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59-560: [REDACTED] Look up गर्भ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Garbha may refer to: Womb , or new life through pregnancy in Sanskrit Garbha Superfast Express , a superfast train running between Gandhidham and Howrah Junction Garbhagriha , the small unit shrine of a Hindu temple See also [ edit ] Garba (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

118-541: A choriovitelline placenta (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. However, bandicoots also have a rudimentary chorioallantoic placenta, similar to those of placental mammals. The fetus usually develops fully in placental mammals and only partially in marsupials including kangaroos and opossums . In marsupials,

177-545: A cause of infertility or ectopic pregnancy . If a blocked fallopian tube has affected fertility, its repair where possible may increase the chances of becoming pregnant. Tubal obstruction can be proximal, distal or mid-segmental . Tubal obstruction is a major cause of infertility but full testing of tubal functions is not possible. However, the testing of patency – whether or not the tubes are open can be carried out using hysterosalpingography , laparoscopy and dye , or hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy). During surgery,

236-538: A female and usually male fetus, and in placental mammals, they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteri, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals, the uteri may not have completely fused. Fallopian tube The fallopian tubes , also known as uterine tubes , oviducts or salpinges ( sg. : salpinx ), are paired tubular sex organs in

295-403: A length of 5 cm. It curves over the ovary, and is the primary site of fertilization. The ampulla contains a large number of ciliated epithelial cells. It is thin walled with a much folded luminal surface, and opens into the infundibulum. The infundibulum opens into the abdomen at the distal tubal opening and rests above the ovary. Most cells here are ciliated epithelial cells. The opening

354-413: A proximal opening nearest to the uterus, and a distal opening nearest to the ovary. The fallopian tubes are held in place by the mesosalpinx , a part of the broad ligament mesentery that wraps around the tubes. Another part of the broad ligament, the mesovarium suspends the ovaries in place. An egg cell is transported from an ovary to a fallopian tube where it may be fertilized in the ampulla of

413-481: A third of cases of infertility are caused by fallopian tube pathologies. These include inflammation , and tubal obstructions . A number of tubal pathologies cause damage to the cilia of the tube, which can impede movement of the sperm or egg. The name comes from the Italian Catholic priest and anatomist Gabriele Falloppio , for whom other anatomical structures are also named. Each fallopian tube leaves

472-401: Is tubal ligation . Fallopian tube cancer , which typically arises from the epithelial lining of the fallopian tube, has historically been considered to be a very rare malignancy. Evidence suggests it probably represents a significant portion of what has previously been classified as ovarian cancer , as much as 80 per cent. These are classed as serous carcinomas , and are usually located in

531-441: Is 0.7 mm wide and 1 cm long. The narrow isthmus links the tube to the uterus, and connects to the ampulla. The isthmus is a rounded, and firm muscular part of the tube. The isthmus is 1–5 mm wide, and 3 cm long. The isthmus contains a large number of secretory cells. The ampulla is the major part of the fallopian tube. The ampulla is the widest part of the tube with a maximal luminal diameter of 1 cm, and

590-419: Is able to become fertilized with sperm. The ampulla is typically where the sperm are met and fertilization occurs; meiosis II is promptly completed. After fertilization, the ovum is now called a zygote and travels toward the uterus with the aid of the hairlike cilia and the activity of the muscle of the fallopian tube. The early embryo requires critical development in the fallopian tube. After about five days,

649-427: Is about to occur, the sex hormones activate the fimbriae, causing them to swell with blood, extend, and hit the ovary in a gentle, sweeping motion. An oocyte is released from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity and the cilia of the fimbriae sweep it into the fallopian tube. When viewed under the microscope , the fallopian tube has three layers. From outer to inner, these are the serosa , muscularis mucosae , and

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708-403: Is above the openings to the fallopian tubes. The connection of the uterine cavity with a fallopian tube is called the uterotubal junction . The fertilized egg is carried to the uterus along the fallopian tube. It will have divided on its journey to form a blastocyst that will implant itself into the lining of the uterus – the endometrium , where it will receive nutrients and develop into

767-435: Is covered by a sheet-like fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament . The uterus has three layers, which together form the uterine wall . From innermost to outermost, these layers are the endometrium , myometrium , and perimetrium . The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer , along with its mucous membrane , of the mammalian uterus. It has a basal layer and a functional layer; the functional layer thickens and then

826-405: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Womb In the human, the lower end of the uterus is a narrow part known as the isthmus that connects to the cervix , the anterior gateway leading to the vagina . The upper end, the body of the uterus, is connected to the fallopian tubes at the uterine horns ; the rounded part, the fundus,

885-407: Is known as the junctional zone , which becomes thickened in adenomyosis . The perimetrium is a serous layer of visceral peritoneum . It covers the outer surface of the uterus. Surrounding the uterus is a layer or band of fibrous and fatty connective tissue called the parametrium that connects the uterus to other tissues of the pelvis. Commensal and mutualistic organisms are present in

944-438: Is shed during the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle . During pregnancy , the uterine glands and blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number and form the decidua . Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the placenta , which supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo and fetus . The myometrium of the uterus mostly consists of smooth muscle . The innermost layer of myometrium

1003-404: Is surrounded by fimbriae , which help in the collection of the oocyte after ovulation. The fimbriae (singular fimbria) is a fringe of densely ciliated tissue projections of approximately 1 mm in width around the distal tubal opening, oriented towards the ovary. They are attached to the ends of the infundibulum, extending from its inner circumference, and muscular wall. The cilia beat towards

1062-436: Is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure . Uterus transplantations have been successfully carried out in a number of countries. The transplant is intended to be temporary – recipients will have to undergo a hysterectomy after one or two successful pregnancies. This is done to avoid the need to take immunosuppressive drugs for life with a consequent increased risk of infection. The procedure remains

1121-619: The Germanic -derived term womb is commonly used in everyday contexts. Events occurring within the uterus are described with the term in utero . In humans, the uterus is located within the pelvic region immediately behind and almost overlying the bladder , and in front of the sigmoid colon . The human uterus is pear-shaped and about 7.6 cm (3.0 in) long, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) broad (side to side), and 3.0 cm (1.2 in) thick. A typical adult uterus weighs about 60 grams. The uterus can be divided anatomically into four regions:

1180-425: The embryo proper, and later fetus , for the duration of the pregnancy . In the human embryo , the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts , which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus. In medicine and related professions, the term uterus is consistently used, while

1239-608: The fallopian tubes and the uterus. In humans, the lower segments of the two ducts fuse to form a single uterus; in cases of uterine malformations this fusion may be disturbed. The different uterine morphologies among the mammals are due to varying degrees of fusion of the Müllerian ducts. Various congenital conditions of the uterus can develop in utero . Though uncommon, some of these are didelphic uterus , bicornate uterus and others. See also List of related male and female reproductive organs . The primary reproductive function of

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1298-420: The fundus – the uppermost rounded portion of the uterus above the openings of the fallopian tubes , the body , the cervix , and the cervical canal . The cervix protrudes into the vagina . The uterus is held in position within the pelvis by ligaments , which are part of the endopelvic fascia . These ligaments include the pubocervical ligaments , the cardinal ligaments , and the uterosacral ligaments . It

1357-417: The interspinal line . The uterus is mobile and moves posteriorly under the pressure of a full bladder, or anteriorly under the pressure of a full rectum. If both are full, it moves upwards. Increased intra-abdominal pressure pushes it downwards. The mobility is conferred to it by a musculo-fibrous apparatus that consists of suspensory and sustentacular parts. Under normal circumstances, the suspensory part keeps

1416-412: The mucosa . The outermost covering layer of serous membrane is known as the serosa. The serosa is derived from the visceral peritoneum . The muscularis mucosae consists of an outer ring of smooth muscle arranged longitudinally, and a thick inner circular ring of smooth muscle. This layer is responsible for the rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the fallopian tubes, that with the cilia move

1475-426: The platypus and the echidnas , either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization . Marsupials have two uteri, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and both use a third, middle "vagina", which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form

1534-446: The Müllerian duct. A second duct, the mesonephric duct , develops adjacent to this. Both ducts become longer over the next two weeks, and the paramesonephric ducts around the eighth week cross to meet in the midline and fuse. One duct then regresses, with this depending on whether the embryo is genetically female or male . In females, the paramesonephric duct remains, and eventually forms the female reproductive tract. The portions of

1593-595: The absence of fertilization, triggers the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium. This layer is broken down, shed, and restored in anticipation of the next menstrual cycle. The average bleeding duration during menses is 5-7 days after which the menstrual cycle begins again. During pregnancy , the growth rate of the fetus can be assessed by measuring the fundal height . Some pathological states include: Uterine malformations are mainly congenital malformations , and include uterus didelphys , bicornuate uterus and septate uterus . Congenital absence of

1652-427: The ampulla contains an extensive array of complex folds, whereas the relatively narrow isthmus has a thick muscular coat and simple mucosal folds. Embryos develop a genital ridge that forms at their tail end and eventually forms the basis for the urinary system and reproductive tracts . Either side and to the front of this tract, around the sixth week develops a duct called the paramesonephric duct , also called

1711-450: The body when they are adults; the Müllerian ducts develop in females into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina . The fallopian tube allows the passage of an egg from the ovary to the uterus. When an oocyte is developing in an ovary, it is surrounded by a spherical collection of cells known as an ovarian follicle . Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form

1770-516: The cilia of the tube, which can impede movement of the sperm or egg. A number of sexually transmitted infections can lead to infertility. Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes and may be found alone, or with other pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs). A thickening of the fallopian tube at its narrow isthmus portion, due to inflammation, is known as salpingitis isthmica nodosa . Like another PID endometriosis , it may lead to fallopian tube obstruction . Fallopian tube obstruction may be

1829-470: The condition of the tubes may be inspected and a dye such as methylene blue can be injected into the uterus and shown to pass through the tubes when the cervix is occluded. As tubal disease is often related to Chlamydia infection , testing for Chlamydia antibodies has become a cost-effective screening device for tubal pathology. Occasionally the embryo implants outside of the uterus, creating an ectopic pregnancy . Most ectopic pregnancies occur in

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1888-433: The egg cell towards the uterus. The innermost mucosa is made up of a layer of luminal epithelium, and an underlying thin layer of loose connective tissue the lamina propria . There are three different cell types in the epithelium. Around 25% of the cells are ciliated columnar cells; around 60% are secretory cells, and the rest are peg cells thought to be a secretory cell variant. The ciliated cells are most numerous in

1947-424: The embryo, which grows through embryonic and fetal development until childbirth . During this process, the uterus grows to accommodate the growing fetus. When normal labor begins, the uterus forcefully contracts as the cervix dilates, which results in delivery of the infant. In the absence of pregnancy, menstruation occurs. The withdrawal of female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone , which occurs in

2006-401: The fallopian tube in the human . The fallopian tubes are held in place by the mesosalpinx a part of the broad ligament mesentery that wraps around the tubes. Another part of the broad ligament, the mesovarium suspends the ovaries in place. Each tube is composed of four parts: from inside the proximal tubal opening the intramural or interstitial part, that links to the narrow isthmus,

2065-452: The fallopian tube, and are commonly known as tubal pregnancies . The surgical removal of a fallopian tube is called a salpingectomy . To remove both tubes is a bilateral salpingectomy. An operation that combines the removal of a fallopian tube with the removal of at least one ovary is a salpingo-oophorectomy . An operation to remove a fallopian tube obstruction is called a tuboplasty . A surgical procedure to permanently prevent conception

2124-413: The fallopian tube. Of all the fimbriae, one fimbria known as the ovarian fimbria is long enough to reach and make contact with the near part of the ovary during ovulation. The fimbriae have a higher density of blood vessels than the other parts of the tube, and the ovarian fimbria is seen to have an even higher density. An ovary is not directly connected to its adjacent fallopian tube. When ovulation

2183-501: The fallopian tubes, the fimbriae, develop over time. Cell markers have been identified in the fimbriae, which suggests that their embryonic origin is different from that of the other tube segments. Apart from the presence of sex chromosomes, specific genes associated with the development of the fallopian tubes include the Wnt and Hox groups of genes, Lim1 , Pax2 , and Emx2 . Embryos have two pairs of ducts that will let gametes out of

2242-400: The fimbriated distal tube. In rare cases, a fallopian tube may prolapse into the vaginal canal following a hysterectomy . The swollen fimbriae can have the appearance of an adenocarcinoma . The Greek doctor Herophilus, in his treatise on midwifery, points out the existence of the two ducts that he supposed transported "female semen". Then Galen, already in the modern era, described that

2301-401: The first polar body and a secondary oocyte, which is arrested in metaphase of meiosis II . At the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle , the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. The follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the secondary oocyte to escape. The secondary oocyte is caught by the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube and travels to the ampulla. Here, the egg

2360-508: The human female body that stretch from the ovaries to the uterus . The fallopian tubes are part of the female reproductive system . In other vertebrates, they are only called oviducts . Each tube is a muscular hollow organ that is on average between 10 and 14 cm (3.9 and 5.5 in) in length, with an external diameter of 1 cm (0.39 in). It has four described parts: the intramural part, isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum with associated fimbriae. Each tube has two openings:

2419-399: The human uterus is to prepare for the implantation of a zygote , a fertilized ovum , and maintenance of pregnancy if implantation occurs. Traveling along the fallopian tube on its way to the uterine cavity, the zygote divides mitotically to become a blastocyst , which ultimately attaches to the uterine wall and implants into the endometrium . The placenta later develops to nourish

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2478-406: The human uterus lies in anteversion and anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of

2537-469: The infundibulum, and the ampulla. Estrogen increases the formation of cilia on these cells. Peg cells are shorter, have surface microvilli , and are located between the other epithelial cells. The presence of immune cells in the mucosa has also been reported with the main type being CD8 T-cells . Other cells found are B lymphocytes , macrophages , NK cells , and dendritic cells . The histological features of tube vary along its length. The mucosa of

2596-421: The isthmus connects to the larger ampulla, which connects with the infundibulum and its associated fimbriae that opens into the peritoneal cavity from the distal tubal opening. The intramural part or interstitial part of the fallopian tube lies in the myometrium , the muscular wall of the uterus. This is the narrowest part of the tube that crosses the uterus wall to connect with the isthmus. The intramural part

2655-413: The last resort: it is as of 2023, a relatively new and somewhat experimental procedure, performed only by certain specialist surgeons in select centres, it is expensive and unlikely to be covered by insurance, and it involves risk of infection and organ rejection. Some ethics specialists consider the risks to a live donor too great, and some find the entire procedure ethically questionable, especially since

2714-474: The new embryo enters the uterine cavity and, on about the sixth day, begins to implant on the wall of the uterus. The release of an oocyte does not alternate between the two ovaries and seems to be random. After removal of an ovary, the remaining one produces an egg every month. Almost a third of cases of infertility are caused by fallopian tube pathologies. These include inflammation, and tubal obstructions . A number of tubal pathologies cause damage to

2773-469: The paired ducts indicated by Herophilus were connected to the uterus. In 1561, the Renaissance doctor Gabriele Falloppio published his book Observationes Anatomicae . Its contribution is a detailed description of the "tubal" of the uterus and its different portions, with its farthest (distal) end open towards the abdomen, and the other (proximal) connected to the uterus. Though the name Fallopian tube

2832-408: The paramesonephric duct, which are more cranial —that is, further from the tail-end, end up forming the fallopian tubes. In males, because of the presence of the Y sex chromosome , anti-Müllerian hormone is produced. This leads to the degeneration of the paramesonephric duct. As the uterus develops, the part of the fallopian tubes closer to the uterus, the ampulla, becomes larger. Extensions from

2891-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Garbha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garbha&oldid=1157258669 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2950-464: The transplant is not a life-saving procedure. Most animals that lay eggs , such as birds and reptiles , including most ovoviviparous species, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. However, recent research into the biology of the viviparous (not merely ovoviviparous ) skink Trachylepis ivensi has revealed development of a very close analogue to eutherian mammalian placental development. In monotremes , mammals which lay eggs, namely

3009-400: The tube. The fallopian tubes are lined with simple columnar epithelium with hairlike extensions called cilia , which together with peristaltic contractions from the muscular layer, move the fertilized egg (zygote) along the tube. On its journey to the uterus, the zygote undergoes cell divisions that changes it to a blastocyst , an early embryo, in readiness for implantation . Almost

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3068-419: The uterus and form the uterine microbiome . The uterus is primarily supported by the pelvic diaphragm , perineal body , and urogenital diaphragm . Secondarily, it is supported by ligaments, including the peritoneal ligament and the broad ligament of uterus . The uterus is held in place by several peritoneal ligaments, of which the following are the most important (there are two of each): Normally,

3127-434: The uterus at an opening at the uterine horns known as the proximal tubal opening or proximal ostium . The tubes have an average length of 10–14 centimeters (3.9–5.5 in) that includes the intramural part of the tube. The tubes extend to near the ovaries where they open into the abdomen at the distal tubal openings . In other mammals , the fallopian tube is called the oviduct , which may also be used in reference to

3186-429: The uterus forms as a duplex organ of two uteri. In monotremes such as the platypus , the uterus is duplex and rather than nurturing the embryo, secretes the shell around the egg. It is essentially identical with the shell gland of birds and reptiles, with which the uterus is homologous . In mammals, the four main forms of the uterus are: duplex, bipartite, bicornuate and simplex. Two uteri usually form initially in

3245-489: The uterus from anastomosis of these two arteries. Afferent nerves supplying the uterus are T11 and T12 . Sympathetic supply is from the hypogastric plexus and the ovarian plexus . Parasympathetic supply is from the S2, S3 and S4 nerves. Bilateral Müllerian ducts form during early human fetal life. In males, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) secreted from the testes leads to the ducts' regression. In females, these ducts give rise to

3304-447: The uterus in anteflexion and anteversion (in 90% of women) and keeps it "floating" in the pelvis. The meanings of these terms are described below: The sustentacular part supports the pelvic organs and comprises the larger pelvic diaphragm in the back and the smaller urogenital diaphragm in the front. The pathological changes of the position of the uterus are: In cases where the uterus is "tipped", also known as retroverted uterus ,

3363-415: The uterus is known as Müllerian agenesis . A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, which may be carried out for a number of reasons including the ridding of tumours both benign and malignant . A complete hysterectomy involves the removal of the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus. A partial hysterectomy may just involve the removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact. It

3422-413: The uterus. The uterus assumes an anteverted position in 50% of women, a retroverted position in 25% of women, and a midposed position in the remaining 25% of women. The uterus is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity, in the frontal plane (due to the broad ligament of the uterus ). The fundus does not extend above the linea terminalis , while the vaginal part of the cervix does not extend below

3481-416: The woman may have symptoms of pain during sexual intercourse, pelvic pain during menstruation, minor incontinence, urinary tract infections, fertility difficulties, and difficulty using tampons. A pelvic examination by a doctor can determine if a uterus is tipped. The human uterus is supplied by arterial blood both from the uterine artery and the ovarian artery . Another anastomotic branch may also supply

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