal French Domain in 1224. The Counts of Toulouse followed them in 1271. The remaining feudal enclaves were absorbed progressively up to the beginning of the 16th century; the County of Gévaudan in 1258, the County of Melgueil ( Mauguiò ) in 1293, the Lordship of Montpellier in 1349 and the Viscounts of Narbonne in 1507. The territory falling within the jurisdiction of the Estates of Languedoc , which convened for
1416-555: The Vascones ) and Gascony in the 13th century, the territory was geographically diverse, situated between the Atlantic Ocean , Garona and the Pyrenees . Claiming a cultural identity based on evolving occupation, from the Aquitani peoples of Proto-Basque language to a Gascon population sharing a latinized Occitan dialect , it constitutes the current Gascon linguistic area . Between
1475-453: The most powerful vassal in France . In 1248, Simon de Montfort was appointed Governor in the unsettled Duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaints were excited by de Montfort's rigour in suppressing the excesses of both the seigneurs of the nobility and the contending factions in the great communes . Henry III yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's administration. Simon
1534-506: The 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries, it was progressively integrated into the Royal French domain . Comenge yielded to the kings of France in 1443, extinguishing the local dynasty. Armagnac , Bigorre and Nebosan followed, with the county of Foix , in 1607. The County of Foix is an old French county created out of the County of Carcassonne in around 1050 for Bernard Roger , son of Roger I of Carcassonna . In 1398,
1593-625: The 17th century onward, there was only one intendance for the whole of Languedoc, with its seat in Montpellier. The former provinces of Gascony (in Gascon Gasconha , Occitan pronunciation: [ɡasˈkuɲɔ] ), and Guyenne ; in Occitan Guiana [ˈɡjanɔ] ) were historically part of the Great South-West of France ( Grand Sud-Ouest français ), and derived from
1652-645: The Basques took control of the whole of Novempopulania in the Early Middle Ages , founding its claims on the testimony of Gregory of Tours , on the etymological link between the words "Basque" and "Gascon" – both derived from "Vascones" or "Wasconia", the latter being used to name the whole of Novempopulania. Modern historians reject this hypothesis, which is sustained by no archeological evidence. For Juan José Larrea, and Pierre Bonnassie, "a Vascon expansionism in Aquitany
1711-510: The Sovereign Council of Roussillon, independent of the Parlement of Toulouse . Currently, the name Roussillon is still the most widely used to designate this territory, being found in the denomination of the former region of Languedoc-Roussillon . Today, the territory is often subdivided into five unofficial traditional and natural comarques : Roussillon proper, Vallespir , Conflent , Upper Cerdanya and Capcir . A recent addition
1770-494: The border between the kingdom of France and the Principality of Catalonia lay further north, along a line of citadels ( Treaty of Corbeil ). These territories corresponded to the Catalan counties of Roussillon and Conflent , founded in the 9th century, as well as to the northern part of the County of Cerdanya , to which was added the former Vicounty of Castelnou, or Vallespir (the pagus of County of Besalú , united with
1829-498: The county passed to House of Grailly and, in 1458, King Charles VII of France raised it to the Peerage of France in favor of Gaston IV, Count of Foix . The county-peerage passed to the House of Albret in 1484, and then to House of Bourbon-Vendôme in 1548. In 1607, King Henry IV of France attached the county to the Royal French domain . From the time of the French Revolution ,
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1888-553: The county was fully incorporated into the department of Ariège . The Occitan dialect traditionally spoken there is Languedocien . The Ancien Régime province of Roussillon , which had formerly been integrated with the Catalan counties , the Kingdom of Majorca , and the Principality of Catalonia within the Crown of Aragon , was attached to the Crown of France under the Treaty of the Pyrenees , signed on 7 November 1659. Prior to this treaty,
1947-520: The creation of the Parlement of Bordeaux in 1462. From that time, they were generally grouped under the name of Haute-Guyenne , by opposition with Basse-Guyenne , which was dependent on the Parlement of Bordeaux. The territory of the former province of Guyenne (Guiana) that lies within the region corresponds with Quercy (the current department of Lot and the north of Tarn e Garona ), and with Roergue ( Avairon ). These two counties are thus part of
2006-436: The current departments of Gers ( Armanhac and Condomois ), Hautes-Pyrénées ( Bigorre ), Lanas in the neighboring region, and parts of other departments of the two regions of Aquitània and Midi-Pyrénées ( Comenge , Nebosan and Rivière-Verdun mainly in the south and west of Haute-Garonne , and Couserans in the western part of Ariège ). Successively called Aquitania , Novempopulania , Vasconia (territory of
2065-474: The eastern part of Tolosa (Toulouse), retained under the Treaty of Brétigny . At that time, the County of Foix , which belonged to the seneschal of Carcassona until 1333 before passing to Toulouse, ceased to belong to Languedoc. In 1542, the province was divided into two généralités : Toulouse for Haut-Languedoc, and Montpellier for Bas-Languedoc. This lasted until the French Revolution in 1789. From
2124-618: The end of the Ancien Régime in 1792. Gascony is limited by the Atlantic Ocean (western limit) and the Pyrenees mountains (southern limit); as the area of Gascon language , it extends to the Garonne (North), and close to the Ariège (river) (East) from the Pyrenees to the confluence of the Garonne with the Ariège . The other most important river is Adour, along with its tributaries Gave de Pau and Gave d'Oloron . The most important towns are: Bayonne , Dax and Tarbes are crossed by
2183-504: The end of the Hundred Years' War, after Gascony had changed hands several times, the English were finally defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453; Gascony remained French from then on. From the 17th century onwards, the government of Gascony was united with Guyenne . The government of Guyenne and Gascony ( Guienne et Gascogne ), with its capital at Bordeaux, lasted until
2242-401: The first time in 1346, shrank progressively, becoming known during the Ancien Régime as the province of Languedoc . The year 1359 marked a turning point in the history of the province. The three bailiwicks ( sénéchaussées ) of Bèucaire , Carcassona and Tolosa had the status of bonnes villes (towns granted privileges and protection by the king of France in return for providing
2301-593: The inhabitants of Gascony were the Aquitanians ( Latin : Aquitani ), who spoke a non-Indo-European language related to modern Basque. The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the river Garonne , to the south by the Pyrenees mountain range, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word aqua (meaning "water"), in reference to
2360-657: The invasions of Germanic tribes, most notably the Vandals in 407–409. In 416–418, Novempopulania was delivered to the Visigoths as their federate settlement lands and became part of the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse , while other than the region of the Garonne river their actual grip on the area may have been rather loose. The Visigoths were defeated by the Franks in 507, and fled into Spain and Septimania . Novempopulania then became part of
2419-564: The many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or from the name of the Aquitanian Ausci tribe, in which case Aquitania would mean "land of the Ausci". In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of Julius Caesar and became part of the Roman Empire . Later, in 27 BC, during the reign of Emperor Augustus , the province of Gallia Aquitania was created. Gallia Aquitania
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2478-418: The medieval duchies of Vasconia , Aquitaine and then Guyenne . Today, only the eastern regions of the two provinces are part of Occitania. These areas correspond essentially to the territories acquired by the kings of England , dukes of Guyenne, under the treaty of Brétigny of 1360, and which then remained under the jurisdiction of the provincial appellate court of Toulouse ( Parlement of Toulouse ) after
2537-545: The nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned Philip VI of France . Philip believed that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal, so in May 1337 he met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, thus precipitating the Hundred Years War between England and France. At
2596-445: The new region's provisional name, the hyphenated names of its predecessors: Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées , in alphabetical order. As for most of the merged regions, a permanent name was then proposed by the new regional council to replace that provisional name. On 24 June 2016, the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées adopted the name Occitania after lengthy public consultation. The provisional name of
2655-485: The original Aquitania, was made a province called Novempopulania (that is, "land of the nine tribes"), while the part of Gallia Aquitania north of the Garonne became the province of Aquitanica I and the province of Aquitanica II . The territory of Novempopulania corresponded mostly to that of modern Gascony. The Aquitania Novempopulana or Novempopulania suffered like the rest of the Western Roman Empire from
2714-505: The political disintegration of the duchy until their defeat by William II Sánchez of Gascony in 982. In turn, the weakened ethnic polity known as Duchy of Wasconia/Wascones, unable to get around the general spread of feudalization, gave way to a myriad of counties founded by Gascon lords. The 1152 marriage of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine allowed the former to gain control of his new wife's possessions of Aquitaine and Gascony. This addition to his already plentiful holdings made Henry
2773-507: The region (or Catalans of the North , as they mostly call themselves) expressed dismay at the regional assembly resolution, regarding the new name as ignoring their presence. On 10 September 2016, some 10,000 people (7,800 according to the police) demonstrated in Perpignan , demanding that the merged region name contain the words Pays catalan (literal translation: "Catalan country"). Occitania
2832-472: The region of Occitanie (departments of Gers , Hautes-Pyrénées , southwestern Tarn-et-Garonne , and western Haute-Garonne ). Gascony was historically inhabited by Basque -related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to Basque . The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see Wasconia below). From the Middle Ages until today, the Gascon language has been spoken, although it
2891-404: The region was withdrawn on 30 September 2016, when the new name took effect. Occitania, the new name, derives from the historical appellation of the broader region, and refers to the historical use throughout that territory of the Occitan language and its various dialects, which are so named for the word òc , the Occitan word for oui or "yes". The circa 450,000 French Catalans living in
2950-503: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gascogne . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gascogne&oldid=818273245 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
3009-431: The south. The largest communes of Occitania are (population as of 2017 ): The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 171.2 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 7.3% of French economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 102% of the EU average. Following the creation of the region in 2016, Carole Delga ,
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#17328588276663068-503: The southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross , is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2021, Occitania had a population of 6,022,176. Enacted in 2014, the territorial reform of French regions had been subject to debate for many years. The reform law used as
3127-425: The time of their attachment to France. Roussillon was subject to direct taxation as a pays d'imposition (taxing country) and did not have representation through the Estates (a provincial assembly, the provincial assembly of Roussillon, was created on 15 August 1787). It formed both a government and an intendance and reported to the Secretary of State for War as a border province. It had sovereign jurisdiction:
3186-432: Was Edward III of England, the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose whether she could legally transmit the inheritance of the throne of France to her son even though she herself, as a woman, could not inherit the throne. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus
3245-406: Was able to retain most of the territory until the Treaty of Paris in 1303 . In 1324 when Edward II of England , in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine , failed to pay homage to the French king after a dispute , Charles IV declared the duchy forfeit at the end of June 1324, and military action by the French followed. Edward sent his wife Isabella , who was sister to the French king, to negotiate
3304-410: Was definitely reunited with the Crown in 1472; Roergue , possession of the counts of Armagnac, did not follow until 1607. Both came within the province of Guyenne, under military rule from 1561. Together, they became the généralité of Montauban from 1635, which then became the province of Haute-Guyenne in 1779. Today, the name Guyenne no longer has administrative or political currency, although
3363-424: Was far larger than the original Aquitania, as it extended north of the Garonne, in fact all the way north to the river Loire , thus including the Celtic Gauls that inhabited the regions between the rivers Garonne and Loire. In 297, as Emperor Diocletian reformed the administrative structures of the Roman Empire, Aquitania was split into three provinces. The territory south of the Garonne River, corresponding to
3422-413: Was formally acquitted of the charges, but in August 1252 he was nevertheless dismissed. Henry then himself went to Gascony, pursuing a policy of conciliation; he arranged the marriage between Edward , his 14-year-old son, and Eleanor of Castile , daughter of Alfonso X . Alfonso renounced all claims to Gascony and assisted the Plantagenets against rebels such as Gaston de Bearn , who had taken control of
3481-474: Was heavily influenced by the original Aquitanian language (for example, Latin f became h ; cf. Latin fortia , French force , Spanish fuerza , Occitan fòrça , but Gascon hòrça ). Interestingly, the Basques from the French side of the Basque Country traditionally call anyone who does not speak Basque a "Gascon". Meanwhile, Viking raiders conquered several Gascon towns, among them Bayonne in 842–844. Their attacks in Gascony may have helped
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