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25-485: The term "gaanaa" is the colloquial word in Madras for "music", which is of Hindostani origin. In literary Tamil , the word Gaanam (கானம்) means "tune", and in modern Hindi–Urdu gānā means "song". The genre arose in the slums and burial grounds of Madras. Gaana singers have performed in the city for the past two centuries. The art form can trace its descent from the siddhars (tantric adepts) of ancient Tamilakam , to

50-485: A Hindu ruler, had a predominantly Muslim population, with over 77.11% of its constituents identified as Muslims according to the 1941 census . The state, which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan, chose to remain independent (in status quo) "for the time being". Following a Pakistani tribal invasion , Hari Singh acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state was disputed between India and Pakistan. The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced

75-601: A lyric of their own. Participants aim to creatively "insist on life's instability". Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals. There are more than 500 performers in Chennai who earn their living from these events. In 2016, around one hundred gaana performers formed the South Indian Gana Singers Association to promote the art form, earn respect for their art, and prevent their work from being stolen. An earlier association,

100-496: A plan, announced on 3 June 1947, that included these principles: The Act's most important provisions were: The Act also made provision for the division of joint property, etc. between the two new countries, including in particular the division of the armed forces. There was much violence, and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India. Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid

125-413: A revolt from its Hindu population. India considered the accession of Junagadh invalid because it violated the principle of geographical contiguity of the partition, but Pakistan argued that the maritime border of Junagadh is connected to Pakistan by sea route. Following a breakdown of law and order, its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in

150-600: Is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan . The Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus modern-day India and Pakistan, comprising west (modern day Pakistan ) and east (modern day Bangladesh ) regions, came into being on 15 August. The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress ,

175-579: Is derived from the classical name of the city Madrāsapaṭnam , and bhāṣā is the Sanskrit word for "language", nativized as bāṣai . Madras Bashai evolved largely during the past three centuries. With its emergence as an important city in British India when they recovered it from the French and as the capital of Madras Presidency , the contact with western world increased and a number of English words crept into

200-1010: Is used in many Tamil movies after the 1950s. Actors such, Manorama , J. P. Chandrababu , Loose Mohan , Thengai Srinivasan , Surulirajan , Janagaraj , Cho Ramaswamy , Rajinikanth , Kamal Haasan , Vijay Sethupathi , Dhanush , Suriya , Santhanam , Vikram , Attakathi Dinesh , Vijay and Ajith Kumar are well known for using it. Representative films are Maharasan , Bommalattam , Sattam En Kaiyil , Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey , Michael Madana Kama Rajan , Thirumalai , Vasool Raja MBBS , Attahasam , Pammal K. Sambandam , Chennai 600028 , Siva Manasula Sakthi , Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai , Saguni , Attakathi , Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru , Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara , I , Madras , Kasethan Kadavulada , Anegan , Vedalam , Maari , Maari 2 , Aaru , Sketch , Vada Chennai and Bigil . Indian Independence Act 1947 The Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo. 6 . c. 30)

225-627: The Muslim League , and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten , then Viceroy and Governor-General of India , on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. Clement Attlee , the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , announced on 20 February 1947 that: The 3rd June 1947 Plan was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The British government proposed

250-527: The 1990s, Tamil film composers brought gaana-inspired songs to movies. Composer Deva was instrumental in bringing gaana to blockbusters like Kadhal Kottai ; his songs are still popular today. This newfound exposure led to the genre's popularity in college campuses. The genre's spread to campuses has led to criticism from gaana singers that its essence, "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles, had been replaced by "themes of fun and romance." Types of gaana songs include: Scholars like V. Ramakrishnan of

275-483: The Government Arts College, Ponneri, map twenty types of gaana songs. Other song types include those that glorify local heroes. The most famous of those is about Alththota Bhupathi, a poor worker. At times, the genre has been known to have sexual innuendo and misogyny, but many popular gaana singers reject these themes. In gaana competitions, one singer questions another with a lyric, and the other answers with

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300-609: The Indian government launched an invasion of Hyderabad called Operation Polo . The Hyderabadi military was defeated over five days of fighting. With his state about to be over run, the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession , joining India. The formal integration of Hyderabad into the dominion of India took place much later on January 25, 1950, when the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession with

325-643: The Tamil Nadu Gana Artists Association was formed in 2007 and had 750 members as of 2012. Gaana has been a vehicle for social activism. In 2018, a band of gaana artists was brought together by Pa. Ranjith , an Ambedkarite film-maker, to form The Casteless Collective . They sing against caste discrimination , about Ambedkar , the small joys of living in poverty in Chennai, and even have a lesbian song in their repertoire. Artists have also used gaana songs to transmit information like COVID-19 health guidelines in an easily-accessible form. Though

350-517: The advent of urbanization of the city especially since the Indian Independence , due to large immigrations into the city from different parts of Tamil Nadu , the Madras Bashai variety has become closer to normalized standard spoken Tamil. Today, the transformed variety is majorly called as Chennai Tamil . Madras Bashai evolved largely during the past three centuries. It grew in parallel with

375-833: The central government. A day later, as India became a republic on January 26, the Nizam took over as the Raj Pramukh or governor. Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan , and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim-majority states signed instruments of accession to join Pakistan . These included Amb , Bahawalpur , Chitral , Dir , Kalat , Khairpur , Kharan , Las Bela , Makran , and Swat . The Khanate of Kalat initially elected to resume its independence, until 27 March 1948 when its ruler acceded to Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act

400-456: The compositions of early nineteenth-century Tamil Muslim Sufi mystic Kunangudi Masthan Sahib , to Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai , popularly known as the first Tamil novelist. Kunangudi Masthan Sahib's songs are still sung by gaana singers today. Other strands of influence come from migrants from rural Tamil Nadu. With the arrival of recording technology, gaana artists have been able to record their songs for posterity and earn income from them. In

425-405: The first Governor General of independent India. Jawaharlal Nehru became the prime minister and Vallabhbhai Patel became the home minister . Over 550 princely states, almost all of the states contiguous with the territory of India, acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions were Junagadh , Hyderabad , and Jammu and Kashmir . The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, although governed by

450-465: The growth of cosmopolitan Madras. After Madras Bashai became somewhat common in Madras, it became a source of satire for early Tamil films from the 1950s, in the form of puns and double entendres . Subsequent generations in Chennai identified with it and absorbed English constructs into the dialect, making it what it is today's Chennai Tamil. The word Madras Bhashai is a compound word, where Madrās

475-461: The major gaana artists are men, and gaana songs are usually written from a male viewpoint, women gaana artists are seeing increasing recognition. Isaivani , a member of The Casteless Collective, was recognised for her pioneering women's involvement in the genre with one of the BBC 100 Women Awards. Madras Bashai Madras Bashai (Tamil: மெட்ராஸ் பாஷை , lit.   ' Madras Language ' )

500-470: The princely states, and advised them to accede to one or the other of the dominions, India and Pakistan, according to geographical contiguity. Although it was possible for the states to remain independent to some extent after 15 August, their dependency on the British government of India for defence, foreign affairs, communication and other matters rendered such freedom meaningless. Lord Mountbatten continued as

525-541: The state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India. The state of Hyderabad had a majority Hindu population but also a Muslim ruler with a large Muslim minority. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to get Dominion status. Hyderabad elected to maintain its independence and lobbied internationally for recognition. However, it faced the pro-communist Telangana Rebellion and agitation by Indian nationalists opposed to its independence. On 13 September 1948,

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550-686: The turn of the 20th century, though preferences have since shifted in favor of the Central and Madurai Tamil dialects, the English words introduced during the early 20th century have been retained. Madras Bashai is generally considered a dialect of the working class like the Cockney dialect of English . Lyrics of gaana songs make heavy use of Madras Bashai. A few words unique to Madras Bashai are given below; an Internet project, urban Tamil, has set out to collect urban Tamil vocabulary. (கூட்டிட்டு) Madras Bashai

575-571: The violence and flee to their new country. On 25 July 1947, Mountbatten held a meeting with the Chamber of Princes , where he addressed the question of the princely states, of which there were 562. The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end, and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. Mountbatten ruled out any dominion status for any of

600-463: The vocabulary. Many of these words were introduced by educated, middle-class Tamil migrants to the city who borrowed freely from English for their daily usage. Due to the presence of a considerable population of Telugu, Hindi–Urdu and many other language-speakers, especially, the Gujaratis , Marwaris and some Muslim communities, some Hindustani and Telugu words, too, became a part of Madras Bashai. At

625-499: Was the variety of the Tamil language spoken by native people in the city of Chennai (then known as Madras) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It was sometimes considered a pidgin , as its vocabulary was heavily influenced by Hindustani , Indian English , Telugu , Malayalam , and Burmese ; it is not mutually intelligible with any of those except for Tamil, to a certain extent. Since

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