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102-759: Galaxy Science Fiction was an American digest-size science fiction magazine , published in Boston from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by a French-Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor H. L. Gold , who rapidly made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time, focusing on stories about social issues rather than technology. Gold published many notable stories during his tenure, including Ray Bradbury 's "The Fireman", later expanded as Fahrenheit 451 ; Robert A. Heinlein 's The Puppet Masters ; and Alfred Bester 's The Demolished Man . In 1952,

204-455: A book review column by anthologist Groff Conklin , which ran until 1955, and a Willy Ley science column. Gold sought to implement high-quality printing techniques, though the quality of the available paper was insufficient for the full benefits to be seen. Within months, the outbreak of the Korean War led to paper shortages that forced Gold to find a new printer, Robert M. Guinn. The new paper

306-762: A book review column, called " Galaxy 's Five Star Shelf", in the first issue; Floyd Gale took it over with the November 1955 issue—Gale was in fact Gold's brother, using a slightly modified surname. The inaugural issue also included a competition for readers to explain UFOs in under 200 words, the first of many contests Gold would run. The first six issues contained stories by well-known authors, including some that became highly regarded such as Fritz Leiber's "Coming Attraction", Damon Knight 's " To Serve Man ", and Ray Bradbury 's "The Fireman", later expanded as Fahrenheit 451 . Gold considered these early issues exploratory, and some of

408-455: A companion magazine, Beyond Fantasy Fiction , dedicated to fantasy material, which Galaxy 's editorial policy did not favor. It lasted for ten bimonthly issues, with the final one appearing in January 1955. After it failed, Gold opened Galaxy to more fantasy, publishing writers such as Cordwainer Smith . The ABC radio series Tales of Tomorrow , which began in 1952 as an offshoot of

510-400: A format slightly taller than standard digest size. Other publications remaining in digest size are Prevention , Guideposts Magazine and some Archie comics digests. Children's Digest was originally in digest size but switched long ago to a larger format as well, though keeping the word "Digest" in its name. Writer's Digest is another publication with the word in its name that

612-399: A heavy loss on Fascination , its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles. Gold knew about The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , a digest launched in the fall of 1949, but felt that there was still room in the market for another serious science fiction magazine. He sent a prospectus to World Editions that included

714-589: A high-volume producer of competent but unremarkable science fiction, began writing more ambitious work as a result, much of which was published in Galaxy throughout the 1960s. In February 1965, Pohl brought in Algis Budrys as book reviewer, after a year in which no review column had appeared. Budrys's insightful reviews drew much praise, and editor David Hartwell has ranked him as one of the best sf critics of his generation. The difference between Pohl's approach and Gold's

816-440: A large format; it was edited by Floyd Kemske. A subsequent issue, to be dated October 1980, was assembled, but never distributed. The last few years of Galaxy 's life were marked by stories of unpaid contributors. John Varley , for example, reported that he was still owed money for his stories five years after they appeared. Submissions from well-known writers fell away, and the lack of financial support from UPD meant that

918-462: A new series of challenges to moral orthodoxy." SF historian David Kyle ascribes Galaxy 's influence specifically to Gold, saying that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold" and that the new direction he set led, "inevitably", to the New Wave , the celebrated science fiction literary movement of the 1960s. Kyle's assessment of Gold

1020-470: A number of digests , primarily for reprint editions. The manga graphic novel format is similar to digest size, although slightly narrower and generally thicker. The A5 paper size used by many UK fanzines is slightly wider and taller than digest size. In Italy , Topolino 's Disney comics title has been published in the format since 1949, inspired by Reader's Digest (which was also published by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore ). Also Diabolik and

1122-474: A proposal for a series of paperback sf novels as well as a periodical, and proposed paying three cents a word, an impressively high rate, given that most competing magazines were paying only one cent a word. World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950. The novel series subsequently appeared as Galaxy Science Fiction Novels . Gold initially suggested two titles for

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1224-424: A pseudonym, so he could claim that the contest had found a new talent. They refused, but shortly afterwards Pohl and Lester del Rey agreed to let Gold take their recently completed novel Preferred Risk and publish it as the winner under the pseudonym Edson McCann. Pohl and del Rey constructed a fake identity for McCann, but the news leaked out and Gold never ran another fiction competition. In July 1953, he launched

1326-458: A regular bimonthly schedule, starting with the January–February 1994 issue, and ending with March–April 1995. In August 2024, Starship Sloane Publishing relaunched Galaxy Science Fiction as a professional magazine with Justin T. O'Conor Sloane serving as the editor-in-chief, Jean-Paul L. Garnier as the deputy editor-in-chief, Daniel Pomarède as the science editor and Robert Silverberg as

1428-556: A result Sweden developed a group of fans of Captain Future. Captain Future was pulp format, 128 pages, and was priced at 15 cents; the first seven issues were edited by Mort Weisinger, and the remaining ten by Oscar J. Friend. There were three issues to a volume. The schedule was quarterly, with one omission: there was no Fall 1943 issue. The publisher was Better Publications, with offices in Chicago and New York, for all issues. The magazine

1530-525: A second-hand book store in Boston; UPD retained a ten percent interest in order to receive income from future sales to pay off their debts. Stine had compiled two more issues, but neither ever appeared; McCaffrey, who had also launched a separate magazine, Galileo , had cash-flow problems that prevented him from distributing the magazine as he had planned. One more issue did finally appear from McCaffrey, in July 1980, in

1632-598: A series of essays by authors discussing their own work. Apart from Gateway , Baen published only one award-winning story: Ursula K. Le Guin 's "The Day Before the Revolution", which appeared in August 1974 and won the Nebula. Baen's successors, Pierce, Stine, and Kemske, were unable to maintain his standard. Pohl remained loyal to the magazine, but the serialization of his novel Jem exemplified Galaxy 's growing problems. Due to

1734-519: A story by William Tenn satirizing both the Russian and American sides in the Korean War. Tenn quotes Gold, an ex-radical, as saying the idea made him "sweat green", though the year before he had published Isaac Asimov's "The Martian Way", a thinly veiled anti- McCarthy story. L. Sprague de Camp commented that Gold "sets an extremely high standard of literary excellence for his writers", and observed that he often demanded multiple revisions and rewrites. Gold

1836-619: Is Reader's Digest , from which the size appears to have been named. TV Guide also used the format from its inception in 1953 until 2005. Bird Watcher's Digest was an international magazine that has retained the digest size from its creation in 1978 until it folded in 2021. Digest size is less popular now than it once was. The Penny Publications crime fiction and science fiction magazines Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine , Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine , Analog and Asimov's Science Fiction , as well as many of their word-puzzle and now-folded horoscope magazines, switched to

1938-508: Is Three", both widely acclaimed, also appeared in 1952. Readers had expressed support for science articles, and in March 1952, Willy Ley, who had contributed occasional essays since the first issue, began a column, "For Your Information", in which he replied to readers' scientific questions. Running uninterrupted until Ley's death in 1969, Frederik Pohl describes it as "the most popular single feature Galaxy ever had". The Hugo Awards were inaugurated

2040-404: Is echoed by writer Barry N. Malzberg , who calls Gold "perhaps the greatest editor in the history of all fields for the first half of his tenure". SF authors and historians Brian Aldiss and David Wingrove summarize Galaxy 's history by saying that it lasted for "thirty mainly glorious years": it "brought into the sunlight a number of excellent satirists, comedians and ironists" and, through

2142-544: Is not actually produced at that size. From the 1950s the format was used by several science fiction magazines. Those still being published as of 2023 are: Magazines that were published in digest format but are no longer being published include: From the late 1960s on, several comic book publishers put out "comics digests," consisting mostly if not entirely of reprinted material, usually about 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  in × 5 in (17 by 13 centimetres). Gold Key Comics produced three digest titles that lasted until

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2244-485: Is remembered for featuring some very successful serials. A contemporary anthology of science fiction stories, E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty 's The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1951 , commented in an editorial that Gold's work "will succeed in placing science-fiction on an equal basis with any other field of modern literature". With a circulation of over 100,000 in its second year, Galaxy surpassed Astounding . Gold maintained Galaxy 's high standards for most of

2346-493: The 1950s. Alfred Bester 's The Demolished Man —according to critic Peter Nicholls , "among the few genuine classics of genre sf"—was serialized in early 1952. Pohl and Kornbluth's The Space Merchants followed a few months later, serialized as Gravy Planet ; Brian Aldiss , in his critical genre study Trillion Year Spree , calls it "one of the most famous books in SF". James Blish's " Surface Tension " and Theodore Sturgeon's "Baby

2448-486: The 1950s; his Galaxy published both Sheckley's "Mindswap" and Herbert's " Do I Wake or Dream? " when Gold would not have purchased the latter, Pohl said. Ejler Jakobsson's tenure began with a large backlog of stories that Pohl had acquired, but within a year or two substantial changes were apparent. In the early 1970s, Jakobsson attempted to update Galaxy 's image, adding a comic strip, "Sunpot", by Vaughn Bodé , for example. Theodore Sturgeon took over from Budrys as

2550-517: The Nebula in 1971. Sturgeon's short story " Slow Sculpture " won both the Hugo and the Nebula in 1970. A letter column was added at the end of 1971; this was the first time Galaxy had published reader's letters. Galaxy 's long-time science columnist, Willy Ley, died in 1969, and was replaced by Donald Menzel . He was replaced in turn by Jerry Pournelle in April 1974. Jakobsson's successor, James Baen,

2652-458: The September 1956 issue, which widened the left hand strip of white to allow room to print story titles and author names. The December 1961 issue was the first to eliminate the strip on the left, and until July 1969 the magazine varied between this layout, the inverted "L", and a version with no white at all, first used on the August 1965 issue. Another change visible in that issue is the reversal of

2754-662: The Stars ; Harlan Ellison 's "'Repent, Harlequin,' Said the Ticktockman" and "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World"; and Silverberg's "Nightwings". Pohl never succeeded in winning a Hugo Award as editor of Galaxy , although he won the award three consecutive times from 1966 to 1968 as editor of If , Galaxy 's sister magazine, and in theory the junior of the two publications. The quality of fiction in Galaxy had dipped towards

2856-470: The TV series of the same name, used stories from Galaxy ; the connection was announced at the start of each of its fifteen episodes. On April 24, 1955, another radio series, NBC 's X Minus One , started a much longer run of 125 episodes, lasting until January 1958. From February 1956 onwards the scripts were adapted exclusively from stories in Galaxy , and from the April 1956 issue Galaxy ran advertisements for

2958-527: The UPD acquisition coincided with a precipitous drop—from 75,300 for the year ended October 1968, circulation fell to 51,479 just one year later. Difficulties with distribution also cut into income, and Arnold Abramson, UPD's owner, decided to cut costs and maximize profits. Galaxy went bimonthly in August 1970, ending a two-year spell of monthly scheduling (though a couple of months had been missed). The page count, which had been cut from 196 to 160 when UPD bought it,

3060-500: The adventures of Captain Future , a super-scientist whose real name was Curt Newton, in every issue. All but two of the novels in the magazine were written by Edmond Hamilton ; the other two were by Joseph Samachson . The magazine also published other stories that had nothing to do with the title character, including Fredric Brown 's first science fiction sale, "Not Yet the End". Captain Future published unabashed space opera , and was, in

3162-409: The annual Hugo Award for his stewardship of Galaxy , winning three Hugos instead for its sister magazine, If . In 1969 Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by Ejler Jakobsson . Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality. It recovered under James Baen , who took over in mid-1974, but when he left at the end of 1977

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3264-415: The appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine published by Hugo Gernsback . By the end of the 1930s, the field was booming. Better Publications , a pulp magazine publisher which had acquired Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1936, launched three new magazines as part of this boom. The first two were Startling Stories , which appeared in January 1939, and Strange Stories , which began

3366-400: The blame for Galaxy 's demise on Arnie Abramson, who, Pohl contends, "simply did not perform [the] basic functions of a publisher": paying the authors, ensuring subscribers received copies, and meeting other obligations. In 1994, the magazine reappeared briefly as a semi-professional publication under the editorship of E. J. Gold , son of H. L. Gold. E. J. Gold produced eight issues on

3468-472: The brain of Simon Wright, Newton's mentor. Joan Randall, Newton's girlfriend, was also a regular character. Better Publications followed up the magazine launch with a companion comic, Startling Comics , which appeared in May 1940; Captain Future was the protagonist of the lead story. Weisinger left in 1941 to edit comics following the adventures of Superman , and was replaced by Oscar J. Friend . Captain Future

3570-573: The case of The Demolished Man , his involvement extended almost to the point of collaboration. Gold was agoraphobic and rarely left his apartment, but writers often visited him, and he held regular parties and weekly poker games; in addition to the members of the science fiction community, the avant-garde composer John Cage often attended. In March 1953 Gold announced a novel-writing contest, but it failed to attract any usable submissions. He asked Pohl and Kornbluth if they would allow him to print Gladiator-at-Law , which they had just completed, under

3672-409: The closure of If at the end of 1974, and the title was merged with Galaxy . The magazine had returned to a monthly schedule in September 1973, but it was only patchily adhered to, with at least a couple of issues missed every year except 1974. Baen was successful at increasing circulation again, bringing it from 47,789 when he took over to 81,035 when he left. The magazine was profitable for UPD, but

3774-423: The contributing editor. With Bruce Pennington as the cover artist, the newest issue is numbered 263, reflecting all previous runs of the magazine and is available in both digital and print formats. Gold intended Galaxy to publish stories of sufficient literary quality to attract readers of the slick magazines, as well as those who came to Galaxy already familiar with genre science fiction. His editorial policy

3876-605: The cover, but numbered vol. 39 no. 7) the original typeface for "Galaxy" was abandoned for the last few issues. The final issue, edited by Kemske, returned to the previous layout and typeface, although with a magazine twice the size of the original digest. When E. J. Gold revived Galaxy in 1994, he restored the inverted "L" and employed a predominantly black-and-white look for the eight issues he published. Notable artists who contributed regularly to Galaxy included Ed Emshwiller, who won several Hugo Awards for his work, Hugo nominee Wallace Wood, and Jack Gaughan, who won three Hugos in

3978-417: The demise of several magazines. In the late 1940s, the market began to recover. From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later. Galaxy 's appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. According to sf historian and critic Mike Ashley , its success was the main reason for a subsequent flood of new releases: 22 more science fiction magazines appeared by 1954, when

4080-502: The deterioration resumed, and there were financial problems—writers were not paid on time and the schedule became erratic. By the end of the 1970s, the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to Galileo publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a semi-professional magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Gold's son, E. J. Gold ; this lasted for eight bimonthly issues. At its peak, Galaxy greatly influenced

4182-458: The draft, but Margulies had already made arrangements for other writers to work on the series, and so two of the seventeen lead novels in the magazine were written by Joseph Samachson , instead of by Hamilton. The house name "Brett Sterling" was invented to conceal the identity of the new writer; it was used for both of Samachson's contributions, as well as some of Hamilton's. Hamilton also wrote regular features that provided background material on

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4284-455: The early 1970s, and when Judy-Lynn del Rey (formerly Judy-Lynn Benjamin) left in May 1973 to work at Ballantine Books, Jakobsson's workload increased greatly. He resigned less than a year later, citing overwork and other issues, and was replaced by James Baen , who took over with the June 1974 issue after Pohl declined the post. Baen also took over the editorship of If , but rising paper costs forced

4386-529: The editorial page his work was unremarkable. He managed to attract some of the new writers who were becoming well known in the sf scene, including George R.R. Martin , Joe Haldeman , and Joanna Russ . Three novels published in Jakobsson's Galaxy won awards: Isaac Asimov's The Gods Themselves and Arthur C. Clarke 's Rendezvous with Rama each won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, in 1972 and 1973 respectively, and Robert Silverberg's A Time of Changes won

4488-527: The editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold". Kyle suggested that the new direction Gold set "inevitably" led to the experimental New Wave , the defining science fiction literary movement of the 1960s. The first science fiction (sf) magazine, Amazing Stories , appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, but World War II and its resulting paper shortages led to

4590-537: The end of Gold's editorship, and Pohl worked hard to restore the magazine's high standards. Gold's difficult editorial personality had driven away some of his contributors, but Pohl, who had worked as an agent in the 1950s, was a central figure in the sf community and was able to attract submissions from the star writers of his day. In the case of one of these stars, he offered an unusual arrangement: Robert Silverberg could write whatever he wished and Pohl promised that he would almost invariably buy it. Silverberg, who had been

4692-555: The field overnight". Under Gold Galaxy provided a market for social science fiction stories that might not have been accepted by Astounding and Fantasy & Science Fiction , the other leading magazines. Pohl stated in 1965 that almost every major science fiction writer whose career began after 1950 primarily wrote for Galaxy , and that others closely imitated Gold's magazine. He described Galaxy as where "the stunning new kinds of science fiction ... flowered, and changed everything in science fiction". In his opinion, Gold's innovation

4794-399: The field's leader almost immediately. In critic John Clute's assessment, Galaxy indeed swiftly supplanted Astounding and remained the leading magazine in the field until Pohl resigned as editor in 1969. Science fiction historian and critic Mike Ashley regarded Galaxy 's success as the main reason for the subsequent boom in science fiction magazines, commenting that it "revolutionized

4896-434: The financial pressure on the parent company took its toll and Baen left in late 1977 to work for Ace Books —the October issue was his last. Baen was replaced by John J. Pierce, but the situation only worsened. Pierce resigned within a year: the company was in increasing debt, and his office assistant recalls that the office appeared inefficiently run, though he commented that Pierce "clearly loved what he did and knew what he

4998-437: The first few issues of the magazine; these had originally appeared in 1929 and 1933, respectively, and were from back issues of Wonder Stories , which Better Publications had acquired the rights to in 1936. The magazine was unashamedly focused on straightforward space opera: a typical plot saw Captain Future and his friends save the solar system, or perhaps the entire universe, from a villain. Sf historian Mike Ashley describes

5100-407: The following month; both were edited by Mort Weisinger , who was also the editor of Thrilling Wonder Stories. Edmond Hamilton , an established science fiction writer, met with Leo Margulies , Better Publication's editorial director, in early 1939, and they subsequently planned the launch of a new magazine with the lead character of Curt Newton, a super-scientist who lived on the moon and went by

5202-525: The following year: The Demolished Man won the first Hugo for Best Novel and Galaxy shared the first Hugo for Best Magazine with Astounding . Gold published a wide range of material, and Galaxy became known for irony and satire; the work of authors able to adopt the wry style he favored, such as Knight and Robert Sheckley , appeared regularly in the magazine and were obvious commentaries on contemporary society. In 1953, with McCarthyism at its height, Gold refused to publish " The Liberation of Earth ",

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5304-404: The high rates, Galaxy was an attractive market for writers because Gold bought only first magazine rights, unlike the other leading magazines. Galaxy was quickly established as one of the three leading science fiction magazines, along with Campbell's Astounding and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (usually abbreviated to F&SF ). Campbell had been enormously influential over

5406-573: The honor: Fritz Leiber's novel The Big Time and Avram Davidson 's short story " Or All the Seas with Oysters ". When Pohl took over as editor in 1961, he broadened the magazine's scope, including more fantasy material. Regular contributors in the 1960s included Jack Vance , Larry Niven , Frank Herbert , Robert Silverberg , and Cordwainer Smith. Galaxy stories from this era that won awards include Vance's The Dragon Masters and "The Last Castle"; Clifford Simak's Way Station , serialized as Here Gather

5508-399: The influence of its reduced focus on technology, played an important role in attracting women to write science fiction. The list below, and the charts above, follow the mastheads in the magazines. Because of Gold's poor health, Pohl was acting as editor for some time before he officially took over the role at the end of 1961. Galaxy had multiple foreign editions. This was in part because

5610-480: The late 1950s, the science fiction magazine boom was over, and the relatively low circulation of the magazines did not endear them to distributors, the middlemen who transported magazines from the publishers to the newsstands and other outlets. Gold changed the title from Galaxy Science Fiction to Galaxy Magazine with the September 1958 issue, commenting that the term science fiction "scares many people away from buying". Galaxy 's circulation, at about 90,000,

5712-409: The late 1960s, partly for his work in Galaxy . Gaughan was commissioned by Pohl to provide the cover and interior art for Jack Vance's The Dragon Masters in 1962; the resulting illustrations made Gaughan immediately famous in the science fiction field. In the 1950s and 1960s, Galaxy retained the original artwork sent in by its artists, though Emshwiller, much of whose best color work appeared there,

5814-634: The magazine as "perhaps the most juvenile" of the World War II crop of science fiction pulps. Wartime paper shortages killed the magazine in mid-1944, but more Captain Future novels saw print in Startling Stories , some over the next two years, with more following in 1950 and 1951. In Sweden, the weekly pulp magazine Jules Verne Magasinet , launched in 1940, reprinted all the Captain Future stories, along with much other American pulp fiction, and as

5916-511: The magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazine's production. When Gold's health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time. Under Pohl Galaxy had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by writers such as Cordwainer Smith , Jack Vance , Harlan Ellison , and Robert Silverberg . Pohl never won

6018-468: The magazine's increasingly erratic schedule, the serialization stretched from the last issue of 1978 into 1980, well after it had appeared in book form. In November 1977, Paul Walker took over the book column from Spider Robinson, and Jerry Pournelle left the science column at the end of 1978. The artwork quality dropped to an amateurish level, and despite the appearance of a few successful stories and novels, such as C. J. Cherryh 's The Faded Sun: Kesrith ,

6120-596: The magazine, If and Galaxy . Gold's art director, Washington Irving van der Poel, mocked up multiple layouts and Gold invited hundreds of writers, editors, artists, and fans to view them and vote for their favorite; the vote was strongly for Galaxy as the title. For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several well-known authors, including Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Theodore Sturgeon , as well as part one of Time Quarry by Clifford D. Simak (later published in book form as Time and Again ). Along with an essay by Gold, Galaxy 's premiere issue introduced

6222-412: The magazine—letters, editorials, book reviews, or other features. The response was against a letter column, but the readers wanted editorials, and short book reviews with recommendations that would help them identify what books to buy, as opposed to in-depth criticism. Gold was also concerned that harsh critical reviews would scare away new authors who might otherwise submit their work. Groff Conklin began

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6324-405: The market dipped again as a side effect of US Senate hearings into the putative connection between comic books and juvenile delinquency. H. L. Gold , Galaxy 's first editor, had worked at Standard Magazines in the early 1940s as an assistant editor, reading for Standard's three science fiction pulps: Startling Stories , Thrilling Wonder , and Captain Future . With the advent of

6426-535: The material by major names was clearly lesser work. With its second volume, beginning in April 1951, Galaxy achieved consistently high quality, with virtually every issue featuring a story that would have a lasting reputation, including C. M. Kornbluth 's " The Marching Morons ", Wyman Guin 's "Beyond Bedlam", and Robert Heinlein 's The Puppet Masters , whose serialization overlapped volumes 2 and 3. Early feedback from readers had been opposed to serialized novels, but here Gold did not follow their opinion, and Galaxy

6528-437: The mid-1970s: Golden Comics Digest , Mystery Comics Digest , and Walt Disney Comics Digest . DC Comics produced several in the early 1980s (including DC Special Blue Ribbon Digest and The Best of DC ), and Harvey Comics also published a few during the same time (including Richie Rich Digest Magazine ). Archie Comics has published numerous comics digests since 1973, and in the 2000s Marvel Comics has produced

6630-471: The name " Captain Future ". The original idea for the character may have come from Weisinger. Margulies announced the new magazine at the first World Science Fiction Convention , held in New York in July 1939, and the first issue, edited by Weisinger, appeared in January of the following year. Captain Future's companions in the series included an enormously strong robot named Grag, an android named Otho, and

6732-574: The ones that did get distributed went to areas of the United States, such as the South, where there was little or no audience for the magazine. The head of the French office of World Editions came to the United States to find out what the problem was, and recommended that the magazine be sold to the two Americans, for $ 3,000—a very low price. They tried to recruit Gold, but he contacted the Italian office, which rejected

6834-423: The original publisher, World Editions, had a European base, which Gold had planned to take advantage of when the magazine launched. Overseas editions included: The following table shows which issues appeared from which publisher. The title changed several times, and was frequently inconsistently given between the cover, spine, indicia , and masthead . Digest size The most famous digest-sized magazine

6936-402: The other sf magazines, and went back to his writing career. His place was taken by Ejler Jakobsson , who was working in UPD's book department. Lester del Rey stayed on as features editor, and Judy-Lynn Benjamin took his place as managing editor. Jack Gaughan was made art editor. Galaxy 's circulation had held relatively steady in the mid-1960s, ranging between 73,000 and 78,000, but

7038-481: The overall quality was dramatically worse than it had been under Baen. Galaxy 's deterioration was largely due to the financial troubles of the publisher, Arnold Abramson, who reduced the pay rate (at a time of high inflation) to a penny a word. Even that low rate did not guarantee timely disbursement, and many writers stopped submitting because of Galaxy 's reputation for paying slowly, if at all. Costs were increasing for paper, postage, and production, and

7140-677: The paperback anthology market was booming, adding to the competition that Galaxy faced. Floyd Kemske's only issue never received newsstand distribution, doomed by the financial troubles of the magazine's publisher, Vincent McCaffrey. Galaxy had a characteristic cover style in the 1950s with an inverted white "L" shape (Greek gamma) framing the cover art; this style was copied by several magazines, including Authentic Science Fiction and Startling Stories . When Astounding followed suit in late 1951, Gold commented sarcastically in an editorial that Galaxy "would like to know when we may have it [the format] back again". The first variation came with

7242-436: The pay rate was an unattractive one cent per word. Higher postal rates, higher paper costs, and continuing competition from the paperback science fiction market all added to the pressure on Galaxy . These problems were not resolved by the sale to McCaffrey, who did not even have enough money to pay for circulation postage, with the result that not every Galaxy subscriber received a copy of the final issue. Frederik Pohl places

7344-461: The previous decade, but the appearance of Galaxy and F&SF , launched just a year before, marked the end of his dominance of the genre. The cover for the first issue was by David Stone, depicting a scene from Simak's Time Quarry . The image was muted, in contrast to the sensational art typically found on the covers of the sf pulps; the intention was that Galaxy should look like an sf magazine, but one "that you were not embarrassed to hold", in

7446-403: The rate increase. Pohl also tried hard to persuade Guinn and Sol Cohen , whom Guinn had hired to help with the publishing duties, to switch both Galaxy and If to monthly schedules. In late 1962, they agreed, but soon changed their minds and decided to start a third science fiction magazine instead. This was Worlds of Tomorrow , which was launched in April 1963 and lasted until mid-1967 (it

7548-408: The rear cover of the first issue, Gold ran a feature called "You'll Never See It In Galaxy !", with two paragraphs side by side—one a parody of the introduction to a space western, the other the same story translated to become a true western, with spaceships replaced by horses. A sample: "He cut out his super-hyper-drive for the landing ... and at that point, a tall, lean spaceman stepped out of

7650-526: The regular book reviewer in January 1972 and held the post until mid-1975. Jakobsson did not manage to give Galaxy a new and distinctive character: "Sunpot" lasted only four issues, Sturgeon's reviews were undistinguished, and many of the new authors he published have been, in the words of Mike Ashley, "mercifully unknown ever since". The paper quality and printing quality also dropped, and early cover designs were very weak. Jakobsson initially printed guest editorials rather than writing his own; when he took over

7752-413: The sale and eventually agreed to sell Galaxy to the printer, Robert M. Guinn. It was only after the sale was complete that the sabotaged distribution came to light; World Editions wanted to buy back the magazine, but Guinn quoted a price four times as high as he had paid. In Gold's words, "he, Guinn, knew what he was buying, whereas World Editions hadn't known what they were selling". Guinn's new company

7854-399: The science fiction genre. It was regarded as one of the leading science fiction magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohl's departure in 1969. Gold brought a "sophisticated intellectual subtlety" to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, who added that "after Galaxy it was impossible to go on being naive." SF historian David Kyle commented that "of all

7956-473: The series, which included work by Pohl, Sturgeon, and Philip K. Dick . Through the 1950s, Galaxy 's contributors routinely dominated the Hugo ballots, but neither the magazine nor the fiction it published won many awards, despite what sf historian Donald Lawler describes as its "deserved reputation for excellence". After several years of being shut out of the Hugos, Galaxy published two works in 1958 that won

8058-583: The stories: "Worlds of Tomorrow" provided information about the planets featured in the stories, and "The Futuremen" covered Newton's companions. In addition to the novels about Curt Newton, Captain Future published both new and reprinted science fiction stories that were unconnected with the lead character. Fredric Brown 's first sf sale, "Not Yet the End", appeared in the Winter 1941 issue; and Weisinger reprinted David H. Keller 's The Human Termites and Laurence Manning 's The Man Who Awoke , both abridged, in

8160-459: The tail assembly, proton gun-blaster in a space-tanned hand" became "He spurred hard for a low overhang of rimrock ... and at that point a tall, lean wrangler stepped out from behind a high boulder, six-shooter in a sun-tanned hand". The feature drew much attention, though James Blish commented that Galaxy did not always avoid printing the kind of fiction it parodied. In the first issue, Gold asked for reader feedback on what should be included in

8262-453: The title coloring to white lettering on a block of red; this was used from August 1963 to December 1965. In August 1969 the title was enlarged to fill the width of the magazine; this issue had the white inverted "L", but it was the last one to do so till 1980. After August 1969 the cover paintings spanned the entire cover, though with some minor variations in layout such as can be seen in the October 1976 issue. Then in September 1978 (undated on

8364-492: The two magazines alternated months of publication. Towards the end of the 1950s Frederik Pohl began to help Gold, occasionally to the extent of performing all the editorial duties, including writing the editorials and blurbs and working with the printer. Gold, who was agoraphobic, was making efforts at this time to leave his apartment, but in 1960 he was seriously injured in a taxi accident, and proved unable to continue as editor. Pohl took over at some point in early 1961, though he

8466-460: The vast amount of so called fumetti neri for adults are commonly published in this format. The format is widely used in comics published in Italy , France , Brazil , Mexico , Spain and more countries. Captain Future (magazine) Captain Future was a science fiction pulp magazine launched in 1940 by Better Publications , and edited initially by Mort Weisinger . It featured

8568-411: The war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, who had once worked for him. Cerutti was now working for a French-Italian publisher, Éditions Mondiales Del Duca founded by Cino Del Duca , that had opened an office in New York as World Editions. She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, which he provided. World Editions took

8670-504: The words of Mike Ashley. The early artwork was generally unremarkable, though Ed Emshwiller 's humorous cover for the June 1951 issue, his first professional sale as an artist, was a positive sign. "Emsh", as he was known to science fiction readers, soon became a regular contributor. The relatively expensive production processes that Gold had insisted on enabled more sophisticated internal artwork, which could be integrated with type in ways not possible with cheaper letterpress printing . On

8772-406: The words of science fiction historian Mike Ashley , "perhaps the most juvenile" of the science fiction pulps to appear in the early years of World War II. Wartime paper shortages eventually led to the magazine's cancellation: the last issue was dated Spring 1944. Although science fiction (sf) had been published before the 1920s, it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until

8874-424: Was a hero pulp: these were pulps which were built around a central character, with every issue containing a lead story featuring that character. Every issue of Captain Future contained a novel about Curt Newton. Hamilton was willing to write the lead novel for every issue, but was concerned that he might be drafted , so Margulies made arrangements for other writers to contribute the lead stories. Hamilton escaped

8976-417: Was able to negotiate an exception to this rule, retaining the art for his portfolios. In 1972 much of this artwork—including both interior and cover illustrations—was sold off by Robert Guinn, who had kept it when he sold Galaxy to UPD in 1969. Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, recalled being deeply impressed by the first issue of Galaxy , and that many fans, including himself, believed that the magazine became

9078-455: Was able to publish some high-quality fiction, including material by Roger Zelazny , John Varley, Larry Niven, and Pohl, whose novel, Gateway , won both the Hugo and Nebula awards. Baen raised the level of the magazine substantially, and Ashley refers to his editorship as Galaxy 's "Indian summer". Under Baen the review columnist was Spider Robinson , who won a Locus Award in 1977, primarily for his work in Galaxy . Baen also published

9180-456: Was also infamous for making sweeping changes to the stories he printed. In meetings and in phone calls he became well known as a difficult editor whose determination to achieve perfection sometimes alienated his writers. He was unapologetic, declaring, "I worked hard with writers, and they didn't always enjoy it". The results were often very positive: some successful stories are said to have begun with an idea he provided to one of his authors. In

9282-400: Was apparent in the editorials Pohl wrote, which were informal, entertaining, and rooted in his deep familiarity with the genre. With Pohl at the helm, Galaxy moved back toward the knowledgeable science fiction fan , and away from the mainstream market that Gold had targeted. Pohl said that he tried to "cover the full spectrum of science fiction", however, unlike Gold's "specialist magazine" of

9384-413: Was briefly revived in 1970–71). Another companion magazine, International Science Fiction , was tried in late 1967, but lasted only two issues; it showcased stories translated from other languages, and sales were very weak. Finally, in 1968 Guinn launched Worlds of Fantasy , edited initially by Lester del Rey , Galaxy 's managing editor; only four issues appeared. In the middle of 1968, Galaxy

9486-428: Was broader than that of John W. Campbell , the editor of the leading magazine in the field, Astounding Science Fiction : Gold was interested in sociology, psychology, and other "soft" sciences, and was also willing to publish humorous and satirical stories. Gold managed to persuade the publisher to let him offer three to four cents a word, which exceeded the highest rates paid in the field at that time. In addition to

9588-418: Was increased again, and the price was raised from 60 cents to 75 cents. A British edition began in May 1972, published by Tandem Books, which was owned by UPD. The net effect of all these changes was a substantial increase in profitability. Circulation in 1972 also rose by about 6,000 issues, though it is possible that this was solely due to the new British edition. UPD began to have financial difficulties in

9690-416: Was named Galaxy Publishing Corporation, and it took over beginning with the October 1951 issue. Gold remained as editor, but lost the assistance of staff at World Editions, relying instead on help from Jerome Bixby , Algis Budrys , Theodore Sturgeon , and Gold's wife, Evelyn Paige. Science fiction author Frederik Pohl , then working as a literary agent, was also helpful in connecting writers with Gold. By

9792-483: Was not listed on the masthead as editor until the December 1961 issue. Pohl attempted to persuade Guinn to double the pay rate of one and a half cents a word back to the former level of three. Guinn refused, but Pohl was able to find enough material that he could purchase at a low rate to allow him to offer some authors three cents per word. The strategy was successful in improving circulation, and Guinn eventually acceded to

9894-492: Was of even lower quality, a disappointment to Gold. According to Gold, the magazine was profitable within five issues: an "incredible" achievement, in his words. In the summer of 1951, disagreements within World Editions led to attempts to disrupt Galaxy 's distribution. According to Gold, the circulation director and the head of the American office stockpiled many issues instead of distributing them, and made sure that

9996-478: Was restored to a monthly schedule. In 1969, Guinn sold Galaxy to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD). Pohl was in Rio de Janeiro at a World Science Fiction Symposium when the sale went through; he heard the news when he returned to the Galaxy office afterwards and within a few days decided to resign. He remained on the masthead as "editor emeritus", a post invented to keep Pohl from moving to one of

10098-411: Was sustainable because of the savings from the fiction budget. Guinn acquired If , another science fiction magazine, in 1959, and gave it to Gold to edit as well. The July 1959 issue of If was the first under Gold's editorship. Galaxy 's shift to a bimonthly schedule had been intended to help reduce the workload on Gold, who was not in good health; he was able to take on If as well because

10200-464: Was talking about". Pierce's replacement was Hank Stine , who took over in late 1978, though because of Galaxy 's irregular schedule Pierce's last issue was March–April 1979. Stine managed to produce only two more issues, June–July 1979 and September–October 1979, before UPD's financial problems spelled the end. Rights to the title were transferred to a new company, Galaxy Magazine, Inc., owned by Vincent McCaffrey, proprietor of Avenue Victor Hugo,

10302-453: Was the highest of the science fiction magazines, but Guinn decided to cut costs, and in 1959 raised the cover price and changed the magazine to a bimonthly schedule, while increasing the page count. Guinn also cut the rates paid to authors from three (and occasionally four) cents a word to one and a half cents a word. These changes saved Galaxy over $ 12,000 a year. The result was a fall in circulation to about 80,000 within two years, but this

10404-475: Was to ask writers to consider not just new technology, but the subsequent impact of that technology on society. He adds, "What Galaxy brought to magazine science fiction was a kind of sophisticated intellectual subtlety. ... After Galaxy it was impossible to go on being naive." Science fiction author Brian Stableford argues that Galaxy quickly usurped Astounding ' s position as "pioneer of hardcore sf's progress" because it "embraced and gleefully pursued

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