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89-523: Released alongside the Game Boy Printer in 1998, Nintendo-manufactured thermal paper refill rolls were produced in white, cream, blue, yellow, and red variants, all of which had an integrated adhesive backing. After powering the printer on, a clip at the rear of the protruding translucent grey refill housing is depressed, allowing this to be lifted away. The thermal paper roll inserted upside-down and unravelled end facing down, with this end being fed into

178-407: A clean room design , with one person performing the disassembling and another person, separately, documenting the function of the code. Once enough information is obtained regarding how the hardware interprets the game software, an emulation on the target hardware can then be constructed. Emulation developers typically avoid any information that may come from untraceable sources to avoid contaminating

267-491: A 5 mm (0.20 in) margin above and below the picture and print the picture at a 23 mm (0.91 in) height. This would give the total of 33 mm (1.3 in) height per picture. Although on-box advertisements boasted up to 180 pictures per roll, in actuality a typical roll could only print between 118 and 121 pictures. Sold on the official Nintendo e-Shop (as triple packs of blue, cream and white rolls) until 2007, Game Boy branded official replacement thermal paper

356-508: A BIOS file, using high-level emulation to simulate BIOS subroutines at a slight cost in emulation accuracy. Newer consoles have introduced one or more layers of encryption to make emulation more difficult from a technical perspective but also can create further legal challenges under the DMCA, which forbids the distribution of tools and information on how to bypass these layers. The Nintendo Switch emulator Yuzu had been sued by Nintendo because

445-506: A ban that had lasted nearly 16 years. Following this decision, numerous emulators such as Delta, Sutāto, and RetroArch appeared on the store. Emulators can be designed in three ways: purely operating in software which is the most common form such as MAME using ROM images; purely operating in hardware such as the ColecoVision 's adapter to accept Atari VCS cartridges. An emulator is created typically through reverse engineering of

534-448: A broad range of organic solvents including toluene , ethanol and ethyl acetate . It may be purified by recrystallisation from acetic acid with water. Crystals form in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 /n (where n indicates the glide plane); within this individual molecules of BPA are arraigned with a 91.5° torsion angle between the phenol rings. Spectroscopic data is available from AIST . About 65–70% of all bisphenol A

623-509: A constitutive activator of transcription. BPA seems to bind strongly to ERR-γ ( dissociation constant = 5.5 nM), but only weakly to the ER. BPA binding to ERR-γ preserves its basal constitutive activity. It can also protect it from deactivation from the SERM 4-hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene). This may be the mechanism by which BPA acts as a xenoestrogen . Different expression of ERR-γ in different parts of

712-477: A diverse range of hormone receptors , in both humans and animals. It binds to both of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ . BPA is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), or partial agonist of the ER, so it can serve as both an estrogen agonist and antagonist . However, it is 1000- to 2000-fold less potent than estradiol , the major female sex hormone in humans. At high concentrations, BPA also binds to and acts as an antagonist of

801-501: A dump of the hardware's BIOS, which could vary with distribution region and hardware revisions. In some cases, emulators allow for the application of ROM patches which update the ROM or BIOS dump to fix incompatibilities with newer platforms or change aspects of the game itself. The emulator subsequently uses the BIOS dump to mimic the hardware while the ROM dump (with any patches) is used to replicate

890-576: A limited range of model organisms and can use BPA concentrations well beyond environmental levels. As such, the precise effects of BPA on the growth, reproduction, and development of aquatic organism are not fully understood. Regardless, the existing data shows the effects of BPA on wildlife to be generally negative. BPA appears able to affect development and reproduction in a wide range of wildlife, with certain species being particularly sensitive, such as invertebrates and amphibians . Video game console emulator A video game console emulator

979-630: A pixel scaler mode and an effect that simulates CRT television displays. Due to differences in hardware, the Xbox 360 is not natively backwards compatible with original Xbox games. However, Microsoft achieved backwards compatibility with popular titles through an emulator. On June 15, 2015, Microsoft announced the Xbox One would be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 through emulation. In June 2017, they announced original Xbox titles would also be available for backwards compatibility through emulation, but because

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1068-449: A purported Nintendo Switch emulator released by various websites as a front for a survey scam. Due to the high demand of playing old games on modern systems, consoles have begun incorporating emulation technology. The most notable of these is Nintendo 's Virtual Console . Originally released for the Wii , but present on the 3DS and Wii U , Virtual Console uses software emulation to allow

1157-456: A simple packet structure as shown below. In general, between the first "sync_word" til the checksum is the Game Boy communicating to the printer. The last two bytes of the packet are for the printer to acknowledge and show its current status code. This packet is sent without a data payload. It signals to the printer to clear the settings and prepare for the first data payload. The data packet

1246-559: A source of exposure, although most disposable drinks bottles are actually made of PET , which contains no BPA. Among the non-food sources, exposure routes include through dust, thermal paper, clothing, dental materials, and medical devices. Although BPA exposure is common it does not accumulate within the body, with toxicokinetic studies showing the biological half-life of BPA in adult humans to be around two hours. The body first converts it into more water-soluble compounds via glucuronidation or sulfation , which are then removed from

1335-435: A step that may have legal consequences. Typically, this requires the user to make a copy of the contents of the ROM cartridge to computer files or images that can be read by the emulator, a process known as "dumping" the contents of the ROM. A similar concept applies to other proprietary formats, such as for PlayStation CD games. While not required for emulation of the earliest arcade or home console, most emulators also require

1424-556: A target of online scams in the form of trojan horse programs designed to mimic the appearance of a legitimate emulator, which are then promoted through spam , on YouTube and elsewhere. Some scams, such as the purported "PCSX4" emulator, have even gone so far as to setting up a fake GitHub repository, presumably for added trustworthiness especially to those unfamiliar with open-source software development. The Federal Trade Commission has since issued an advisory warning users to avoid downloading such software, in response to reports of

1513-494: A thin slot. The maroon 'FEED' button is then pressed down, which engages the uptake motor, and pulls the paper through to the exit slot which has an integrated serrated edge, which allows finished prints to be ripped away from the roll. Forcibly pulling the paper opposite to the feed direction causes permanent damage to the gearing within the feed mechanism. When a picture was printed from the Game Boy Camera, it would print with

1602-411: A useful tool in the development process of homebrew demos and the creation of new games for older, discontinued, or rare consoles. The code and data of a game are typically supplied to the emulator by means of a ROM file (a copy of game cartridge data) or an ISO image (a copy of optical media). While emulation softwares themselves are legal as long as they don't infringe copyright protections on

1691-418: Is a chemical compound primarily used in the manufacturing of various plastics . It is a colourless solid which is soluble in most common organic solvents , but has very poor solubility in water. BPA is produced on an industrial scale by the condensation reaction of phenol and acetone . Global production in 2022 was estimated to be in the region of 10 million tonnes. BPA's largest single application

1780-459: Is a necessity for most console emulators, as most computing devices do not have the hardware required to run older console games directly from the physical game media itself. Even with optical media system emulators such as the PlayStation and PlayStation 2, attempting to run games from the actual disc may cause problems such as hangs and malfunction as PC optical drives are not designed to spin discs

1869-472: Is a type of emulator that allows a computing device to emulate a video game console 's hardware and play its games on the emulating platform. More often than not, emulators carry additional features that surpass limitations of the original hardware, such as broader controller compatibility, timescale control (such as fast-forwarding and rewinding), easier access to memory modifications (like GameShark ), and unlocking of gameplay features. Emulators are also

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1958-663: Is able to be adhered to surfaces once printed upon (including brands such as 'MAXStick') is prohibitively expensive. Instead, the thermal paper rolls can be successfully substituted with a 38mm x 4m alternative, with or without ('core-less') spindle cores, without repercussions on the printer. Such rolls are also compatible with some hand-held printing calculators, such as the Canon TP-8, Texas Instruments 5000–2008, Sharp 8180, and Casio FX-802. Alternatively, wider rolls (such as 57mm x 30mm x 12.7mm ) can be cut or trimmed to 38mm, and function without issue. Please note, however, that due to

2047-528: Is anaerobic. Abiotic degradation has been reported, but is generally slower than biodegradation. Pathways include photo-oxidation , or reactions with minerals such as goethite which may be present in soils and sediments. BPA is an environmental contaminant of emerging concern . Despite its short half-life and non- bioaccumulating character, the continuous release of BPA into the environment causes continuous exposure to both plant and animal life. Although many studies have been performed, these often focus on

2136-471: Is as a co-monomer in the production of polycarbonates , which accounts for 65–70% of all BPA production. The manufacturing of epoxy resins and vinyl ester resins account for 25–30% of BPA use. The remaining 5% is used as a major component of several high-performance plastics , and as a minor additive in PVC , polyurethane , thermal paper , and several other materials. It is not a plasticizer , although it

2225-491: Is enough data in the printer buffer to start printing smoothly or if the printer is currently printing. Mad Catz and Xchanger sold a kit that enabled users to connect a Game Boy to a PC and print images using the PC's printer. Hobbyists outside the UK can also make their own cable for uploading images to their computer. A Game Boy Printer emulator is needed for the Game Boy to interface with

2314-633: Is even possible to use high-resolution texture pack upgrades for 3-D games and sometimes 2-D if available and possible. Software that emulates a console can be improved with additional capabilities that the original system did not have. These include Enhanced graphical capabilities, such as spatial anti-aliasing , upscaling of the framebuffer resolution to match high definition and even higher display resolutions, as well as anisotropic filtering (texture sharpening). Emulation software may offer improved audio capabilities (e.g. decreased latency and better audio interpolation), enhanced save states (which allow

2403-630: Is first converted to its diglycidyl ether (usually abbreviated BADGE or DGEBA). This is achieved by a reaction with epichlorohydrin under basic conditions. Some of this is further reacted with methacrylic acid to form bis-GMA , which is used to make vinyl ester resins. Alternatively, and to a much lesser extent, BPA may be ethoxylated and then converted to its di acrylate and di methacrylate derivatives (bis-EMA, or EBPADMA). These may be incorporated at low levels in vinyl ester resins to change their physical properties and see common use in dental composites and sealants . The remaining 5% of BPA

2492-425: Is for transferring the image data to the printer data buffer. The typical size of the data payload is 640 bytes since it can store two printable rows of 20 standard Game Boy tile (2 bit color in 8x8 pixels grid), of which the Game Boy tile takes 16 bytes. This commands the printer to start printing. It also has 4 settings bytes for printing. Used for checking the printer status byte. This may be for checking if there

2581-562: Is low (~300 g per ton of water) but this is still sufficient to make it a significant means of distribution into the environment. Many of the largest sources of BPA pollution are water-based, particularly wastewater from industrial facilities using BPA. Paper recycling can be a major source of release when this includes thermal paper , leaching from PVC items may also be a significant source, as can landfill leachate . In all cases, wastewater treatment can be highly effective at removing BPA, giving reductions of 91–98%. Regardless,

2670-462: Is mostly related to its estrogen -like activity, although it can interact with other receptor systems as an endocrine-disrupting chemical . These interactions are all very weak, but exposure to BPA is effectively lifelong, leading to concern over possible cumulative effects. Studying this sort of long‑term, low‑dose interaction is difficult, and although there have been numerous studies, there are considerable discrepancies in their conclusions regarding

2759-598: Is nature of copyright infringement related to ROM images of games, typically distributed freely and without hardware restrictions. While this directly impacts potential sales of emulated games and thus the publishers and developers, the nature of the value chain of the industry can lead to potential financial harm to console makers. Further, emulation challenges the industry's use of the razorblade model for console games, where consoles are sold near cost and revenue instead obtained from licenses on game sales. With console emulation being developed even while consoles are still on

Game Boy Printer - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-404: Is now difficult to source. Even brand-new, sealed, un-opened official rolls degrade relatively quickly once opened (if they were stored correctly and their seal has not failed). Most, however, have suffered degradation whilst in storage due to a chemical reaction between the thermal paper and adhesive backing layer. Due to the proprietary nature of the adhesive-backing, replacement thermal paper that

2937-475: Is often wrongly labelled as such. The health effects of BPA have been the subject of prolonged public and scientific debate. BPA is a xenoestrogen , exhibiting hormone-like properties that mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. Although the effect is very weak, the pervasiveness of BPA-containing materials raises concerns, as exposure is effectively lifelong. Many BPA-containing materials are non-obvious but commonly encountered, and include coatings for

3026-520: Is seen to enhance video game preservation efforts, both in shifting game information from outdated technology into newer, more persistent formats, and providing software or hardware alternates to aged hardware. Concerns about cost, availability, and longevity of game software and console hardware have also been cited as a reason for supporting the development of emulators. Some users of emulation also see emulation as means to preserve games from companies that have long-since gone bankrupt or disappeared from

3115-484: Is some evidence that BPA exposure in infants has decreased as a result of this. BPA-free plastics have also been introduced, which are manufactured using alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F , but there is also controversy around whether these are actually safer. Bisphenol A was first reported in 1891 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Dianin . In 1934, workers at I.G. Farbenindustrie reported

3204-435: Is used in a wide range of applications, many of which involve plastic. BPA is a main component of several high-performance plastics , the production of these is low compared to other plastics but still equals several thousand tons a year. Comparatively minor amounts of BPA are also used as additives or modifiers in some commodity plastics . These materials are much more common but their BPA content will be low. Concerns about

3293-404: Is used to ensure full condensation and to limit the formation of byproducts, such as Dianin's compound . BPA is fairly cheap to produce, as the synthesis benefits from a high atom economy and large amounts of both starting materials are available from the cumene process . As the only by-product is water, it may be considered an industrial example of green chemistry . Global production in 2022

3382-467: Is used to make polycarbonate plastics, which can consist of nearly 90% BPA by mass. Polymerisation is achieved by a reaction with phosgene , conducted under biphasic conditions; the hydrochloric acid is scavenged with aqueous base. This process converts the individual molecules of BPA into large polymer chains, effectively trapping them. About 25–30% of all BPA is used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and vinyl ester resins . For epoxy resin, it

3471-478: The Game Boy Advance , saw significant progress toward emulation during their production. This led to an effort by console manufacturers to stop unofficial emulation, but consistent failures such as Sega v. Accolade 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992), Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation 203 F.3d 596 (2000), and Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem 214 F.3d 1022 (2000), have had

3560-447: The WHO all reviewed the health risks of BPA, and found normal exposure to be below the level currently associated with risk. Regardless, due to the scientific uncertainty, many jurisdictions continued to take steps to reduce exposure on a precautionary basis. In particular, infants were considered to be at greater risk, leading to bans on the use of BPA in baby bottles and related products by

3649-403: The androgen receptor (AR). In addition to receptor binding, the compound has been found to affect Leydig cell steroidogenesis , including affecting 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase and aromatase expression and interfering with LH receptor -ligand binding. Bisphenol A's interacts with the estrogen-related receptor γ (ERR-γ). This orphan receptor (endogenous ligand unknown) behaves as

Game Boy Printer - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-484: The BIOS image with their emulators. Unauthorized distribution of copyrighted code remains illegal, according to both country-specific copyright and international copyright law under the Berne Convention . Accordingly, video game publishers and developers have taken legal action against websites that illegally redistribute their copyrighted software, successfully forcing sites to remove their titles or taking down

3827-409: The Game Boy and the Game Boy Printer is via a simple serial link. Serial clock (provided by the Game Boy for the printer), serial data output (from Game Boy to printer) as well as serial data input (to Game Boy from printer). The Game Boy sends a packet to the printer, to which the printer responds with an acknowledgement as well as a status code. Communication is via the Game Boy sending to the printer

3916-591: The Hedgehog games. Before the Virtual Console , Nintendo also used this tactic, such as Game Boy Advance re-releases of NES titles in the Classic NES Series . Although the primary purpose of emulation is to make older video-games execute on newer systems, there are several advantages inherent in the extra flexibility of software emulation that were not possible on the original systems. Disk image loading

4005-533: The PAL version of Final Fantasy X which added more ingame skills, changes to some bosses, and even more bosses, Dark Aeons, that weren't available in the North American NTSC release of the game. Although it is usually possible to modify the consoles themselves to bypass regional lockouts, console modifications can cause problems with screens not being displayed correctly and games running too fast or slow, due to

4094-416: The PC once linked via cable. The Game Boy Printer Paper has also been discontinued, and rolls of the genuine article that still produce a reliable image are becoming more difficult to find. Regular thermal paper, such as the kind used for POS terminals , can be cut to the proper width and used successfully with the Game Boy Printer. The system will print a test message reading "Hello" if it is turned on while

4183-497: The US, Canada, and EU amongst others. Bottle producers largely switched from polycarbonate to polypropylene and there is some evidence that BPA exposure in infants has decreased as a result of this. The European Food Safety Authority completed a re-evaluation into the risks of BPA in 2023, concluding that its tolerable daily intake should be greatly reduced. This lead to a European Union resolution passed in early 2024 to ban BPA in all

4272-525: The Wii also includes games for platforms that were known only in select regions, such as the Commodore 64 (Europe and North America) and MSX (Japan), as well as Virtual Console Arcade, which allows players to download video arcade games . Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times. Each game is distributed with a dedicated emulator tweaked to run the game as well as possible. However, it lacks

4361-719: The Xbox original runs on the x86 architecture, CPU emulation is unnecessary, greatly improving performance. The PlayStation 3 uses software emulation to play original PlayStation titles, and the PlayStation Store sells games that run through an emulator within the machine. In the original Japanese and North American 60 GB and 20 GB models, original PS2 hardware is present to run titles; however all PAL models, and later models released in Japan and North America removed some PS2 hardware components, replacing it with software emulation working alongside

4450-468: The ability to disable the framelimiter entirely (useful for benchmarking purposes). Some consoles have a regional lockout, preventing the user from being able to play games outside of the designated game region. This can be considered a nuisance for console gamers as some games feature seemingly inexplicable localization differences between regions, such as differences in the time requirements for driving missions and license tests on Gran Turismo 4 , and

4539-463: The behavior of some of the earliest consoles entirely through software, and the first unauthorized, non-commercial console emulators began to appear. These early programs were often incomplete, only partially emulating a given system, resulting in defects . Few manufacturers published technical specifications for their hardware, which left programmers to deduce the exact workings of a console through reverse engineering . Nintendo 's consoles tended to be

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4628-463: The body may account for variations in bisphenol A effects. BPA has also been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30). BPA has been detectable in the natural environment since the 1990s and is now widely distributed. It is primarily a river pollutant, but has also been observed in the marine environment, in soils, and lower levels can also be detected in air. The solubility of BPA in water

4717-460: The body through the urine. This allows exposure to be easily determined by urine testing, facilitating convenient biomonitoring of populations. Food and drink containers made from Bisphenol A-containing plastics do not contaminate the content to cause any increased cancer risk. The health effects of BPA have been the subject of prolonged public and scientific debate, with PubMed listing more than 18,000 scientific papers as of 2024. Concern

4806-513: The chemicals Bisphenol-A (BPA) or its analog Bisphenol-S (BPS). Previously very widely used in plastics and thermal receipt paper due to their heat resistance and stability, these are currently being phased out of thermal paper coatings due to their in-vivo accrual (via direct dermal absorption) and resultant oestrogen-mimicking and endocrine disruption. Modern thermal paper roll replacements, or their manufacturers, usually clearly state if they are Bisphenol free [BP-Free]. The communication between

4895-472: The clean room nature of their project. For example, in 2020, a large trove of information related to Nintendo's consoles was leaked , and teams working on Nintendo console emulators such as the Dolphin emulator for GameCube and Wii stated they were staying far away from the leaked information to avoid tainting their project. Once an emulator is written, it then requires a copy of the game software to be obtained,

4984-399: The console, emulating games is only so when legitimately purchasing the game physically and ripping the contents. Freely downloading or uploading game ROMs across various internet sites is considered to be a form of piracy, and users may be sued for copyright infringement . By the mid-1990s, personal computers had progressed to the point where it was technically feasible to replicate

5073-701: The coupling of BPA and epichlorohydrin . Over the following decade, coatings and resins derived from similar materials were described by workers at the companies of DeTrey Freres in Switzerland and DeVoe and Raynolds in the US. This early work underpinned the development of epoxy resins , which in turn motivated production of BPA. The utilization of BPA further expanded with discoveries at Bayer and General Electric on polycarbonate plastics . These plastics first appeared in 1958, being produced by Mobay , General Electric, and Bayer. The British biochemist Edward Charles Dodds tested BPA as an artificial estrogen in

5162-556: The door to foreign video games, and exposed North American gamers to Nintendo's censorship policies. This rapid growth in the development of emulators in turn fed the growth of the ROM hacking and fan-translation . The release of projects such as RPGe's English language translation of Final Fantasy V drew even more users into the emulation scene. Additionally, the development of some emulators has contributed to improved resources for homebrew software development for certain consoles, such as

5251-459: The early 1930s. Subsequent work found that it bound to estrogen receptors tens of thousands of times more weakly than estradiol , the major natural female sex hormone. Dodds eventually developed a structurally similar compound, diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was used as a synthetic estrogen drug in women and animals until it was banned due to its risk of causing cancer; the ban on use of DES in humans came in 1971 and in animals, in 1979. BPA

5340-480: The enhancements that unofficial emulators provide, and many titles are still unavailable. Until the 4.0.0 firmware update, the Nintendo Switch system software contained an embedded NES emulator, referred to internally as "flog", running the game Golf (with motion controller support using Joy-Con ). The Easter egg was believed to be a tribute to former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata , who died in 2015:

5429-574: The fact that the console itself may not be designed to output to the correct format for the game. These problems can be overcome on emulators, as they are usually designed with their own output modules, which can run both NTSC and PAL games without issue. Many emulators, for example Snes9x , make it far easier to load console-based cheats, without requiring potentially expensive proprietary hardware devices such as those used by GameShark and Action Replay . Freeware tools allow codes given by such programs to be converted into code that can be read directly by

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5518-420: The feed button is held. According to the manual, this is used to test if the printer is functioning properly. To get around using six AA batteries (1.5 volts each) for the printer, a single 9V battery can be used if wired properly, because the printer requires 9V DC. 'Ben Heck Reverse Engineers Game Boy Printer': https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43FfJvd-YP4 Bisphenol A Bisphenol A ( BPA )

5607-419: The food contact materials, including plastic and coated packaging. If adopted the ban would come into force after an implementation period of up to three years. BPA exhibits very low acute toxicity (i.e. from a single large dose) as indicated by its LD 50 of 4 g/kg (mouse). Reports indicate that it is a minor skin irritant as well, although less so than phenol . BPA has been found to interact with

5696-527: The game software. ROM files and ISO files are created by either specialized tools for game cartridges, or regular optical drives reading the data. As an alternative, specialized adapters such as the Retrode allow emulators to directly access the data on game cartridges without needing to copy it into a ROM image first. Outside of official usage, emulation has generally been seen negatively by video game console manufacturers and game developers. The largest concern

5785-688: The game was only accessible on July 11 (the date of his death), Golf was programmed by Iwata, and the game was activated by performing a motion gesture with a pair of Joy-Con that Iwata had famously used during Nintendo's video presentations. It was suggested that the inclusion of Golf was intended as a digital form of omamori —a traditional form of Japanese amulets intended to provide luck or protection. As part of its Nintendo Switch Online subscription service, Nintendo subsequently released an app featuring an on-demand library of NES and SNES titles updated regularly. The app features similar features to Virtual Console titles, including save states, as well as

5874-542: The group behind the emulator had provided such information on how to obtain the required decryption keys, leading the group to settle with Nintendo and removing the emulator from distribution. Forked projects from Yuzu since appeared, taking the route of informing users what decryption items they would need but otherwise not stating how to acquire these as to stay within Nintendo's stance against emulation and copyright infringement. Due to their popularity, emulators have also been

5963-416: The hardware information as to avoid any possible conflicts with non-public intellectual property. Some information may be made public for developers on the hardware's specifications which can be used to start efforts on emulation but there are often layers of information that remain as trade secrets such as encryption details. Operating code stored in the hardware's BIOS may be disassembled to be analyzed in

6052-469: The health effects of BPA have led some manufacturers replacing it with other bisphenols, such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F . These are produced in a similar manner to BPA, by replacing acetone with other ketones , which undergo analogous condensation reactions. Thus, in bisphenol F , the F signifies formaldehyde . Health concerns have also been raised about these substitutes. Alternative polymers, such as tritan copolyester have been developed to give

6141-488: The industry's earlier market crash and contractions, and where ownership of the property is unclear. Emulation can also be seen as a means to enhance functionality of the original game that would otherwise not be possible, such as adding in localizations via ROM patches or new features such as save states . In November 2021, Phil Spencer stated that he hoped for video game companies to eventually develop and propagate legal emulation which would allow users to play any game from

6230-450: The inherent limitations of thermal paper, photographs printed on thermal paper will fade over time (this depends heavily on the thermal paper variant used, and could be as short as a few months, or instead a few years) until the paper is virtually blank. Paper in this state can usually be re-used, as long as the length of the strip is long enough to be manually fed into the takeup. It is unknown whether original Game Boy Printer paper contains

6319-481: The inside of food cans , clothing designs, shop receipts, and dental fillings. BPA has been investigated by public health agencies in many countries, as well as by the World Health Organization . While normal exposure is below the level currently associated with risk, several jurisdictions have taken steps to reduce exposure on a precautionary basis, in particular by banning BPA from baby bottles. There

6408-444: The market, console manufacturers are forced to continue to innovate, bring more games for their systems to market, and move quickly onto new technology to continue their business model. There are further concerns related to intellectual property of the console's branding and of games' assets that could be misused, though these are issues less with emulation itself but with how the software is subsequently used. Alternatively, emulation

6497-707: The most commonly studied, for example the most advanced early emulators reproduced the workings of the Nintendo Entertainment System , the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and the Game Boy . The first such recognized emulator was released around 1996, being one of the prototype projects that eventually merged into the SNES9X product. Programs like Marat Fayzullin's iNES, VirtualGameBoy, Pasofami (NES), Super Pasofami (SNES), and VSMC (SNES) were

6586-520: The most popular console emulators of this era. A curiosity was also Yuji Naka 's unreleased NES emulator for the Genesis , possibly marking the first instance of a software emulator running on a console. Additionally, as the Internet gained wider availability, distribution of both emulator software and ROM images became more common, helping to popularize emulators. Legal attention was drawn to emulations with

6675-464: The nature of the effects observed as well as the levels at which they occur. A common criticism is that industry-sponsored trials tend to show BPA as being safer than studies performed by academic or government laboratories, although this has also been explained in terms of industry studies being better designed. In the 2010s public health agencies in the EU, US, Canada, Australia and Japan as well as

6764-483: The opposite effect, which has ruled that emulators, developed through clean room design, are legal. The Librarian of Congress , under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), has codified these rules as allowed exemptions to bypass technical copyright protections on console hardware. However, emulator developers cannot incorporate code that may have been embedded within the hardware BIOS, nor ship

6853-496: The past that they already owned a copy of, characterizing it as "a great North Star" for the industry to aim towards in the future. As computers and global computer networks continued to advance and become more popular, emulator developers grew more skilled in their work, the length of time between the commercial release of a console and its successful emulation began to shrink. Fifth generation consoles such as Nintendo 64 , PlayStation and sixth generation handhelds, such as

6942-614: The purchasing and playing of games for old systems on this modern hardware. Though not all games are available, the Virtual Console has a large collection of games spanning a wide variety of consoles. The Virtual Console's library of past games currently consists of titles originating from the Nintendo Entertainment System , Super NES , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Nintendo 64 , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , and Wii, as well as Sega 's Master System and Genesis/Mega Drive , NEC 's TurboGrafx-16 , and SNK 's Neo Geo . The service for

7031-510: The release of UltraHLE , an emulator for the Nintendo 64 released in 1999 while the Nintendo 64 was still Nintendo's primary console – its next console, the GameCube , would not be released until 2001. UltraHLE was the first emulator to be released for a current console, and it was seen to have some effect on Nintendo 64 sales, though to what degree compared with diminishing sales on the aging consoles

7120-483: The remaining 2–9% of BPA will continue through to the environment, with low levels of BPA commonly observed in surface water and sediment in the U.S. and Europe. Once in the environment BPA is aerobically biodegraded by a wide a variety of organisms. Its half life in water has been estimated at between 4.5 and 15 days, degradation in the air is faster than this, while soil samples degrade more slowly. BPA in sediment degrades most slowly of all, particularly where this

7209-438: The same properties as polycarbonate (durable, clear) without using BPA or its analogues. As a result of the presence of BPA in plastics and other commonplace materials, most people are frequently exposed to trace levels of BPA. The primary source of human exposure is via food, as epoxy and PVC are used to line the inside of food cans to prevent corrosion of the metal by acidic foodstuffs. Polycarbonate drink containers are also

7298-443: The user to save a game at any point for debugging or re-try) and decreased boot and loading times. Some emulators feature an option to "quickly" boot a game, bypassing the console manufacturer's original splash screens. Furthermore, emulation software may offer online multiplayer functionality and the ability to speed up and slow down the emulation speed. This allows the user to fast-forward through unwanted cutscenes for example, or

7387-578: The video hardware to achieve partial hardware/software emulation. In later releases, backwards compatibility with PS2 titles was completely removed along with the PS2 graphics chip, and eventually Sony released PS2 titles with software emulation on the PlayStation Store . Commercial developers have also used emulation as a means to repackage and reissue older games on newer consoles in retail releases. For example, Sega has created several collections of Sonic

7476-407: The way those consoles do. This, however, has led to the advantage of it being far easier to modify the actual game's files contained within the game ROMs. Amateur programmers and gaming enthusiasts have produced translations of foreign games, rewritten dialogue within a game, applied fixes to bugs that were present in the original game, as well as updating old sports games with modern rosters. It

7565-422: The websites entirely. Under United States law, obtaining a dumped copy of the original machine's BIOS is legal under the ruling Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. , 964 F.2d 965 (9th Cir. 1992) as fair use as long as the user obtained a legally purchased copy of the machine. To mitigate this however, several emulators for platforms such as Game Boy Advance are capable of running without

7654-437: Was estimated to be in the region of 10 million tonnes. Usually, the addition of acetone takes place at the para position on both phenols, however minor amounts of the ortho-para (up to 3%) and ortho-ortho isomers are also produced, along with several other minor by‑products. These are not always removed and are known impurities in commercial samples of BPA. BPA has a fairly high melting point but can be easily dissolved in

7743-442: Was never used as a drug. The synthesis of BPA still follows Dianin's general method, with the fundamentals changing little in 130 years. The condensation of acetone (hence the suffix 'A' in the name) with two equivalents of phenol is catalyzed by a strong acid, such as concentrated hydrochloric acid , sulfuric acid , or a solid acid resin such as the sulfonic acid form of polystyrene sulfonate . An excess of phenol

7832-417: Was not clear. Nintendo pursued legal action to stop the emulator project, and while the original authors ceased development, the project continued by others who had gotten the source code. Since then, Nintendo has generally taken the lead in actions against emulation projects or distributions of emulated games from their consoles compared to other console or arcade manufacturers. This rise in popularity opened

7921-471: Was the case with VisualBoyAdvance , a Game Boy Advance emulator that was noted by author Casey O'Donnell as having contributed to the development of tools for the console that were seen as superior to even those provided by Nintendo, so much so that even some licensed game developers used the tools to develop games for the console. On April 17, 2024, Apple began allowing emulators on the App Store, lifting

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