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Gila River Indian Community

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Maricopa or Piipaash is spoken by the Native American Maricopa people on two reservations in Arizona: the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community and the Gila River Indian Community . Most speakers live in Maricopa Colony . The language is considered severely endangered by UNESCO .

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57-535: The Gila River Indian Community ( GRIC ) ( O'odham language : Keli Akimel Oʼotham , meaning "Gila River People", Maricopa language : Pee-Posh ) is an Indian reservation in the U.S. state of Arizona , lying adjacent to the south side of the cities of Chandler and Phoenix , within the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in Pinal and Maricopa counties. The Gila River Indian Community was established in 1859, and

114-536: A council representing individual subgovernments. It is self-governed by an elected Governor (currently Gregory Mendoza ), Lieutenant Governor (currently Stephen Roe-Lewis ) and 18-member Tribal Council. The council is elected by district with the number of electees determined by district population. There are more than 19,000 enrolled members overall. The Gila River Indian Community is involved in various economic development enterprises that provide entertainment and recreation: three gaming casinos, associated golf courses,

171-536: A decline in physical activity. For comparison, genetically similar O'odham in Mexico have only a slighter higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than non-O'odham Mexicans. Personal names are particularly important in Akimel O'odham society. From age ten until the time of marriage, neither boys nor girls were allowed to speak their own names out loud. Doing so can invoke bad luck to the children and their future. Similarly, people in

228-582: A division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People"), the Maricopa of Lehi (call themselves Xalychidom Piipaa or Xalychidom Piipaash – "People who live toward the water", descendants of the refugee Halchidhoma ), the Tohono O'odham ("Desert People") and some Keli Akimel O'odham (also Keli Akimel Au-Authm – "Gila River People", another division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People"). The Ak-Chin Indian Community

285-471: A division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People"). The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community is smaller in size. It also has a government of an elected President and tribal council. They operate tribal gaming, industrial projects, landfills and construction supply. The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community ( SRPMIC ) is home of the Onk Akimel O'odham (also On'k Akimel Au-Authm – "Salt River People",

342-417: A luxury resort, and a western-themed amusement park. In addition, they manage various industrial parks, landfills, and construction supply. The GRIC is also involved in agriculture and runs its own farms and other agricultural projects. The Gila River Indian Reservation is home of Maricopa ( Piipaa, Piipaash or Pee-Posh – "People") and Keli Akimel O'odham (also Keli Akimel Au-Authm – "Gila River People",

399-553: A monthly newspaper. It has one of the highest rates of Type 2 diabetes in the world, around 50% of the population. The community voluntarily contributes to Type 2 diabetes research, having participated in many studies of the disease. Under their constitution, tribal members elect a governor and lieutenant governor at-large . They also elect 16 council members, from single-member districts or sub-districts with roughly equal populations. The first casino opened in 1994. Ira H. Hayes Memorial Library The Ira H. Hayes Memorial Library

456-651: A side note, at times during the monsoon season the Salt River runs, albeit at low levels. In the weeks after December 29, 2004, when an unexpected winter rainstorm flooded areas much further upstream (in Northern Arizona), water was released through dams on the river at rates higher than at any time since the filling of Tempe Town Lake in 1998, and was a cause for minor celebration in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community . The diversion of

513-503: A small, private-use airport, located 4 miles southwest of the central business district of Chandler. It was used for cropdusting and air charter operations, with no scheduled commercial services. The airport is no longer used and is in a state of total abandonment. The community also operates Gila River Transit , a public transit system serving all seven districts. I-10 was built through the southeast to north-central portion of Gila River lands, bringing significant highway traffic through

570-601: A tribe. In addition, they have developed several profitable enterprises in fields such as agriculture and telecommunications, and built several gaming casinos to generate revenues. They have begun to construct a water delivery system across the reservation in order to revive their farming economy. The Akimel O'odham ("River People") have lived on the banks of the Gila and Salt Rivers since long before European contact. Their way of life ( himdagĭ , sometimes rendered in English as Him-dag )

627-578: Is believed to have come from the phrase pi 'añi mac or pi mac, meaning "I don't know," which they used repeatedly in their initial meetings with Spanish colonists. The Spanish referred to them as the Pima. English-speaking traders, explorers, and settlers adopted this term. The Akimel O'odham called themselves Othama until the first account of interaction with non-Native Americans was recorded. Spanish missionaries recorded Pima villages known as Kina, Equituni, and Uturituc. European Americans later corrupted

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684-449: Is inserted: Maricopa has a subject marker -sh but no marker for the direct object . mat-v-sh earth- DEMONSTRATIVE - SUBJECT 'or'or-m round- REAL mat-v-sh 'or'or-m earth-DEMONSTRATIVE-SUBJECT round-REAL "The world (near) is round." 'iipaa-ny-sh man- DEMONSTRATIVE - SUBJECT qwaaq deer kyaa-m shoot- REAL 'iipaa-ny-sh qwaaq kyaa-m man-DEMONSTRATIVE-SUBJECT deer shoot-REAL "The man shot

741-517: Is located in District 3 in Sacaton, and provides a variety of services to the community. Lone Butte Ranch ( 33°13′57″N 112°02′50″W  /  33.23250°N 112.04722°W  / 33.23250; -112.04722 ) is a populated place situated in the community. It has an estimated elevation of 1,112 feet (339 m) above sea level. The community owns and operates Gila River Memorial Airport ,

798-568: Is located in the Santa Cruz Valley in Arizona. The community is composed mainly of Ak-Chin O'odham ( Ak-Chin Au-Authm , also called Pima , another division of the Akimel O'odham – "River People") and Tohono O'odham, as well as some Yoeme . As of 2000, the population living in the community was 742. Ak-Chin is an O'odham word that means the "mouth of the arroyo" or "place where the wash loses itself in

855-399: Is not being transmitted to children." At Salt River, it is nearly extinct: "The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who have little opportunity to use the language. There are about 100 speakers out of an ethnic population of 800. Salt River's cultural resources department estimates that there are around 15 fluent native speakers remaining in

912-599: Is that a marriage is between and man and a woman; 2) the Community will maintain the status quo – that same sex marriage is not traditionally recognized in the Community – pending full consideration by the Standing Committees, Community Council and Community members and of any legislative changes; 3) the Community Court shall not issue any marriage licenses to couples of the same sex and no appointed or elected official of

969-743: Is the dialect spoken by the formerly distinct Xalychidom people . There is a language revitalization program at Salt River, the O'odham Piipaash Language Program, offering immersion classes, language-based cultural arts classes, community language-based social activities, and assistance with translation, cultural information and language learning. All claims and examples in this section come from Gordon (1986) unless otherwise noted. Phonemes /f/ and /ŋ/ occur only in loanwords like kafe /kafe/ ' coffee ' and narangk /naraŋk/ ' orange ' , both from Spanish. [ŋ] also occurs as an allophone of /ɲ/ . Maricopa has 10 phonemic vowels made up of 5 pairs of corresponding long and short vowels with

1026-662: The Ak-Chin Indian Community ( Ak-Chin O'odham ); and the Tohono O'odham Nation ( Tohono O'odham – "Desert People"). The remaining band, the Hia C-ed O'odham ("Sand Dune People"), are not federally recognized, but reside throughout southwestern Arizona. Today the GRIC is a sovereign tribe residing on more than 550,000 acres (2,200 km ) of land in central Arizona. The community is divided into seven districts (similar to states) with

1083-725: The Ak-Chin O'odham , now forming the Ak-Chin Indian Community . They are also related to the Sobaipuri , whose descendants reside on the San Xavier Indian Reservation or Wa꞉k (together with the Tohono O'odham ), and in the Salt River Indian Community. Together with the related Tohono O'odham ("Desert People") and the Hia C-ed O'odham ("Sand Dune People"), the Akimel O'odham form the Upper O'odham . The short name, Pima ,

1140-701: The California Gold Rush began, drawing Americans to travel to California through the Mexican territory between Mesilla and the Colorado River crossings near Yuma , on what became known as the Southern Emigrant Trail . Travelers used the villages of the Akimel Oʼodham as oases to recover from the crossing of unfamiliar deserts. They also bought new supplies and livestock to support the journey across

1197-681: The Pima Outbreak , was a revolt of Akimel O'odham people in 1751 against colonial forces in Spanish Arizona and one of the major northern frontier conflicts in early New Spain . Contact was infrequent with the Mexicans during their rule of southern Arizona between 1821 and 1853. The Akimel Oʼodham were affected by introduced European elements, such as infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, new crops (such as wheat), livestock, and use of metal tools and trade goods. Euroamerican contacts with

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1254-567: The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC). Both tribes are confederations of two distinct ethnicities, which include the Maricopa . Within the O'odham people, four federally recognized tribes in the Southwest speak the same language: they are called the Gila River Indian Community ( Keli Akimel O'odham – " Gila River People"); the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community ( Onk Akimel O'odham – " Salt River People");

1311-538: The Upper O'odham , also called Upper Pima or Pima Alto, was called Pimería Alta by the Spanish. The Akimel O'odham had lived along the Gila , Salt , Yaqui , and Sonora rivers in ranchería -style villages. The villages were set up as a loose group of houses with familial groups sharing a central ramada and kitchen area. Brush "Olas Ki:ki" (round houses) were built around this central area. The Oʼodham are matrilocal , with daughters and their husbands living with and near

1368-426: The cross-linguistically common five-way quality contrast : There are falling diphthongs that glide from one vowel sound into another. Diphthongs can also be long or short: /ej/ and /eːj/ are both found. Diphthongs are as in kwidui /kwiduj/ and mahai /maxaj/ . Stress within a word falls on the final root vowel (they are capitalized): Declarative sentences have a falling intonation toward

1425-478: The famine years. Many Oʼodham have believed these wrong and misguided government policies were an attempt of mass genocide . Over the decades, the U.S. government promoted assimilation, forcing changes on to the Akimel Oʼodham in nearly every aspect of their lives. Since World War II, however, the Akimel Oʼodham have experienced a resurgence of interest in tribal sovereignty and economic development. The community has regained its self-government and are recognized as

1482-586: The Akimel Oʼodham in the middle Gila Valley increased after 1846 as a result of the Mexican–American War . The Akimel Oʼodham traded and gave aid to the expeditions of Stephen Watts Kearny and Philip St. George Cooke on their way to California. After Mexico's defeat , it ceded the territory of what is now Arizona to the United States, with the exception of the land south of the Gila River. Soon thereafter

1539-625: The Americas living in the United States in central and southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua . The majority population of the two current bands of the Akimel O'odham in the United States is based in two reservations: the Keli Akimel Oʼodham on the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) and the On'k Akimel O'odham on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC). The Akimel O'odham are closely related to

1596-506: The Apache. Initially, the Akimel O'odham experienced little intensive colonial contact. Early encounters were limited to parties traveling through the territory or community members visiting settlements to the south. The Hispanic era (AD 1694–1853) of the Historic period began with the first visit by Father Kino to their villages in 1694. The Pima Revolt , also known as the O'odham Uprising or

1653-759: The Community shall officiate at any same sex marriage which takes place on the Gila River Indian Reservation; 4) the Office of General Counsel is directed to draft and present amendments to the GRIC Code within 30 days which more clearly recognizes and codifies the Community's historical tradition, both Akimel Oʼodham and Pee Posh, of not permitting or recognizing same-sex or common law marriages since time immemorial. 33°09′16″N 111°55′36″W  /  33.15444°N 111.92667°W  / 33.15444; -111.92667 Maricopa language Although

1710-525: The Euro-American settlers became increasingly tense. The U.S. government adopted a policy of pacification and confinement of Native Americans to reservations. Uncertainty and variable crop yields led to major settlement reorganizations. The establishment of agency headquarters, churches and schools, and trading posts at Vahki (Casa Blanca) and Gu U ki (Sacaton) during the 1870s and 1880s led to the growth of these towns as administrative and commercial centers, at

1767-859: The Gila River Indian Community was formally established by Congress in 1939. The community is home for members of both the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and the Pee-Posh (Maricopa) tribes. The reservation has a land area of 583.749 square miles (1,511.90 km) and a 2020 Census population of 14,260. It is made up of seven districts along the Gila River and its largest communities are Sacaton , Komatke , Santan , and Blackwater . Tribal administrative offices and departments are located in Sacaton. The Community operates its own telecom company, electric utility, industrial park and healthcare clinic, and publishes

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1824-556: The Maricopa now live among the Pima , their language is completely unrelated. It is a Yuman language, related to other languages such as Mohave , Cocopah , Havasupai , Yavapai and Kumeyaay , while the Pima speak a Uto-Aztecan language . According to the Ethnologue, language shift is occurring at Maricopa Colony: "The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it

1881-513: The Salt River community. There are many more with varying degrees of fluency, including many who can understand but not speak Maricopa. The modern Maricopa people are actually an amalgamation of five separate but related groups, with different dialects. There are now two dialects of Maricopa: Piipaash and Xalychidom. Most Piipaash reside at Maricopa Colony on the Gila River Indian Community, and most Xalychidom reside at Salt River. However, all remaining dialect differences are fairly minor. Xalychidom

1938-519: The Santan, Agency, Blackwater, and Casa Blanca projects on the eastern half of the reservation. In 1917, the allotment size was doubled to include a primary lot of irrigable land and a secondary, usually non-contiguous 10-acre (40,000 m ) tract of grazing land. The most ambitious effort to rectify the economic plight of the Akimel Oʼodham was the San Carlos Project Act of 1924, which authorized

1995-480: The area of textiles and produced intricate baskets as well as woven cloth. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, their primary military rivals were the Apache and Yavapai , who raided their villages at times due to competition for resources. The latter tribes were more nomadic, depending primarily on hunting and gathering, and would raid the more settled groups who cultivated foods. They established some friendly relations with

2052-581: The area. The Constitution and Bylaws of the Gila River Indian Community of Arizona was ratified by the tribe January 22, 1960, and approved by the US Secretary of the Interior on March 17, 1960. It is available online. The current Gila River legal code was enacted in 2009. Amendments enacted 15 May 2013, are available online. Gila River does not recognize marriages performed elsewhere in

2109-570: The construction of a water storage dam on the Gila River. It provided for the irrigation of 50,000 acres (200 km ) of Indian and 50,000 acres (200 km ) of non-Indian land. For a variety of reasons, the San Carlos Project failed to revitalize the Oʼodham farming economy. In effect the project halted the Gila river waters, and the Akimel O'odham no longer had a source of water for farming. This began

2166-417: The corresponding mid vowel. [u] is inserted between a rounded consonant and a round or labial consonant. A rounded consonant can delabialize before any other consonant. /ɲ/ assimilates to [ŋ] before a velar or post-velar consonant. After a morpheme boundary, [ŋ] is preceded by [ɪ] . Between a back vowel and any following vowel, [w] is inserted: Between a front vowel and a background vowel, /j/

2223-480: The daughter's mother. Familial groups tended to consist of extended families. The Akimel Oʼodham also lived seasonally in temporary field houses in order to tend their crops. The O'odham language , variously called O'odham ñeʼokĭ , O'odham ñiʼokĭ or Oʼotham ñiok, is spoken by all O'odham groups. There are certain dialectal differences, but they are mutually intelligible and all O'odham groups can understand one another. Lexicographical differences have arisen among

2280-417: The deer." There are four other cases : comitative ("with, about"), adessive / allative ("at, towards"), inessive / illative ("in, on, into"), and general locative or directional ("to, from"). -m : comitative ("with"), instrumental ("with, by means of"). Grace-sh Pima people The Akimel O'odham ( O'odham for "river people"), also called the Pima , are an Indigenous people of

2337-489: The different groups, especially in reference to newer technologies and innovations. The ancient economy of the Akimel O'odham was primarily subsistence, based on farming, hunting and gathering. They also conducted extensive trading. The prehistoric peoples built an extensive irrigation system to compensate for arid conditions. It remains in use today. Over time the communities built and altered canal systems according to their changing needs. The Akimel Oʼodham were experts in

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2394-428: The end of the sentence. Interrogative sentences have a rising intonation toward the end of the sentence. Epenthesis of vowels to relieve consonant clusters is a major and complicated issue in Maricopa. It is not completely understood, but some general statement can be made. Epenthetic vowels can have the quality of any other vowel as well as some reduced vowel qualities. However, the form is basically predictable from

2451-455: The expense of others. By 1898 agriculture had nearly ceased within the GRIC. Although some Akimel Oʼodham drew rations, their principal means of livelihood was woodcutting. The first allotments of land within Gila River were established in 1914, in an attempt to break up communal land. Each individual was assigned a 10-acre (40,000 m ) parcel of irrigable land located within districts irrigated by

2508-505: The local context: Sequences of three non-syllabic consonants never surface without epenthesis. Sequences of two consonants sometimes cause epenthesis, depending on the consonants in question. Nasals and liquids are least likely to accompany epenthesis, as they often syllabify instead, particularly in the following circumstances: In most other initial two-consonant cluster, epenthesis occurs: Some final clusters are allowed, but others are broken up. The distinction seems to rest partially on

2565-403: The miscommunication into Pimos, which was adapted to Pima river people. The Akimel Oʼodham people today call their villages District #1 – U's kehk (Blackwater), District #2 – Hashan Kehk (Saguaro Stand), District #3 – Gu꞉U Ki (Sacaton), District #4 – Santan, District #5 – Vah Ki (Casa Blanca), District #6 – Komatke ( Sierra Estrella Mountains ), and District #7 – Maricopa Colony. The territory of

2622-414: The natural world. The Gila and Salt Rivers are currently dry, due to the ( San Carlos Irrigation project ) upstream dams that block the flow and the diversion of water by non-native farmers. This has been a cause of great upset among all of the Oʼodham. The upstream diversion in combination with periods of drought, led to lengthy periods of famine that were a devastating change from the documented prosperity

2679-625: The number of syllables in the word as well as the particular sequence of consonants: Non-initial sequences of identical oral consonants, other than /ʂ/ , geminate: The sequence /ʂʂ/ can surface as [tʂ] . Thus, /ʔiːpaʂ-ʂ/ may surface as [ʔiːpatʂ] or [ʔiːpaʂɪʂ] . When /t͡ʃ/ follows any segment except /ʂ/ and precedes any unstressed segment, it deaffricates to /ʂ/ : /t͡ʃmɲaː-k/ surfaces as [t͡ʃɪmɪɲaːk] , but /m-t͡ʃmɲaː-k/ surfaces as [mɪʂɪmɪɲaːk] . For less conservative speakers, /t͡ʃ/ can surface as /ʂ/ before any unstressed segment other than /s/ . Unstressed high vowels can lower to

2736-551: The people had experienced until non-native settlers engaged in more aggressive farming in areas that were traditionally used by the Akimel Oʼodham and Apache in Eastern Arizona. This abuse of water rights was the impetus for a nearly century long legal battle between the Gila River Indian Community and the United States government, which was settled in favor of the Akimel Oʼodham and signed into law by George W. Bush in December 2005. As

2793-414: The preparation for war. These speeches were adapted for each occasion but the general context was the same. Traditionally, the Akimel O'odham lived in a thatched wattle-and-daub houses, as seen by the early European-American settlers who ventured into their country: Their homes are jacales which are huts made of mats of reed-grass cut in half and built n the form of a vault on arched sticks. The top

2850-690: The remaining deserts to the west. The American era (A.D. 1853–1950), began in 1853 with the Gadsden Purchase , when the US acquired southern Arizona. New markets were developed, initially to supply immigrants heading for California. Grain was needed for horses of the Butterfield Overland Mail and for the military during the American Civil War . As a result, the Akimel Oʼodham experienced a period of prosperity. The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC)

2907-455: The sand or ground." The Keli Akimel O'odham and the Onk Akimel O'odham have various environmentally based health issues related to the decline of their traditional economy and farming. They have the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the world, much more than is observed in other U.S. populations. While they do not have a greater risk than other tribes, the Akimel O'odham people have been

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2964-553: The state of Arizona. On 15 July 2015, in response to the Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court ruling legalizing same-sex marriage in the United States, the Community Council passed a motion by a vote of 14 to 2 that the gendered language of the Gila River marriage code meant that same-sex marriage was not recognized: 1) The Community Council exercises its sovereignty and recognizes that the intent of GRIC code, Title 9, Section 9.103

3021-466: The subject of intensive study of diabetes, in part because they form a homogeneous group. The general increased diabetes prevalence among Native Americans has been hypothesized as the result of the interaction of genetic predisposition (the thrifty phenotype or thrifty genotype ), as suggested by anthropologist Robert Ferrell in 1984 and a sudden shift in diet during the last century from traditional agricultural crops to processed foods, together with

3078-406: The tribe do not say aloud the names of deceased people, in order to allow them to move on and to call their spirits back among the living. The people gave their children careful verbal instruction in moral, religious, and other matters. Akimel O'odham ceremonies often included set speeches, in which the speaker would recite portions of their cosmic myth. Such a recounting was especially important in

3135-403: The water and the introduction of non-native diet is said to have been the leading contributing factor in the high rate of diabetes among the Akimel Oʼodham tribe. As of 2014, the majority of the population lives in the federally recognized Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). In historic times a large number of Akimel O'odham migrated north to occupy the banks of the Salt River, where they formed

3192-402: Was and is centered on the river, which is holy. The term Him-dag should be clarified, as it does not have a direct translation into the English language, and is not limited to reverence of the river. It encompasses a great deal because O'odham him-dag intertwines religion, morals, values, philosophy, and general world view which are all interconnected. Their worldview and religious beliefs focus on

3249-507: Was established in 1859. The 1860 census records the Akimel O'odham villages as Agua Raiz , Arenal, Casa Blanca, Cachanillo , Cerrito, Cerro Chiquito, El Llano, and Hormiguero . After the American Civil War, numerous Euroamerican migrants came to settle upstream locations along the Gila, as well as along the lower Salt River. Due to their encroachment and competition for scarce resources, interaction between Native American groups and

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