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20-618: The Galisteo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico . It contains fossils characteristic of the Bartonian stage of the Eocene epoch , Duchesnean in the NALMA classification . The Galisteo Formation is primarily fluvial sandstone and mudstone , with small amounts of conglomerate , freshwater limestone , and sedimentary tuff . It crops out over a limited area between Sandia Crest and

40-446: A facies , stratum , bed , seam , lode etc. Thickness is measured at right angles to the surface of the seam or bed and thus independently of its spatial orientation. The concept of thickness came originally from mining language, where it was used mainly to indicate the workability of seams. It has since become an established term in earth science , for example in geology, for the depth of sedimentary rocks , in hydrogeology for

60-526: A newly designated formation could not be named the Kaibab Formation, since the Kaibab Limestone is already established as a formation name. The first use of a name has precedence over all others, as does the first name applied to a particular formation. As with other stratigraphic units, the formal designation of a formation includes a stratotype which is usually a type section . A type section

80-594: A permanent natural or artificial feature of the geographic area in which they were first described. The name consists of the geographic name plus either "Formation" or a descriptive name. Examples include the Morrison Formation , named for the town of Morrison, Colorado , and the Kaibab Limestone , named after the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona. The names must not duplicate previous formation names, so, for example,

100-522: A region or predict likely locations for buried mineral resources. The boundaries of a formation are chosen to give it the greatest practical lithological consistency. Formations should not be defined by any criteria other than lithology. The lithology of a formation includes characteristics such as chemical and mineralogical composition, texture, color, primary depositional structures , fossils regarded as rock-forming particles, or other organic materials such as coal or kerogen . The taxonomy of fossils

120-454: A single lithology (rock type), or of alternating beds of two or more lithologies, or even a heterogeneous mixture of lithologies, so long as this distinguishes them from adjacent bodies of rock. The concept of a geologic formation goes back to the beginnings of modern scientific geology. The term was used by Abraham Gottlob Werner in his theory of the origin of the Earth, which was developed over

140-449: Is not a valid lithological basis for defining a formation. The contrast in lithology between formations required to justify their establishment varies with the complexity of the geology of a region. Formations must be able to be delineated at the scale of geologic mapping normally practiced in the region; the thickness of formations may range from less than a meter to several thousand meters. Geologic formations are typically named after

160-430: Is also used informally to describe the odd shapes (forms) that rocks acquire through erosional or depositional processes. Such a formation is abandoned when it is no longer affected by the geologic agent that produced it. Some well-known cave formations include stalactites and stalagmites . Thickness (geology) Thickness in geology and mining refers to the distance across a packet of rock , whether it be

180-560: Is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy , and the formation is the fundamental unit of stratigraphy. Formations may be combined into groups of strata or divided into members . Members differ from formations in that they need not be mappable at the same scale as formations, though they must be lithologically distinctive where present. The definition and recognition of formations allow geologists to correlate geologic strata across wide distances between outcrops and exposures of rock strata . Formations were at first described as

200-455: Is ideally a good exposure of the formation that shows its entire thickness. If the formation is nowhere entirely exposed, or if it shows considerably lateral variation, additional reference sections may be defined. Long-established formations dating to before the modern codification of stratigraphy, or which lack tabular form (such as volcanic formations), may substitute a type locality for a type section as their stratotype. The geologist defining

220-652: The San Jose Formation . The most important fossil site in the Galisteo Formation, the Stearns quarry at Arroyo del Tuerto, contains numerous fossil remains of titanotheres dating to the Duchesnean Stage, about 42 to 38 million years ago. Petrified wood is also found in this area. The formation is otherwise largely barren of fossils. The following fossils have been reported from the formation: The formation

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240-624: The sediments deposited in the formation came from the Brazos - Sangre de Cristo Geanticline to the northeast and the Nacimiento Mountains to the northwest. There are no indications of sediments from Sandia Crest to the south, suggesting that Sandia Crest was not uplifted until after the Eocene. The presence of Precambrian clasts in the upper part of the formation in the San Miguel Mountains

260-470: The base of the Galisteo Formation suggests that the discontinuity separating it from the Diamond Tail is tectonic in origin. There are indications the formation itself experienced penecontemporaneous deformation, possibly due to renewed uplift of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains . The maximum thickness of the formation is 979 meters (3,212 feet). Paleocurrent directions indicate the sources of

280-550: The essential geologic time markers, based on their relative ages and the law of superposition . The divisions of the geological time scale were described and put in chronological order by the geologists and stratigraphers of the 18th and 19th centuries. Geologic formations can be usefully defined for sedimentary rock layers, low-grade metamorphic rocks , and volcanic rocks . Intrusive igneous rocks and highly metamorphosed rocks are generally not considered to be formations, but are described instead as lithodemes . "Formation"

300-483: The formation by a significant disconformity . These were split off into the Diamond Tail Formation in 1997. Formation (geology) A formation must be large enough that it can be mapped at the surface or traced in the subsurface. Formations are otherwise not defined by the thickness of their rock strata, which can vary widely. They are usually, but not universally, tabular in form. They may consist of

320-522: The formation is expected to describe the stratotype in sufficient detail that other geologists can unequivocally recognize the formation. Although formations should not be defined by any criteria other than primary lithology, it is often useful to define biostratigraphic units on paleontological criteria, chronostratigraphic units on the age of the rocks, and chemostratigraphic units on geochemical criteria, and these are included in stratigraphic codes. The concept of formally defined layers or strata

340-475: The period from 1774 to his death in 1817. The concept became increasingly formalized over time and is now codified in such works as the North American Stratigraphic Code and its counterparts in other regions. Geologic maps showing where various formations are exposed at the surface are fundamental to such fields as structural geology , allowing geologists to infer the tectonic history of

360-538: The southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains , with an outlier at the eastern feet of the San Miguel subrange of the Jemez Mountains . Its contact with the overlying Espinaso Formation is gradational. The formation rests on the Diamond Tail Formation in most locations where its base is exposed, but the Diamond Tail is not present in the exposures south of San Ysidro . The presence of Precambrian and Paleozoic clasts at

380-461: Was first described by F.V. Hayden during the 1869 expedition to New Mexico and Colorado . He named the formation the Galisteo sand group and noted that its sandstone beds dipped from 5 to 50 degrees and varied in color from off-white to brick red. He could find no fossils other than petrified logs, some of which were enormous. The formation originally included older beds separated from the rest of

400-650: Was some of the first evidence for the existence of the Pajarito Uplift, a Laramide structure occupying what is now the southern Espanola Basin between the current locations of Los Alamos and Santa Fe that later foundered into the Rio Grande Rift . The Galisteo Formation likely correlates with the El Rito Formation to the north of the Jemez Mountains . It may also correlate with the Tapicito Member of

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